In computer programming, templates are a feature of the C++ programming language that allow code to be written without consideration of the data type with which it will eventually be used. Templates support generic programming in C++. Programming redirects here. ... C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose, high-level programming language with low-level facilities. ... In computer science, a datatype or data type (often simply a type) is a name or label for a set of values and some operations which one can perform on that set of values. ... Generic programming is a style of computer programming where algorithms are written in an extended grammar and are made adaptable by specifying variable parts that are then somehow instantiated later by the compiler with respect to the base grammar. ...

Templates are of great utility to programmers in C++, especially when combined with multiple inheritance and operator overloading. The C++ Standard Template Library (STL) provides many useful functions within a framework of connected templates. Multiple inheritance refers to a feature of object-oriented programming languages in which a class can inherit behaviors and features from more than one superclass. ... In computer programming, operator overloading (less commonly known as operator ad-hoc polymorphism) is a specific case of polymorphism in which some or all of operators like +, = or == have different implementations depending on the types of their arguments. ... The Standard Template Library (STL) is a software library included in the C++ Standard Library. ...

Technical overview

There are two kinds of templates. A function template behaves like a function that can accept arguments of many different types. For example, the C++ Standard Template Library contains the function template max(x, y) which returns either x or y, whichever is larger. max() could be defined like this:

 template <typename T> T max(T x, T y) { if (x < y) return y; else return x; } 

This template can be called just like a function:

 cout << max(3, 7); // outputs 7 

The compiler determines by examining the arguments that this is a call to max(int, int) and instantiates a version of the function where the type T is int.

This works whether the arguments x and y are integers, strings, or any other type for which it makes sense to say "x < y". If you have defined your own data type, you can use operator overloading to define the meaning of < for your type, thus allowing you to use the max() function. While this may seem a minor benefit in this isolated example, in the context of a comprehensive library like the STL it allows the programmer to get extensive functionality for a new data type, just by defining a few operators for it. Merely defining < allows a type to be used with the standard sort(), stable_sort(), and binary_search() algorithms; data structures such as sets, heaps, and associative arrays; and more.

As a counterexample, the standard type complex does not define the < operator, because there is no strict order on complex numbers. Therefore max(x, y) will fail with a compile error if x and y are complex values. Likewise, other templates that rely on < cannot be applied to complex data. Unfortunately, compilers historically generate somewhat esoteric and unhelpful error messages for this sort of error. Ensuring that a certain object adheres to a method protocol can alleviate this issue. In mathematics, a complex number is a number of the form where a and b are real numbers, and i is the imaginary unit, with the property i 2 = −1. ... For other senses of this word, see protocol. ...

A class template extends the same concept to classes. Class templates are often used to make generic containers. For example, the STL has a linked list container. To make a linked list of integers, one writes list<int>. A list of strings is denoted list<string>. A list has a set of standard functions associated with it, which work no matter what you put between the brackets. In computer science, a linked list is one of the fundamental data structures used in computer programming. ...

Advantages and disadvantages

Some uses of templates, such as the max() function, were previously filled by function-like preprocessor macros. For example, here is a max() macro: In computer science, a preprocessor is a program that processes its input data to produce output that is used as input to another program. ... A macro in computer science is an abstraction, that defines how a certain input pattern is replaced by an output pattern according to a defined set of rules. ...

 #define max(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (b) : (a)) 

Both macros and templates are expanded at compile time. Macros are always expanded inline; templates can also be expanded as inline functions when the compiler deems it appropriate. Thus both function-like macros and function templates have no run-time overhead.

However, templates are generally considered an improvement over macros for these purposes. Templates are type-safe. Templates avoid some of the common errors found in code that makes heavy use of function-like macros. Perhaps most importantly, templates were designed to be applicable to much larger problems than macros. The definition of a function-like macro must fit on a single logical line of code.

There are three primary drawbacks to the use of templates. First, many compilers historically have very poor support for templates, so the use of templates can make code somewhat less portable. Second, almost all compilers produce confusing, unhelpful error messages when errors are detected in template code. This can make templates difficult to develop. Third, each use of a template may cause the compiler to generate extra code (an instantiation of the template), so the indiscriminate use of templates can lead to code bloat, resulting in excessively large executables. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Software bloat. ...

Generic programming features in other languages

Templates were left out of some C++-based languages, such as Java and C#, largely due to the problems with templates in C++. These languages have adopted other methods of dealing with the same problems. However, both Java and C# are currently adopting generic programming features comparable to templates. Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

D supports template programming as advanced as C++'s, and in some ways even more powerful. D is an object-oriented, imperative, multiparadigm system programming language designed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars as a re-engineering of C++. This was done by re-designing many C++ features, and borrowing ideas from other programming languages. ...

Ada's generics predate templates. Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull under contract by the US Navy during 1977–1983. ...