Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music world-wide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range. This page deals with mathematical distributions. ... Audio can mean: sound that can be heard electronics or other signals of frequencies audible to humans (about 20--20,000 Hz) broadcasting or reception of sound high-fidelity sound reproduction sound recording and reproduction in general I hear in Latin This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... Video is the technology of processing electronic signals representing moving pictures. ... A signal may refer to: an abstract element of information, or, more exactly, usually a flow of information (in either one or several dimensions). ... A public address system, abbreviated PA system, is an electronic amplification system used as a communication system in public areas. ... In film and broadcasting, a soundbite is a very short piece of footage taken from a longer speech or an interview in which someone with authority or the average man on the street says something which is considered by those who edit the speech or interview to be a most...

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. Scheduling, in the traditional (TV and Radio) sense, is the placement of content against a linear timeline for transmission on a broadcast station. ...

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services. Cable television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) (and often shortened to cable) is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted directly to people’s televisions through fixed optical fibers or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air... For other senses of the word code, see code (disambiguation). ... This article deals with technology from the Cosmic Era timeline of the Gundam metaseries. ... The subscription business model is a business model that has long been used by magazines and record clubs, but the application of this model is spreading. ... Pay-per-view is the name given to a system by which television viewers can call and order events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event to their homes later. ...

A broadcasting organisation may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more organisations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble. Alternative meaning: Organisation (band). ... Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ... BBC One (or BBC1 as it was formerly styled) is the oldest television station in the United Kingdom, and indeed, the world. ... BBC Two (or BBC2 as it was formerly styled) was the second UK television station to be aired by the BBC. History The channel was scheduled to begin at 7:20pm on April 20, 1964 and show an evening of light entertainment, starting with the comedy show The Alberts and... Digital radio describes radio technologies which carry information as a digital signal. ... Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets. ... Multiplex is either a word derived from multi- + plex (fold) or a synthetic portmanteau combining the words multiple and complex and can be another word for many or (literally) manifold. ... In computer science, data compression or source coding is the process of encoding information using fewer bits (or other information-bearing units) than a more obvious representation would use, through use of specific encoding schemes. ... The word ensemble can refer to a Climate Ensemble a musical ensemble a statistical ensemble a quantum ensemble a DAB ensemble a fluid mechanical ensemble This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used. A webcast is similar in intent to a broadcast television program but designed for internet transmission. ...

Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media. Mass media is the term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). ...

Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting. To send data to a specific list of recipients. ...

Business models of broadcasting

There are several dominant business models of broadcasting. Each differs in the method by which stations are funded: A business model (also called a business design) is the mechanism by which a business intends to generate revenue and profits. ...

• individually-donated time and energy
• direct government payments or operation
• indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses
• grants from foundations or business entities
• selling advertising or sponsorship
• public subscription or membership
• fees charged to all owners of TV sets or radios, regardless of whether they intend to receive that program or not

Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models. For example, National Public Radio, a non-commercial network within the United States, receives grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (which in turn receives funding from the U.S. government), by public membership, and by selling "extended credits" to corporations. A license or licence is a document or agreement giving permission to do something. ... Grant can refer to several things: Clan Grant — a Scottish clan. ... A Foundation is a kind of philanthropic organization, set up by either individuals or institutions as a legal entity (usually either a corporation or a trust) with the purpose of distributing grants to support causes in line with the goals of the foundation. ... Business refers to at least three closely related commercial topics. ... Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ... The subscription business model is a business model that has long been used by magazines and record clubs, but the application of this model is spreading. ... One pays a fee as renumeration for services, especially the honorarium paid to a doctor, lawyer or member of a learned profession. ... A business model (also called a business design) is the mechanism by which a business intends to generate revenue and profits. ... NPR logo NPR redirects here. ... Board members These eight board members are in office as of April 2005 (a ninth seat is vacant): Kenneth Y. Tomlinson (chairman) Frank H. Cruz (vice chairman) Katherine Milner Anderson Beth Courtney Gay Hart Gaines Cheryl Halpern Claudia Puig Ernest J. Wilson III See also American Public Television External links... A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a Civil law systems may refer to corporations as moral persons; they may also go by the name AS (anonymous society) or something similar, depending on language (see below). ...

Recorded or live

One can distinguish between recorded and live broadcasts. The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. Slow motion is an effect resulting from running film through a movie camera at faster-than-normal speed. ...

American radio network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s, requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone. This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg at Lakehurst, New Jersey in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio stations around the world. // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... Time zones are areas of the Earth that have adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Dirigible can refer to : an airship -- a lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered and propelled through the air. ... The Hindenburg burning On May 6, 1937, at 1825 local time, the German zeppelin LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was utterly destroyed in less than one minute while approaching a mooring mast at Lakehurst Naval Air Station in New Jersey. ... Lakehurst is a borough located in Ocean County, New Jersey. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air, August 9, 1945. ... American Forces Network, or AFN - the acronym that its most commonly known as, is the brand name used by the United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) for its networks worldwide. ...

