Braun HF 1, Germany, 1958

Television Portal

OT-1471 Belweder, Poland, 1957

1. power switch / volume 2. brightness 3. pitch 4. vertical synchro

5. horizontal synchro 6. contrast 7. channel tuning 8. channel switch

Television is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance. The term has come to refer to all the aspects of television from the television set to the programming and transmission. The word is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots, meaning "far sight": Greek τῆλε "tele", far, and Latin visio-n, sight (from video, vis- to see). Download high resolution version (480x640, 18 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (480x640, 18 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Braun washable CruZer3 razor Braun GmbH (German pronunciation: brown) is a German consumer products company known for its clean industrial designs. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links OTVbelweder-front. ... Image File history File links OTVbelweder-front. ... Belweder - front view: Belweder was the brand name of the OT1471 television set, manufactured in Peoples Republic of Poland (PRL) from 1957 to 1960 at the Warszawskie ZakÅ‚ady Telewizyjne (WZT). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Copy of the original phone of Graham Bell at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Note: broadcasting is also a term for hand sowing. ... Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Sound, Sound pressure and Sound pressure level, accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Television set may refer to: Television, a device to display television programs Television studio, an installation in which television or video productions take place Set construction, theatrical scenery This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In telecommunications, transmission is the act of transmitting electrical messages (and the associated phenomena of radiant energy that passes through media). ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

History

Main article: History of television

Television was not invented by a single person, but by the contributions of several individuals. The origins of what would become today's television system can be traced back to the discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith in 1873 followed by the work on the telectroscope and the invention of the scanning disk by Paul Nipkow in 1884. All practical television systems use the fundamental idea of scanning an image to produce a time series signal representation. That representation is then transmitted to a device to reverse the scanning process. The final device, the television (or TV set), relies on the human eye to integrate the result into a coherent image. A modern 82 (208 cm) LCD television. ... Photoconductivity is an optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material becomes more conductive due to the absorption of electro-magnetic radiation such as visible light, ultraviolet light, or gamma radiation. ... Se redirects here. ... Willoughby Smith (April 6, 1828, Great Yarmouth, England — July 17, 1891, Eastbourne, England) was an electrical engineer who discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium. ... The telectroscope was the first prototype television system. ... Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (August 22, 1860 - August 24, 1940) was a German engineer, who devised a mechanical apparatus, a spinning disk to scan images that was used in early television. ...

A transistor-based portable television, typical of NTSC models of the late 1960s and 1970s

Electromechanical techniques were developed from the 1900s into the 1920s, progressing from the transmission of still photographs, to live still duotone images, to moving duotone or silhouette images, with each step increasing the sensitivity and speed of the scanning photoelectric cell. John Logie Baird gave the world's first public demonstration of a working television system that transmitted live moving images with tone graduation (grayscale) on 26 January 1926 at his laboratory in London, and built a complete experimental broadcast system around his technology. Baird further demonstrated the world's first color television transmission on 3 July 1928. Other prominent developers of mechanical television included Charles Francis Jenkins, who demonstrated a primitive television system in 1923, Frank Conrad who demonstrated a movie-film-to-television converter at Westinghouse in 1928, and Frank Gray and Herbert E. Ives at Bell Labs who demonstrated wired long-distance television in 1927 and two-way television in 1930. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, the United States, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... Bust of John Logie Baird in Helensburgh. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Charles Francis Jenkins (August 22, 1867 _ June 5, 1934) was a pioneer of early cinema and one of the inventors of television, though he used mechanical rather than electronic technologies. ... Dr. Frank Conrad (1874-1941) was a radio broadcasting pioneer who worked as the Assistant Chief Engineer for the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... The name Westinghouse can refer to any number of devices and independent businesses that can trace their roots to the work of George Westinghouse: // People George Westinghouse, founder of Westinghouse Electric Corporation Devices Westinghouse air brake. ... Frank Gray (born October 27, 1954 in Castlemilk, Scotland) was one of the new generation of Leeds United players of the mid-1970s charged with the task of maintaining the clubs success after the Don Revie era. ... Dr. Herbert Eugene Ives (1882–1953) was a scientist and engineer who headed the development of facsimile and television systems at AT&T in the first half of the twentieth century. ... Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ...

1950s television set

Color television systems were invented and patented even before black-and-white television was working; see History of television for details. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 97 KB) Photo: Zaphod File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Television Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 97 KB) Photo: Zaphod File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Television Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... The 1950s was the decade spanning from the 1st of January, 1950 to the 31st December, 1959. ... A modern 82 (208 cm) LCD television. ...

