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Teletraffic engineering is the application of traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineers use their basic knowledge of statistics including Queueing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks at minimum total cost. These tools and basic knowledge help provide reliable service at lower cost. Because the approach is so different to different networks, the networks are handled separately here: the PSTN, broadband networks, mobile networks, and networks where the possibility of traffic being heavy is more frequent than anticipated. The term traffic engineering is used in more than one sense. ...
Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ...
Queueing theory (also commonly spelled queuing theory) is the mathematical study of waiting lines (or queues). ...
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the concatenation of the worlds public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the concatenation of the worlds public IP-based packet-switched networks. ...
Introduction
Traffic engineering uses statistical techniques such as queuing theory to predict and engineer the behaviour of telecommunications networks such as telephone networks or the Internet. A graph of a normal bell curve showing statistics used in educational assessment and comparing various grading methods. ...
Queueing theory (spelled queuing theory in the United States) is the mathematical study of waiting lines (or queues). ...
Copy of the original phone of Alexander Graham Bell at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ...
For other uses, see Telephone (disambiguation). ...
The field was created by the work of A. K. Erlang in whose honour the unit of telecommunications traffic intensity, the Erlang, is named. The derived unit of traffic volume also incorporates his name. His Erlang distributions are still in common use in telephone traffic engineering. Agner Krarup Erlang (January 1, 1878–February 3, 1929) was a Danish mathematician, statistician, and engineer who invented the fields of queueing theory and traffic engineering. ...
In telecommunication, a traffic intensity is a measure of the average occupancy of a facility during a specified period of time, normally a busy hour, measured in traffic units (erlangs) and defined as the ratio of the time during which a facility is occupied (continuously or cumulatively) to the time...
The dimensionless unit named the Erlang is a statistical measure of telecommunications traffic used in telephony. ...
In telecommunication networks, traffic volume is a measure of the total work done by a resource or facility, normally over 24 hours, and is measured in units of erlang-hours. ...
The Erlang distribution is a continuous probability distribution with wide applicability primarily due to its relation to the exponential and Gamma distributions. ...
The crucial observation in traffic engineering is that in large systems the law of large numbers can be used to make the aggregate properties of a system over a long period of time much more predictable than the behaviour of individual parts of the system. // The law of large numbers (LLN) is any of several theorems in probability. ...
The queueing theory originally developed for circuit-switched networks is applicable to packet-switched networks. In telecommunications, a circuit switching network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate. ...
In computer networking and telecommunications, packet switching is a communications paradigm in which packets (messages or fragments of messages) are individually routed between nodes, with no previously established communication path. ...
The most notable difference between these sub-fields is that packet-switched data traffic is self-similar. This is a consequence of the calls being between computers, and not people. A self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself. ...
Teletraffic in PSTN architectures Teletraffic theory was first developed by Agner Erlang for circuit-switched architectures such as the PSTN. As such, the basics of Teletraffic theory is best introduced by examining Teletraffic concepts as they relate to PSTNs. Agner Krarup Erlang (January 1, 1878–February 3, 1929) was a Danish mathematician, statistician and engineer, who invented the fields of traffic engineering and queueing theory. ...
In telecommunication, the term circuit switching has the following meanings: 1. ...
The measurement of traffic in PSTNs allows network operators to determine and maintain the Quality of Service (QoS) and in particular the Grade of service (GoS) that they offer their subscribers. The QoS of a network must be maintained or else operators will lose subscribers. The performance of a network depends on whether all origin-destination pairs are receiving a satisfactory service. Measurement of traffic within a network allows network managers and analysts to both make day-to-day decisions about operations and to plan for long-term developments [1, 2]. Traffic Measurements are used in many fundamental activities such as [2]: Identification of traffic patterns and trends Calculating the traffic intensity...
In the fields of packet-switched networks and computer networking, the traffic engineering term Quality of Service (QoS) refers to control mechanisms that can provide different priority to different users or data flows, or guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow in accordance with requests from the...
// Introduction In telecommunication, the quality of voice service is specified by two measures: The GOS (grade of service) and the QoS (quality of service). ...
This article is one of a group being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Networks are handled as:
- loss systems where calls that cannot be handled are given equipment busy tone or
- queueing systems where calls that cannot be handled immediately are queued.
Congestion is defined as the situation when exchanges or circuit groups are inundated with calls and are unable to serve all the subscribers. Special attention must be given to ensure that such high loss situations do not arise. To help determine the probability of congestion occurring, operators should use the Erlang Equations or the Engset calculation. This article needs to be wikified. ...
