At Vincennes in 1810, Tecumseh loses his temper when William Henry Harrison refuses to rescind the Treaty of Fort Wayne.

Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion are terms sometimes used to describe a conflict in the Old Northwest between the United States and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee chief Tecumseh. Although the war is often considered to have climaxed with William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, Tecumseh's War essentially continued into the War of 1812 and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle. Tecumseh was also a very bad snorer. He always tied his right moccasin before his left moccasin. Image File history File links Tecumseh_and_Harrison. ... Image File history File links Tecumseh_and_Harrison. ... The Treaty of Fort Wayne is an 1809 treaty that obtained more than two million acres (8,000 km²) of American Indian land for the white settlers of Ohio and Indiana. ... This article is about the historic region of the United States; you may be looking for: North-Western Territory, British North American territory Northwest Territories, present-day Canadian territory Pacific Northwest, unofficial region in the United States The Northwest Territory, also known as the Old Northwest and the Territory North... A Sioux in traditional dress including war bonnet, circa 1908. ... The Shawnee are a people native to North America, and are therefore considered to be Native Americans. ... This 1848 drawing of Tecumseh was based on a sketch done from life in 1808. ... William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. ... Combatants Tecumsehs confederacy United States Commanders Tenskwatawa William Henry Harrison Strength 550-700 1,000 regulars and militia Casualties 50+ killed 70+ wounded 62 killed 126 wounded The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants United States Native Americans Great Britain, Canadian provincial forces First Nations Peoples Commanders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson George Prevost Isaac Brock† Tecumseh† Strength •U.S. Regular Army: 35,800 •Rangers: 3,049 •Militia: 458,463* •US Navy & US Marines: (at start of war...

Factions

Shawnee Chief Black Hoof (Catecahassa) was a staunch opponent of Tecumseh's confederation and an ally of the United States in the War of 1812.

The two principal adversaries in the war, Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison, had both been junior participants in the Battle of Fallen Timbers at the close of the Northwest Indian War in 1794. Tecumseh had declined to sign the Treaty of Greenville that had ended the war and ceded much of present-day Ohio, long inhabited by the Shawnees and other Native Americans, to the United States. However, many Indian leaders in the region accepted the Greenville terms, and for the next ten years pan-tribal resistance to American hegemony seemed to fade. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Combatants United States {See US Army section Legion of the United States 1791-1797} Blue Jackets confederacy Commanders Anthony Wayne Blue Jacket Buckongahelas Strength 3,000 1,500 Casualties 33 killed 100 wounded total: 133 40 The Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 20, 1794) was the final battle of... Combatants United States Western Indian Confederacy Commanders Josiah Harmar Arthur St. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This depiction of the treaty negotiations may have been painted by one of Anthony Waynes officers. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... Hegemony (pronounced or ) (Greek: ) is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; more broadly, cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ...

After the Greenville Treaty, most of the Ohio Shawnees settled at the Shawnee village of Wapakoneta on the Auglaize River, where they were led by Black Hoof, a senior chief who had signed the treaty. Little Turtle of the Miamis, who had also participated in the earlier war and signed the Greenville Treaty, lived in his village on the Eel River. Both Black Hoof and Little Turtle urged cultural adaptation and accommodation with the United States. Wapakoneta is a city located in Auglaize County, Ohio. ... The Auglaize River is a tributary of the Maumee River, approximately 100 mi (161 km) long, in northwestern Ohio in the United States. ... Catecahassa or Black Hoof (c. ... Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) (1752-July 14, 1812) was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana. ... The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana and Ohio. ... There are two Eel Rivers in Indiana. ...

Religious revival

Tenskwatawa, by Charles Bird King.

However, a nativist religious revival led by Tecumseh's brother Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet") emerged in 1805, posing a threat to the influence of the accommodationist chiefs. Tenskwatawa urged Indians to reject the ways of the whites and to refrain from ceding any more lands to the United States. Numerous Indians—many who were inclined to cooperate with the United States—were accused of witchcraft, and some were executed by followers of Tenskwatawa. Black Hoof was accused in the witch-hunt but was not harmed. From his village at Greenville, Tenskwatawa also compromised Black Hoof's friendly relationship with the United States. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The term Nativism is used in both politics and psychology in two fundamentally different ways. ... Tenskwatawa Tenskwatawa, Tenskatawa,, Tensquatawa or Elskwatawa (1775 – November 1836) was a Native American religious and political leader known as the Shawnee Prophet (of the Shawnee tribe). ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The origins from which White American may come. ... It has been suggested that Witch be merged into this article or section. ... A witch-hunt is a search for suspected witches; it is a type of moral panic. ... Greenville is a city located in the United States; within Darke County in the state of Ohio. ...