Completely electronic television systems relied on the inventions of Philo Taylor Farnsworth, Vladimir Zworykin and others to produce a system suitable for mass distribution of television programming. Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia on 25 August 1934. This article needs cleanup. ... Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (Russian: (July 30, 1889 - July 29, 1982) was a pioneer of television technology. ... The Franklin Institute is the memorial to Benjamin Franklin, that serves to perpetuate his legacy; the museum contains many of Franklins personal effects. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Regular broadcast programming occurred in the United States,^[1] the United Kingdom,^[2] Germany,^[3] France,^[4] and the Soviet Union^[5] before World War II. The first regular television broadcasts with a modern level of definition (240 or more lines) were made in England in 1936, soon upgraded to the so-called "System A" with 405 lines. Regular network broadcasting began in the United States in 1946, and television became common in American homes by the middle 1950s. While North American over-the-air broadcasting was originally free of direct marginal cost to the consumer (i.e., cost in excess of acquisition and upkeep of the hardware) and broadcasters were compensated primarily by receipt of advertising revenue, increasingly United States television consumers obtain their programming by subscription to cable television systems or direct-to-home satellite transmissions. In the United Kingdom, France, and most of the rest of Europe, on the other hand, operators of television equipment must pay an annual license fee, which is usually used to fund (wholely or partly) the appropriate national public service broadcaster/s (e.g. British Broadcasting Corporation, France Télévisions, etc.). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, invariably known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, employing 26,000 staff in the UK alone and with a budget of £4 billion. ... Logo France télévisions headquarters in Paris France Télévisions is the French public national television broadcaster. ...

Digital video equipment in an edit suite

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x750, 136 KB) This shows a dv working place of the local German TV station TV Meissen. creator:Thomas Richter File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Television... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x750, 136 KB) This shows a dv working place of the local German TV station TV Meissen. creator:Thomas Richter File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Television... A MiniDV tape For other uses, see DV (disambiguation). ...

Technology

Elements of a television set

The elements of a simple television system are:

• An image source - this may be a camera for live pick-up of images or a flying spot scanner for transmission of films
• A sound source.
• A transmitter, which modulates one or more television signals with both picture and sound information for transmission.
• A receiver (television) which recovers the picture and sound signals from the television broadcast.
• A display device, which turns the electrical signals into visible light.
• A sound device, which turns electrical signals into sound waves to go along with the picture.

Samsung LE26R41BD HDTV

Practical television systems include equipment for selecting different image sources, mixing images from several sources at once, insertion of pre-recorded video signals, synchronizing signals from many sources, and direct image generation by computer for such purposes as station identification. Transmission may be over the air from land-based transmitters, over metal or optical cables, or by radio from synchronous satellites. Digital systems may be inserted anywhere in the chain to provide better image transmission quality, reduction in transmission bandwidth, special effects, or security of transmission from reception by non-subscribers. Sony high definition studio television camera. ... A flying spot scanner uses a high resolution, high light output, low persistance Cathode Ray Tube CRT to scan an image, usually from motion picture film or a slide. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as... Antenna tower of Crystal Palace transmitter, London A transmitter (sometimes abbreviated XMTR) is an electronic device which with the aid of an antenna propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other telecommunications. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 429 KB) Taken by me, of a Samsung LE26R41BD. File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Television Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 429 KB) Taken by me, of a Samsung LE26R41BD. File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Television Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the... Samsung Electronics (hangul: 삼성전자; hanja: 三星電子; revised: Samseong Jeonja; McCune-Reischauer: Samsŏng Chŏnja) is an electronics company headquartered in Seoul, Korea. ... Projection screen in a home theater, displaying a high-definition television image. ... Artists impression of a Boeing 601 satellite, as configured for digital television transmission by SES Astra Satellite television is television delivered by way of communications satellites, as compared to conventional terrestrial television and cable television. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Display technology

See also: Liquid crystal display television

Thanks to advances in display technology, there are now several kinds of video displays used in modern TV sets: Liquid crystal display television (LCD TV) is, as indicated by its name, a television using LCD technology (generally TFT), as opposed to cathode ray or plasma for its visual output. ...

• CRT(Cathode Ray Tube): The most common screens are direct-view CRTs for up to 40 inch (100 cm) (in 4:3 ratio) and 46 inch (115 cm) (in 16:9 ratio) diagonals. These are the least expensive, and are a refined technology that can still provide the best overall picture quality value. As they do not have a fixed native resolution, they are capable of displaying sources with different resolutions at the best possible image quality. The frame rate or refresh rate of a typical NTSC format CRT TV is 29.97 Hz, and for the PAL format, 25 Hz, both are scanned with two fields per frame in an interlaced fashion. A typical NTSC broadcast signal's visible portion has an equivalent resolution of about 640x480 pixels. It actually could be slightly higher than that, but the Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI), allows other signals to be carried along with the broadcast. High lead content.