A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, which may be a spoiler. In addition, prerecording prevents live announcers from deviating from an officially-approved script, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s. A spoiler is a summary or description of a narrative (or part of a narrative) that relates plot elements not revealed early in the narrative itself. ... An announcer is a voice actor who works in television, radio and film, usually providing narrations, news updates, station identification, or an introduction of a product in television commercials or a guest on a talk show. ... A screenplay or script is a blueprint for producing a motion picture. ... North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. ... A 1969 Radio Moscow QSL card Radio Moscow was the official international broadcasting station of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ...

An intermediate form is a delay of a few seconds, to suppress obscenity and technical failures, or even coughing. Delay is: In sound effects, any of a class of effect that adds one or more delayed versions of the original signal, to create effects such as echo or flanger. ...

Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes this is referred to as "live-to-tape"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio concert performance. This intentional blurring of the distinction between live and recorded media is viewed with chagrin among many music lovers. Similar situations have sometimes appeared in television ("The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live studio audience"). Singer-songwriter Dayna Manning performs. ... The Cosby Show, starring Bill Cosby, is an American sitcom that was first broadcast in 1984. ...

Distribution methods

A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the studio at a single broadcast station, it is simply sent through the airchain to the transmitter. Programming may also come through a communications satellite, played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time, originally via microwave link, and now mostly by satellite. A studio is an artists workroom. ... A broadcast station may be: a radio station a television station It does not include television networks or radio networks. ... In broadcast engineering for radio, the airchain (sometimes air chain (US) or network chain (UK)) is the path or route an audio or video signal takes on its way through a radio station or television station. ... Crystal Palace transmitter, London A transmitter is an electronic device which with the aid of an antenna propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other telecommunications. ... U.S. military MILSTAR communications satellite A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications or reconnaisance using radio at microwave frequencies. ... Simulcast is a contraction of simultaneous broadcast, and refers to programs or events broadcast across more than one medium at the same time. ... This page is about the radiation; for the appliance, see microwave oven. ...

Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as analogue or digital videotape, CD, DVD, and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when electronic news gathering returns a story to the station for inclusion on a news programme. Bottom view of VHS videotape cassette with magnetic tape exposed Videotape is a means of recording television pictures and accompanying sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. ... CD may stand for: compact disc Canadian Forces Decoration cash dispenser (at least used in Japan) CD LPMud Driver Centrum-Demokraterne (Centre Democrats of Denmark) certificate of deposit České dráhy (Czech Railways) Chad (NATO country code) Chalmers Datorförening (computer club of the Chalmers University of Technology) a 1960s Panhard race... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for storing data, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... For the Canadian television drama, see E.N.G. ENG is a broadcasting (usually television) industry acronym which stands for electronic news gathering. ... A news program is a regularly scheduled radio or television program that reports current events. ...

The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a radio station or TV station to an antenna and receiver, or may come through cable TV or cable radio (or "wireless cable") via the station or directly from a network. The Internet may also bring either radio or TV to the recipient, especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared. A radio station is a site configured for broadcasting sound. ... A television station is a type of radio station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ... Aerial redirects here. ... For the device which is a tuner (radio) and a amplifier and/or loudspeaker, see receiver (home stereo). ... Cable television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) (and often shortened to cable) is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers via radio waves transmitted directly to people’s televisions through fixed coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional... Cable radio or cable FM is a complementary concept to that of cable television, bringing radio transmissions into homes and businesses via coaxial cable. ... Multichannel multipoint distribution service, also known as MMDS or wireless cable, is a wireless telecommunications technology, used for general-purpose broadband networking or, more commonly, as an alternative method of cable television programming reception. ... Multicast is the delivery of information to multiple destinations simultaneously using the most efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network only once and only create copies when the links to the destinations split. ... // Analog For analog signals, bandwidth is the width, usually measured in hertz, of a frequency band f2 − f1. ...

Related topics

• history of broadcasting
• dead air
• list of broadcast satellites

// Broadcasting around the World ! United States Defining exactly when broadcasting first began is difficult. ... Dead air is a phenomenon whereby a broadcast which normally carries audio or video unintentionally becomes silent or blank (also known as unmodulated carrier). ... This is the list of broadcast satellites — communications satellites used primarily for radio and television networks and backhauls, and for DBS. Listings are from west to east (increasing longitude) by orbital position, starting and ending with the International Date Line. ...

See also

• NBMA Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network

A Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network (NBMA) is a network to which multiple computers and devices are attached, but data is transmitted directly from one computer to another over a virtual circuit or across a switching fabric, NBMA do not support multicast or broadcast traffic. ...

External links

• www.eurotv.com, a West-European TV guide
• Waveguide Broadcasting News
• Vernon Corea The Golden Voice of Radio CeylonThe story of broadcasting in Sri Lanka(Ceylon)
• Lyngsat.com Lyngsat Global Satellite Listings
• www.vizrt.com The world’s leading provider of real-time 2D and true 3D broadcast graphics
• Broadcasting Timeline
• Broadcasting & Cable Magazine Many free articles on the US Broadcasting and Cable business.