By 1808, tensions with whites and the Wapakoneta Shawnees compelled Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh to retreat further northwest and establish the village of Prophetstown near the confluence of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. Little Turtle told the Shawnee brothers that they were unwelcome, but the warnings were ignored. Tenskwatawa's religious teachings became widely known, and he attracted Native American followers from many different nations, including Shawnee, Canadian Iroquois, Chickamauga, Fox, Miami, Mingo, Ojibway, Ottawa, Kickapoo, Delaware (Lenape), Mascouten, Potawatomi, Sauk, and Wyandot. Although Tecumseh would eventually emerge as the leader of this confederation, it was built upon a foundation established by the religious appeal of his younger brother. 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Prophetstown State Park is located by the town of Battle Ground, Indiana on the site of the Battle of Tippecanoe. ... The Wabash River at Lafayette, Indiana, showing the Main Street bridge, and the Amtrak station. ... The Tippecanoe River is a gentle, 225 mile (362 km) long river in northern Indiana that flows from Lake Tippecanoe in Kosciusko County to the Wabash River near Battle Ground, about twelve miles northeast of Lafayette. ... The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee, also known as the League of Peace and Power, Five Nations, or Six Nations) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... The Chickamauga are a Native American people related to the Cherokee people. ... The Fox tribe of Native Americans are an Algonquian language-speaking group that are now merged with the allied Sac tribe as the Sac and Fox Nation. ... The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana and Ohio. ... The Mingo are an Iroquois group of Native Americans that migrated west to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century. ... For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). ... The Ottawa (also Odawa, Odaawa, Outaouais, or Trader) are a Native American and First Nations people. ... For the Tenacious D song, see Kickapoo. ... The Lenape or Lenni-Lenape (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans) were, in the 1600s, loosely organized bands of Native American peoples. ... The Mascouten were an American Indian tribe, originally from what is now the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Rain dance, Kansas, c. ... For the abbreviation or acronym SAC, please see SAC. The Sauks or Sacs (Asakiwaki in their own language) are a group of Native Americans whose original territory may have been along the St. ... Huron redirects here. ...

Political alliance

Meanwhile, in 1800, William Henry Harrison had become the governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, with the capital at Vincennes. Harrison sought to secure title to Indian lands in order to allow for American expansion; in particular he hoped that the Indiana Territory would attract enough white settlers so as to qualify for statehood. Harrison negotiated numerous land cession treaties with American Indians, culminating with the Treaty of Fort Wayne on September 30, 1809, in which Little Turtle and other tribal leaders sold about 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km²) of Indian land to the United States. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (822x840, 322 KB)Map drawn by me, Kevin Myers, using Inkscape. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (822x840, 322 KB)Map drawn by me, Kevin Myers, using Inkscape. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... Map of the Indiana Territory Indiana Territory was an organized territory of the United States from 1800 to 1816, created by Act of Congress and signed into law by President John Adams on May 7, 1800, effective on July 4. ... The city of Vincennes is the county seat of Knox County, Indiana. ... The Treaty of Fort Wayne is an 1809 treaty that obtained more than two million acres (8,000 km²) of American Indian land for the white settlers of Ohio and Indiana. ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1809 (MDCCCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Tecumseh was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne, and thereafter he emerged as a prominent political leader. Tecumseh revived an idea advocated in previous years by the Shawnee leader Blue Jacket and the Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, which stated that American Indian land was owned in common by all tribes, and thus no land could be sold without agreement by all. Not yet ready to confront the United States directly, Tecumseh's primary adversaries were initially the Native American leaders who had signed the treaty, and he threatened to kill them all. Tecumseh began to travel widely, urging warriors to abandon the accommodationist chiefs and to join the resistance at Prophetstown. Tecumseh insisted that the Fort Wayne treaty was illegitimate; he asked Harrison to nullify it and warned that Americans should not attempt to settle the lands sold in the treaty. Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah (c. ... The Mohawk (Kanienkeh or Kanienkehaka meaning People of the Flint) are an indigenous people of North America who live around Lake Ontario and the St. ... Joseph Brant, painted in London by leading court painter George Romney in 1776 Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant (sometimes spelled Brandt or Brand) (c. ...