• Rear projection: Most very large screen TVs (to 100 inches [254 cm] or more) use projection technology. Three types of projection systems are used in projection TVs: CRT-based, LCD-based, and DLP (reflective micromirror chip) -based. Projection television has been commercially available since the 1970s, but at that time could not match the image sharpness of the CRT; current models are vastly improved, and offer a cost-effective large-screen display.
  • A variation is a video projector, using similar technology, which projects onto a screen.
• Flat panel (LCD or plasma): Modern advances have brought flat panels to TV that use active matrix LCD or plasma display technology. Flat panel LCDs and plasma displays are as little as 1 inch thick and can be hung on a wall like a picture or put over a pedestal. Some models can also be used as computer monitors.
• LED technology has become one of the choices for outdoor video and stadium uses, since the advent of ultra high brightness LEDs and driver circuits. LEDs enable scalable ultra-large flat panel video displays that other existing technologies may never be able to match in performance.

Each has its pros and cons. Flat panel LCD display can have narrow viewing angles and so may not suit a home environment. Rear projection screens do not perform well in natural daylight or well lit rooms and so are best suited to dark viewing areas. A complete run down of the pros and cons of each display should be sought before purchasing a single television technology. It has been suggested that Crookes tube be merged into this article or section. ... In mathematics, diagonal has a geometric meaning, and a derived meaning as used in square tables and matrix terminology. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Liquid crystal display. ... Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of how quickly an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, the United States, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... PAL, short for phase-alternating line, phase alternation by line or phase alternation line, is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. ... For the method of incrementally displaying raster graphics, see Interlace (bitmaps). ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, the United States, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... The vertical blanking interval (VBI) is an interval in a television or VDU signal that temporarily suspends transmission of the signal for the electron gun to move back up to the first line of the television screen to trace the next screen field. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3072x2304, 2724 KB) // Deutsch: Der 3 dimensionale Eindruck des 3D-Filmes wird auf diesem 2 dimensionalen Photo Nicht sichtbar! English: The 3-dimensional effect of the 3D-film is NOT visible on this 2-dimensional photo! Deutsch: Das Bild wurde mit... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3072x2304, 2724 KB) // Deutsch: Der 3 dimensionale Eindruck des 3D-Filmes wird auf diesem 2 dimensionalen Photo Nicht sichtbar! English: The 3-dimensional effect of the 3D-film is NOT visible on this 2-dimensional photo! Deutsch: Das Bild wurde mit... The word projection can mean more than one thing. ... Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display. ... The DLP Logo Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a technology used in projectors and video projectors. ... A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. ... Home theater projection screen (119 in. ... Flat panel displays encompass a growing number of technologies enabling video displays that are lighter and much thinner than traditional television and video displays using cathode ray tubes, usually less than 10 cm (4 inches) thick. ... An active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) is a type of flat panel display, currently the overwhelming choice of notebook computer manufacturers, due to light weight, very good image quality, wide color gamut, and response time. ... Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display. ... A plasma display panel (PDP) is an emissive flat panel display where visible light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... A plasma display panel (PDP) is an emissive flat panel display where visible light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... For the WWII naval operation, see Operation Pedestal Pedestal (from French piedestal, Italian piedestallo, foot of a stall) is a term generally applied to a support, square, octagonal or circular on plan, provided to carry a statue or a vase. ... A computer display is an interface between the computer and the operator. ... Blue, green and red LEDs. ... Blue, green and red LEDs. ... Look up daylight in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This is a comparison of various properties of different display technologies. ...

Terminology for televisions

Pixel resolution is the amount of individual points known as pixels on a given screen. A typical resolution of 720x480 means that the television display has 720 pixels across and 480 pixels on the vertical axis. The higher the resolution on a specified display the sharper the image. Contrast ratio is a measurement of the range between the brightest and darkest points on the screen. The higher the contrast ratio, the better looking picture there is in terms of richness, deepness, and shadow detail. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of common resolutions. ... A pixel (a contraction of picture element) is one of the many tiny dots that make up the representation of a picture in a computers memory. ... In number and more generally in algebra, a ratio is the linear relationship between two quantities of the same unit. ... Shadows on a pavement A shadow is a region of darkness where light is blocked. ...

The brightness of a picture measures how vibrant and impacting the colors are. Measured in cd / m² equivalent to the amount of candles required to power the image. Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to emit a given amount of light. ... In common usage, an image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact that reproduces the likeness of some subject—usually a physical object or a person. ...

On the other hand, the so-called brightness and contrast adjustment controls on televisions and monitors are traditionally used to control different aspects of the picture display. The brightness control shifts the black point, or shadow level, primarily affecting the contrast ratio or gamma of the image, while the contrast control primarily controls the image intensity or brightness.^[6]

Transmission band

There are warious bands on which televisions operate depending upon the country. The VHF and UHF signals in bands III to V are generally used. Lower frequencies do not have enough bandwidth available for television. Although the BBC initially used Band I VHF at 45 MHz, this frequency is no longer in use for this purpose. Band II is used for FM radio transmissions. Higher frequencies behave more like light and do not penetrate buildings or travel around obstructions well enough to be used in a conventional broadcast TV system, so they are generally only used for satellite broadcasting, which uses frequencies around 10 GHz. TV systems in most countries relay the video as an AM (amplitude-modulation) signal and the sound as a FM (frequency-modulation) signal. An exception is France, where the sound is AM. Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. ... Ultra high frequency (UHF) designates a range (band) of electromagnetic waves whose frequency is between 300 MHz and 3. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, invariably known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, employing 26,000 staff in the UK alone and with a budget of £4 billion. ... [[Amplitude modulation]] (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a carrier wave wirelessly. ... Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of modulation which represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. ...