This article is one of a group being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Exchanges in the PSTN make use of Trunking concepts to help minimise the cost of the equipment to the operator. Modern switches generally have full availability and do not make use of Grading concepts. // Main article: Link aggregation In computer networking, trunking defines using multiple network cables or ports in parallel to increase the link speed beyond the limits of any one single cable or port. ...
This article needs to be wikified. ...
This article needs to be wikified. ...
Overflow systems make use of alternative routing circuit groups or paths to transfer excess traffic and thereby reduce the possibility of congestion. This article is one of a group being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Queueing systems used in telephone networks have been studied as a science. See queueing theory. For example subscribers are queued until they can be served. If subscribers are made to wait too long, they may lose patience and default from the queue, resulting in no service being provided. Queueing theory (spelled queuing theory in the United States) is the mathematical study of waiting lines (or queues). ...
A very important component in PSTNs is the SS7 Network used to route signalling traffic. As a supporting network, it carries all the signalling messages necessary to set up, break down or provide extra services. The signalling enables the PSTN control the manner in which traffic is routed from one location to another. Signalling System #7 is a set of protocols defined by ITU-T, specifically in the Q.7* set of documents, used to set up telephone calls. ...
This article is one of a group being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Transmission and switching of calls is performed using the principle of Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM). TDM allows multiple calls to be transmitted along the same physical path, reducing the cost of infrastructure. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital or (rarely) analog multiplexing in which two or more signals or bit streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but physically are taking turns on the channel. ...
A good example of the use of Teletraffic Theory in practice is in the design and management of a Call centre. Call centres use Teletraffic Theory to increase the efficiency of their services and overall profitability through calculating how many operators are really needed at each time of the day. A very large collections call center in Lakeland, FL. A call centre or call center (see spelling differences) is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone. ...
Teletraffic engineering in broadband networks - Main article: Teletraffic engineering in broadband networks
Teletraffic Engineering is a well-understood discipline in the traditional voice network, where traffic patterns are established, growth rates can be predicted, and vast amounts of detailed historical data are available for analysis. However, in modern Broadband Networks, the teletraffic engineering methodologies used for voice networks are inappropriate [1]. Various aspects relating to teletraffic engineering in broadband networks are discussed in this article. Teletraffic Engineering is a well-understood discipline in the traditional voice network, where traffic patterns are established, growth rates can be predicted, and vast amounts of detailed historical data are available for analysis. ...
Future telecommunication networks should have the following characteristics: broadband, multi-media, multi-point, multi-rate and economical implementation for a diversity of services (multi-services) [1][2]. The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) provides these characteristics to a network. ...
Mobile traffic For mobile networks, this article looks at service areas, service provision and service quality: Teletraffic engineering is a necessary field in telecommunications network planning to ensure that network costs are minimised without compromising the quality of service delivered to the user of the network. ...
This article is one of a group being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Long-tail traffic Of great importance is the possibility that extremely infrequent occurrences are more likely than anticipated. The reason is that the network might have to withstand the unanticipated traffic. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Teletraffic economics and forecasting As mentioned in the introduction, the purpose of teletraffic theory is to reduce cost in telecommunications networks. An important tool in achieving this goal is forecasting. Forecasting allows network operators to calculate the potential cost of a new network / service for a given GoS during the planning and design stage, thereby ensuring that costs are kept to a minimum.
An important method used in forecasting is simulation, which is described as the most common quantitative modelling technique in use today. An important reason for this is that computing power has become far more accessible, making Simulation the preferred analytical method for problems that are not easily solved mathematically. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ...
As in any business environment, network operators must charge tariffs for their services. These charges must be balanced with the supplied quality of service. When operators supply services internationally, this is described as trade in services and is governed by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATTS). This article is one of a group being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Trade in Services refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer. ...
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations. ...
References - "Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice" by John Evans, Clarence Filsfils (Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, ISBN 0-12-370549-5)
See also The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
The dimensionless unit named the Erlang is a statistical measure of telecommunications traffic used in telephony. ...
// In the field of telecommunications, a Clos network is a kind of multistage switching network, first formalized by Charles Clos in 1953 [1], which represents a theoretical idealization of practical multi-stage telephone switching systems. ...
The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet and most commercial networks run. ...
In computer networking and telecommunications, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a data-carrying mechanism, operating at a layer below protocols such as IP. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a datagram service model. ...
A predictive dialer is a computerized system that automatically dials batches of telephone numbers for connection to agents assigned to sales or other campaigns. ...
Resource Reservation Protocol Protocol that supports the reservation of resources across an IP network. ...
In Telecommunication engineering and Teletraffic theory, a Traffic Model is commonly referred to as a Traffic Mix. ...
External links - ^ Luc T. Nguyen, Fundamentals of Online Traffic Engineering, (html or PDF), last accessed 8 April 2005
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