In August 1811, Tecumseh met with Harrison at Vincennes, assuring him that the Shawnee brothers meant to remain at peace with the United States. Tecumseh then traveled to the south on a mission to recruit allies among the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes." Most of the southern nations rejected his appeals, but a faction among the Creeks, who came to be known as the Red Sticks, answered his call to arms, leading to the Creek War, which also became a part of the War of 1812. 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white Anais because they had adopted many of the colonists customs (including the ownership of plantations and black slaves) and had generally good relations with their neighbors. ... The Creek are an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee (or Muskogee), the name they use to identify themselves today. ... The Creek War of 1813-1814 began as a civil war within the Creek Nation. ...

Expedition to the Tippecanoe

Main article: Battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison as painted by Rembrandt Peale in 1814.

While Tecumseh was in the south, Governor Harrison marched up the Wabash River from Vincennes with more than 1,000 men on an expedition to intimidate the Prophet and his followers. They built Fort Harrison (near present Terre Haute) on the way. While at Fort Harrison, Harrison received orders from Secretary of War William Eustis authorizing Harrison to use force if necessary to disperse the Indians at Prophetstown. On November 6, 1811, Harrison's army arrived outside Prophetstown, and Tenskwatawa agreed to meet Harrison in a conference to be held the next day. Combatants Tecumsehs confederacy United States Commanders Tenskwatawa William Henry Harrison Strength 550-700 1,000 regulars and militia Casualties 50+ killed 70+ wounded 62 killed 126 wounded The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory... Image File history File links William_H._Harrison. ... Image File history File links William_H._Harrison. ... Self-Portrait - Rembrandt Peale Rembrandt Peale (22 February 1778 - 3 October 1860) was a United States Neoclassical painter. ... Terre Haute is a city located in Vigo County, Indiana. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... William Eustis (June 10, 1753–February 6, 1825) was an early American statesman. ... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Tenskwatawa, perhaps suspecting that Harrison intended to attack the village, decided to risk a preemptive strike, sending out his warriors (about 500) against the American encampment. Before the dawn of the next day, the Indians attacked, but Harrison's men held their ground, and the Indians withdrew from the village after the battle. The victorious Americans burned the town and returned to Vincennes.

Aftermath

Harrison (and many subsequent historians) claimed that the Battle of Tippecanoe was a deathblow to Tecumseh's confederacy. Harrison, thereafter nicknamed "Tippecanoe", would eventually become President of the United States largely on the memory of this victory. The presidential seal was first used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...

The battle was indeed a severe blow for Tenskwatawa, who lost prestige and the confidence of his brother. However, although it was a significant setback, Tecumseh began to secretly rebuild the alliance upon his return from the south. Since the Americans were at war with the British in the War of 1812, Tecumseh also found British allies in Canada. Canadians would subsequently remember Tecumseh as a defender of Canada, but his actions in the War of 1812—which would cost him his life—were a continuation of his efforts to secure Native American independence from outside dominance.

See also

• Indian Wars
• Sixty Years' War

Combatants Native Americans Various (see text) Indian Wars is the name used by historians in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the United States and Native American peoples (Indians) of North America. ... The Sixty Years War (1754–1814) was a military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region in North America, encompassing a number of wars over several generations. ...

References

• Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. New York: Scribner's, 1939.
• Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
• Edmunds, R. David. Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership. Boston: Little Brown, 1984.
• ———. "Forgotten Allies: The Loyal Shawnees and the War of 1812" in David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds., The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754-1814, pp. 337-51. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001.
• Sugden, John. Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Holt, 1997.
• ———. "Black Hoof" in American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 1999.

External links

• Text of the Treaty of Fort Wayne
• Article on the Tippecanoe campaign