Aspect ratios

Aspect ratio refers to the ratio of the horizontal to vertical measurements of a television's picture. Mechanically scanned television as first demonstrated by John Logie Baird in 1926 used a 7:3 vertical aspect ratio, oriented for the head and shoulders of a single person in close-up. The aspect ratio of an image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as x:y). For instance, the aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4:3, or 1. ... Bust of John Logie Baird in Helensburgh. ...

Most of the early electronic TV systems from the mid-1930s onward shared the same aspect ratio of 4:3 which was chosen to match the Academy Ratio used in cinema films at the time. This ratio was also square enough to be conveniently viewed on round cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), which were all that could be produced given the manufacturing technology of the time. (Today's CRT technology allows the manufacture of much wider tubes, and the flat-screen technologies which are becoming steadily more popular have no technical aspect ratio limitations at all.) The BBC's television service used a more squarish 5:4 ratio from 1936 to 3 April 1950, when it too switched to a 4:3 ratio. This did not present significant problems, as most sets at the time used round tubes which were easily adjusted to the 4:3 ratio when the transmissions changed. The aspect ratio of an image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as x:y). For instance, the aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4:3, or 1. ... The Academy ratio of 1. ... It has been suggested that Crookes tube be merged into this article or section. ... Manufacturing, a branch of industry which accounts for about one-quarter of the worlds economic activity, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a level of technological mastery sufficient to leave the surface of the planet for the first time and explore space. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, invariably known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, employing 26,000 staff in the UK alone and with a budget of £4 billion. ...

In the 1950s, movie studios moved towards widescreen aspect ratios such as CinemaScope in an effort to distance their product from television. Although this was initially just a gimmick, widescreen is still the format of choice today and square aspect ratio movies are rare. Some people argue that widescreen is actually a disadvantage when showing objects that are tall instead of panoramic, others say that natural vision is more panoramic than tall, and therefore widescreen is easier on the eye. A movie studio is a controlled environment for the making of a film. ... The inner box (green) is the format used in most pre-1952 movies and pre-widescreen television. ... Cinemascope, or more strictly CinemaScope, was a widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967. ... A gimmick is a unique or quirky special feature that makes something stand out from its contemporaries. ... In its most general sense, a panorama is any wide view of a physical space. ...

The switch to digital television systems has been used as an opportunity to change the standard television picture format from the old ratio of 4:3 (1.33:1) to an aspect ratio of 16:9 (approximately 1.78:1). This enables TV to get closer to the aspect ratio of modern widescreen movies, which range from 1.66:1 through 1.85:1 to 2.35:1. There are two methods for transporting widescreen content, the most common of which uses what is called anamorphic widescreen format. This format is very similar to the technique used to fit a widescreen movie frame inside a 1.33:1 35mm film frame. The image is compressed horizontally when recorded, then expanded again when played back. The anamorphic widescreen 16:9 format was first introduced via European PALPlus television broadcasts and then later on "widescreen" DVDs; the ATSC HDTV system uses straight widescreen format, no horizontal compression or expansion is used. Digital television (DTV) is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound by means of digital signals, in contrast to analogue signals in analogue (traditional) T.V. It uses digital modulation data, which is digitally compressed and requires decoding by a specially designed television set or a... Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... The process of creating a full screen anamorphic image, also known as a full height anamorphic image, involves taking a 16x9, or 1. ... PALplus is an extension of the PAL analogue broadcasting system for transmitting 16:9 programs without sacrificing vertical resolution. ... DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) is the group that helped to develop the new digital television standard for the United States, also adopted by Canada, Mexico, and South Korea and being considered by other countries. ... Projection screen in a home theater, displaying a high-definition television image. ...

Recently "widescreen" has spread from television to computing where both desktop and laptop computers are commonly equipped with widescreen displays. There are some complaints about distortions of movie picture ratio due to some DVD playback software not taking account of aspect ratios; but this may subside as the DVD playback software matures. Furthermore, computer and laptop widescreen displays are in the 16:10 aspect ratio both physically in size and in pixel counts, and not in 16:9 of consumer televisions, leading to further complexity. This was a result of widescreen computer display engineers' uninformed assumption that people viewing 16:9 content on their computer would prefer that an area of the screen be reserved for playback controls, subtitles or their Taskbar, as opposed to viewing content full-screen. Desktop computer with several common peripherals (Monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, microphone and a printer) A desktop computer is a personal computer made for use on a desk in an office or home and is distinguished from portable computers such as laptops or PDAs and specialized computers such as servers. ... A laptop computer or simply laptop (also notebook computer or notebook) is a small mobile personal computer, which usually weighs 2. ... In printed material In printed material, a subtitle is an explanatory or alternate title. ...

Aspect ratio incompatibility

The television industry's changing of aspect ratios is not without difficulties, and can present a considerable problem. The aspect ratio of an image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as x:y). For instance, the aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4:3, or 1. ...

Displaying a widescreen aspect (rectangular) image on a conventional aspect (square or 4:3) display can be shown:

• in "letterbox" format, with black horizontal bars at the top and bottom
• with part of the image being cropped, usually the extreme left and right of the image being cut off (or in "pan and scan", parts selected by an operator or a viewer)
• with the image horizontally compressed

A conventional aspect (square or 4:3) image on a widescreen aspect (rectangular with longer horizon) display can be shown: A 2. ... A 2. ...

• in "pillar box" format, with black vertical bars to the left and right
• with upper and lower portions of the image cut off (or in "tilt and scan", parts selected by an operator)
• with the image horizontally distorted

A common compromise is to shoot or create material at an aspect ratio of 14:9, and to lose some image at each side for 4:3 presentation, and some image at top and bottom for 16:9 presentation. In recent years, the cinematographic process known as Super 35 (championed by James Cameron) has been used to film a number of major movies such as Titanic, Legally Blonde, Austin Powers, and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (see also: List of top-grossing films shot in Super 35). This process results in a camera-negative which can then be used to create both wide-screen theatrical prints, and standard "full screen" releases for television/VHS/DVD which avoid the need for either "letterboxing" or the severe loss of information caused by conventional "pan-and-scan" cropping. The pillar box effect occurs in widescreen video displays when black bars (mattes or masking) are placed on the sides of the image. ... Comparing the film area of Super 35 to CinemaScope, standard widescreen and Techniscope. ... James Cameron (born August 16, 1954) is a three-time Academy Award winning Canadian-American film director noted for his action/science fiction films, which are often extremely successful financially. ... Titanic is a romantic drama film written, directed and co-produced by James Cameron. ... Legally Blonde is a 2001 comedy film starring Reese Witherspoon, produced by Marc E. Platt for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios and directed by Robert Luketic. ... Mike Myers as Austin Powers in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery. ... Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Traditional Chinese: 臥虎藏龍; Simplified Chinese: 卧虎藏龙; Pinyin: Wò Hǔ Cáng Lóng) is a wuxia (martial arts and chivalry) film released in 2000. ... List of top-grossing films shot in Super 35 format Worldwide theatrical box office receipts in millions USD, as of June 2006 Sources: IMDB.com All-Time Worldwide Boxoffice boxofficemojo. ... Full screen is a term used to describe a video release of a widescreen film which has subsequently been altered in order to create a 4:3 aspect ratio, rather than maintain the original theatrical aspect ratio through the use of letterboxing with black bars at the top and bottom... A 2. ... A 2. ...

Sound

Further information: NICAM, MTS, and Zweikanalton

NICAM (known also as NICAM 728, after the 728 kbit/s bitstream it is sent over), Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex, is a format for digital sound over television. ... Multichannel television sound, better known as MTS (often still as BTSC, for the Broadcast Television Systems Committee that created it), is the method of encoding three additional channels of audio into an NTSC-format audio carrier. ... Zweikanalton (two channel sound) is a television sound transmission system used in Germany and other countries. ...

Data

Further information: Teletext

This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...

Television add-ons

Today there are many television add-ons including Video Game Consoles, VCRs, Set-top boxes for Cable, Satellite and DVB-T compliant Digital Television reception, DVD players, or Digital Video Recorders (including personal video recorders, PVRs). The add-on market continues to grow as new technologies are developed. It has been suggested that Multiplayer Video Games be merged into this article or section. ... The videocassette recorder (or VCR, more commonly known in the British Isles as the video recorder), is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable videotape cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ... The term set-top box (STB) describes a device that connects to a television and some external source of signal, and turns the signal into content then displayed on the screen. ... Coaxial cable is often used to transmit cable television into the house. ... Artists impression of a Boeing 601 satellite, as configured for digital television transmission by SES Astra Satellite television is television delivered by way of communications satellites, as compared to conventional terrestrial television and cable television. ... Digital television (DTV) is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound by means of digital signals, in contrast to analogue signals in analogue (traditional) T.V. It uses digital modulation data, which is digitally compressed and requires decoding by a specially designed television set or a... DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... The Foxtel IQ digital video recorder A digital video recorder (DVR) (or personal video recorder (PVR)) is a device that records video without videotape to a hard drive-based digital storage medium. ...

New developments

• Ambilight™
• Blu ray
• Broadcast flag
• CableCARD™
• Digital Light Processing (DLP)
• Digital Rights Management (DRM)
• Digital television (DTV)
• Digital Video Recorders (DVR)
• Direct Broadcast Satellite TV (DBS)
• DVD
• Flicker-free (100 Hz or 120 Hz, depending on country)
• HD DVD
• High Definition TV (HDTV)
• High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
• IPTV
• Internet television
• LCD and plasma display flat screen TV
• SED display technology
• OLED display technology
• P2PTV
• Pay-per-view
• Personal video recorders (PVR)
• Picture-in-picture (PiP)
• Pixelplus
• Placeshifting
• Remote controls
• The Slingbox
• Timeshifting
• Video on-demand (VOD)
• Ultra High Definition Video (UHDV)
• Web TV

Ambilight Ambilight is a feature invented by Philips Electronics, generating light effects around the TV that matches the video contents. ... Blu-ray discs Blu-ray Disc is a next-generation optical disc format jointly developed by a group of leading consumer electronics and PC companies called the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), which succeeds the Blu-ray Disc Founders (BDF). ... A broadcast flag is a set of status bits (or flags) sent in the data stream of a digital television program that indicates whether or not it can be recorded, or if there are any restrictions on recorded content. ... CableCARD is the technology created by the United States cable television industry in response to government mandates by the FCC to separate the internal functions of integrated set-top boxes and allow third-party manufacturers to sell devices with built-in digital cable tuners directly to consumers. ... The DLP Logo Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a technology used in projectors and video projectors. ... Digital Rights Management (generally abbreviated to DRM) is any of several technologies used by publishers (or copyright owners) to control access to and usage of digital data (such as software, music, movies) and hardware, handling usage restrictions associated with a specific instance of a digital work. ... Digital television (DTV) is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound by means of digital signals, in contrast to analogue signals in analogue (traditional) T.V. It uses digital modulation data, which is digitally compressed and requires decoding by a specially designed television set or a... The Foxtel IQ digital video recorder A digital video recorder (DVR) (or personal video recorder (PVR)) is a device that records video without videotape to a hard drive-based digital storage medium. ... Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception, also referred to as direct-to-home signals. ... DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... Flicker-free is a term given to televisions that operate at 100 Hertz (or 100Hz) to eliminate flicker, compared to standard CRT televisions that operate at 50 or 60 Hertz, depending on country. ... HD-DVD disc HD DVD (for High Density Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical media format which is being developed as one standard for high-definition DVD. HD DVD is similar to the competing Blu-ray Disc, which also uses the same CD sized (120 mm diameter) optical data... High-definition television (HDTV) means broadcast of television signals with a higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) allow. ... HDMI official logo Type Digital audio/video connector Production history Designer The HDMI group Designed December 2002 Produced 2003 Specifications Hot plugable yes External yes Audio signal PCM,DVD-Audio,Super Audio CD,Dolby TrueHD,DTS-HD Master Audio Video signal 480i, 480p, 576i, 576p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p, 1440p, etc. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Internet television. ... It has been suggested that IPTV be merged into this article or section. ... Liquid crystal display television (LCD TV) is, as indicated by its name, a television using LCD technology (generally TFT), as opposed to cathode ray or plasma for its visual output. ... A plasma display panel (PDP) is an emissive flat panel display where visible light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... Flat panel displays encompass a growing number of technologies enabling video displays that are lighter and much thinner than traditional television and video displays using cathode ray tubes, usually less than 10 cm (4 inches) thick. ... A surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) is a flat panel display technology that uses surface conduction electron emitters for every individual display pixel. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The term P2PTV refers to peer-to-peer software applications designed to redistribute video streams on a p2p network, typically TV stations across the world. ... Pay-per-view is the name given to a system by which television viewers can call and order events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event to their homes later. ... A digital video recorder (DVR) is a device that records video to a digital storage medium in digital form. ... Picture in Picture (PIP) allows you to watch more than one TV program(channel) at the same time on television sets or other devices. ... Pixelplus, also called Pixel Plus, is a proprietary digital filter image processing technology developed by Philips which they claim enhances the display of analogue broadcast signals on their TVs. ... Placeshifting can be defined as watching or listening to live, recorded or stored media on a remote device via the internet or over a data network. ... A television remote control A DVDplayer remote control A remote control is an electronic device used for the remote operation of a machine. ... The Slingbox A Slingbox is a TV streaming device that enables consumers to remotely view their cable, satellite, or personal video recorder (PVR) programming from an Internet-enabled computer with a broadband Internet connection. ... Time shifting is the recording of television shows to some storage medium to be viewed at a time convenient to the consumer. ... Video on demand systems are systems which allow users to select and watch video content over a network as part of an interactive television system. ... Super Hi-Vision, also known as Ultra High Definition Video or UHDV is a digital video format, currently proposed by NHK of Japan. ... A web TV is a specially-adapted television set designed to allow internet connection, or more commonly, a set-top box (i. ...

Exterior designs

In the early days of television, the cabinet was made of wood grain, however, the wood grain was disappearing in the 1980s. However, there has been a modern comeback of the woodgrain [1] [2]. The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ...

Geographical usage

• Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

Main article: Geographical usage of television

. ... Geographical usage of television is a description of where and how television is to be found. ...

Content

Programming

Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:

1. Original Run or First Run - a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the producers to do the same.
2. Syndication - this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may or may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases other companies, TV stations or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers.

In most countries, the first wave occurs primarily on free-to-air (FTA) television, while the second wave happens on subscription TV and in other countries. In the U.S., however, the first wave occurs on the FTA networks and subscription services, and the second wave travels via all means of distribution. In the television industry (as in radio), syndication is the sale of the right to broadcast programs to multiple stations, without going through a broadcast network. ... A television station is a type of radio station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ... Free-to-air is a phrase used to describe television and radio broadcasts which are available without subscription and without decryption (pay-TV). ...

First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the U.S., but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic FTA elsewhere. This practice is increasing however, generally on digital-only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first run material appearing on FTA.

Unlike the U.S., repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur on that network. Also, Affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network programming that isn't centred around local events. An affiliate is a commercial entity with a relationship with a peer or a larger entity. ...

Advertising

Since their inception in the USA in 1940, TV commercials have become one of the most effective, most pervasive, and most popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. U.S. advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen Ratings. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Billboards and street advertising in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, (2005) Advertising is paid communication through a non-personal medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. ... When TV viewers or entertainment professionals in the United States mention ratings they are generally reduferring to Nielsen Ratings, a system developed by Nielsen Media Research to determine the audience size and composition of television programming. ...

Social aspects

Alleged dangers

Paralleling television's growing primacy in family life and society, an increasingly vocal chorus of legislators, scientists and parents are raising objections to the uncritical acceptance of the medium. For example, the Swedish government imposed a total ban on advertising to children under twelve in 1991 (see advertising). Fifty years of research on the impact of television on children's emotional and social development (Norma Pecora, John P. Murray, & Ellen A. Wartella, Children and Television: 50 Years of Research, published by Erlbaum Press, June, 2006) demonstrate that there are clear and lasting effects of viewing violence. In a recent study (February, 2006) published in the journal Media Psychology, volume 8, number 1, pages 25-37, the research team demonstrated that the brain activation patterns of children viewing violence show that children are aroused by the violence (increased heart rates), demonstrate fear (activation of the amygdala-the fight or flight sensor in the brain) in response to the video violence, and store the observed violence in an area of the brain (the posterior cingulate) that is reserved for long-term memory of traumatic events. The physicist Albert Einstein is probably the most famous scientist of our time. ... A parent is a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian // Mother This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Billboards and street advertising in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, (2005) Advertising is paid communication through a non-personal medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Cingulum is a collection of nerve fibres following a long, arcuate course superior to and around to posterior to the Corpus callosum. ...

A 23 February 2002 article in Scientific American suggested that compulsive television watching, television addiction, was no different from any other addiction, a finding backed up by reports of withdrawal symptoms among families forced by circumstance to cease watching. February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Television addiction is a disorder where the subject has a compulsion to watch television. ... Addiction is a mental or physical disorder proposed to be precipitated by a combination of genetic, biological/pharmacological and social factors. ...

A longitudinal study in New Zealand involving 1000 people (from childhood to 26 years of age) demonstrated that "television viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with poor educational achievement by 26 years of age". In other words, the more the child watched television, the less likely he or she was to finish school and enroll in a university. Representation of a university class, 1350s. ...

In Iceland, television broadcasting hours were restricted until 1984, with no television programs being broadcast on Thursday, or during the whole of July.

Despite this research, many media scholars today dismiss such studies as flawed. For one example of this school of thought, see David Gauntlett's article "Ten Things Wrong With the Media 'Effects' Model." David Gauntlett (b. ...

Technology trends

In its infancy, television was an ephemeral medium. Fans of regular shows planned their schedules so that they could be available to watch their shows at their time of broadcast. The term appointment television was coined by marketers to describe this kind of attachment. TV listings are the lists of programmes/TV shows that will appear on television over the next few days and weeks. ...

The viewership's dependence on schedule lessened with the invention of programmable video recorders, such as the Videocassette recorder and the Digital video recorder. Consumers could watch programs on their own schedule once they were broadcast and recorded. Television service providers also offer video on demand, a set of programs which could be watched at any time. The videocassette recorder (or VCR, more commonly known in the British Isles as the video recorder), is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable videotape cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ... The Foxtel IQ digital video recorder A digital video recorder (DVR) (or personal video recorder (PVR)) is a device that records video without videotape to a hard drive-based digital storage medium. ... Video on demand (VOD) systems allow users to select and watch video content over a network as part of an interactive television system. ...

Both mobile phone networks and the Internet are capable of carrying video streams. There is already a fair amount of Internet TV available, either live or as downloadable programs.

Suitability for audience

Almost since the medium's inception there have been charges that some programming is, in one way or another, inappropriate, offensive or indecent. Critics such as Jean Kilborne have claimed that television, as well as other mass media images, harm the self image of young girls. Other commentators such as Sut Jhally make the case that television advertisers in the U.S. deliberately try to equate happiness with the purchasing of products, despite studies which show that happiness for most people comes from non-material realms, such as warm friendships and feelings of connection to one's community^[7]. George Gerbner has presented evidence that the frequent portrayals of crime, especially minority crime, has led to the Mean World Syndrome, the view among frequent viewers of television that crime rates are much higher than the actual data would indicate. In addition, a lot of television has been charged with presenting propaganda, political or otherwise, and being pitched at a low intellectual level. Offensive may relate to In sports or combat, the team which is attacking, pitching or moving forwards In language or morals, terms and concepts which are unacceptable to some people, such as swearing and profanity. ... A dictionary definition of Indecent not conforming with accepted standards of behaviour or morality. ... Sut Jhally is a Director, Editor, Producer, Writer, Actor of multiple films [1] // He is the founder and executive director of The Media Education Foundation [2] Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land (2004) Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear & the Selling of American Empire (2004) No Logo (2003) (V) Killing Us Softly... George Gerbner (1919 - December 24, 2005) is a communication theorist, the founder of cultivation theory (mean world theory), and a poet. ... Mean World Syndrome is described as the distinguishing characteristic of Media Induced Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (MIPTSD). ...

Environmental aspects

With high lead content in CRTs, and the rapid diffusion of new, flat-panel display technologies, there is growing concern about electronic waste from discarded televisions. Related occupational health concerns exist, as well, for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices' increasing electrical energy requirements. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... It has been suggested that Crookes tube be merged into this article or section. ... Abandoned monitor Electronic waste, e-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is a waste type consisting of any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. ... ... Electrical energy can refer to several closely related things. ...

Further reading

• Erik Barnouw, Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television, Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Pierre Bourdieu, On Television, The New Press, 2001.
• Brooks, Tim and March, Earle, The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, Ballantine, Eighth Edition, 2002.
• Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, Zone Books, 1995.
• Jacques Derrida, Bernard Stiegler, Echographies of Television, Polity Press, 2002.
• Jerry Mander, Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television, Perennial, 1978.
• Jerry Mander, In the Absence of the Sacred, Sierra Club Books, 1992, ISBN 0-87156-509-9. Makes the case that television programming transmitted by communications satellites is destroying unique local cultures all over the world
• Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. Penguin USA, 1985. ISBN 0-670-80454-1
• Dr. Aric Sigman, Remotely Controlled: How Television Is Damaging Our Lives — And What We Can Do About It, Vermilion, 2005.
• Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television, Rutgers University Press, 2002.
• Dr. Alan. Taylor,We, the media, Pedagogic Intrusions into US Film and Television News... ISBN 3631518528 Peter, Lang, Academic Book Publishers, 2005, pp. 418.
• David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, Tube: the Invention of Television, Counterpoint, Washington D.C. USA, (1996) ISBN 1-887178-17-1
• Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, McFarland, Jefferson, NC, USA, and London (2003) ISBN 0-7864-1220-8

Erik Barnouw (*1908, in Den Haag; † 2001 in Fair Haven, Vermont, USA) was an american media historian. ... Pierre Bourdieu (August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French sociologist whose work employed methods drawn from a wide range of disciplines, from philosophy and literary theory to sociology and anthropology. ... Guy Debord (December 28, 1931 – November 30, 1994) was a writer, film maker, hypergraphist and founding member of the groups Lettrist International and Situationist International (SI). ... Jacques Derrida (July 15, 1930 – October 8, 2004) was an Algerian-born French philosopher, known as the founder of deconstruction. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Jerry Mander is an American activist best known for his book Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television (1977), and for his contribution to a book on an unrelated topic, The Great International Paper Airplane Book (1971). ... Jerry Mander is an American activist best known for his book Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television (1977), and for his contribution to a book on an unrelated topic, The Great International Paper Airplane Book (1971). ... Neil Postman (March 8, 1931 - October 5, 2003) was a prominent American educator, media theorist, and cultural critic. ... Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (1985), is a controversial book by Neil Postman in which he argued that mediums of communication inherently influence the conversations carried out over them, that television is the primary means of communication for our culture, that television has...

References

External links

• Early Television Foundation and Museum
• TV Type Guide
• Television History — The First 75 Years
• The Encyclopedia of Television at the Museum of Broadcast Communications
• MZTV Museum of Television Some of the rarest sets in America
• CNET News.com's Me TV Wiki, about the future of television.