Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land, as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e.g., fish, lobsters, octopi), or amphibians, which rely on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats (e.g., frogs or some crabs). Terrestrial animals evolved from marine animals (aquatic animals living in the ocean). For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Animal environments are classified as either aquatic (water), terrestrial (land), or amphibious (water and land). ... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are cold-blooded, covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... Subfamilies and Genera Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. ... Suborders †Pohlsepia (incertae sedis) †Proteroctopus (incertae sedis) †Palaeoctopus (incertae sedis) Cirrina Incirrina Synonyms Octopoida Leach, 1817 The octopus (Greek , eight-legs) is a cephalopod of the order Octopoda that inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean, especially coral reefs. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... Look up habitat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frogness babe is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ... Superfamilies Dromiacea Homolodromioidea Dromioidea Homoloidea Eubrachyura Raninoidea Cyclodorippoidea Dorippoidea Calappoidea Leucosioidea Majoidea Hymenosomatoidea Parthenopoidea Retroplumoidea Cancroidea Portunoidea Bythograeoidea Xanthoidea Bellioidea Potamoidea Pseudothelphusoidea Gecarcinucoidea Cryptochiroidea Pinnotheroidea * Ocypodoidea * Grapsoidea * An asterisk (*) marks the crabs included in the clade Thoracotremata. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ...

Taxonomy

Terrestrial animals do not form a unified clade, rather they share only the fact that they are animals which live on land. There are 33 phyla^[1] of animals, of which 11 (33%) contain species which are found in terrestrial environments. Thus terrestrial animals span the widest range of the entire animal clade. The transition from an aquatic life to terrestrial has been independently successfully evolved many times by various animals. A clade is a term belonging to the discipline of cladistics. ... Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ...

Three of the phyla, Platyhelmithes (flatworms), Acanthocephala (hookworms), and Pentastoma (tongue worms), are found strictly as internal parasites of other terrestrial animals and so may not be considered truly terrestrial. Three of the phyla, Nemotoda (nematodes), nematomorpha (horsehair worms), and Tardigrada (water bears) are free living but need a constant external source of moisture. Five of the phyla, mollusks (snails and slugs), annelida (earthworms), Onychophors (velvet worms), Arthropoda, (woodlice, spiders, insects, crabs, and others), Chordata (tetrapods) are able to survive independently—they do not need constant external moisture, and can live outside the bodies of other terrestrial animals. Classes Monogenea Trematoda Cestoda Turbellaria The flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Greek platy: flat; helminth: worm) are a phylum of relatively simple soft-bodied invertebrate animals. ... Classes Archiacanthocephala Palaeacanthocephala Eoacanthocephala The Acanthocephala (gr. ... The hookworm is a parasite that lives in the small intestine of its host, which may be a mammal such as a dog, cat, or human. ... Orders Cephalobaenida Porocephalida The Pentastomida are a group of parasitic invertebrates commonly known as tongue worms due to the resemblance of some species to a vertebrate tongue. ... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ... Classes Adenophora    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ... Classes Nectonematoida Gordioidea Nematomorpha (sometimes called Gordiacea, and commonly known as horsehair worms or Gordian worms) are a phylum of parasitic animals which are morphologically and ecologically similar to nematode worms, hence the name. ... Classes Heterotardigrada Mesotardigrada Eutardigrada Tardigrades (Tardigrada), or water bears, are a phylum of small, segmented animals, similar and related to the Arthropods. ... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ... The name snail applies to most members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells. ... Subinfraorders, superfamilies, and families See text Slugs are gastropod mollusks without shells or with very small internal shells, in contrast to snails, which have a prominent coiled shell. ... Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata    Oligochaeta - Earthworms and others    Acanthobdellida    Branchiobdellida    Hirudinea - Leeches Class Myzostomida Class Archiannelida (polyphyletic) Class Echiura *Some authors consider the subclasses under Clitellata to be classes The annelids, collectively called Annelida, are a large phylum of animals, comprising the segmented worms, with about... Earthworm is the common reference for the larger members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ... Extant families Peripatidae Peripatopsidae Onychophora (also called velvet worms, walking worms, or spitting worms) are segmented, caterpillar-like, terrestrial animals somewhat resembling both arthropods and annelid worms. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - Trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - Spiders, Scorpions, etc. ... Infraorders and Families Not necessarily a complete list Infraorders: Ligiamorpha Tylomorpha Families: Dubioniscidae Irmaosidae Pseudarmadillidae Scleropactidae Armadillidium vulgare A woodlouse, also known as a pill bug (genus Armadillidium only), armadillo bug, sow bug, slater, ball bug, or roley-poley, is a terrestrial crustacean with a rigid, segmented, calcareous exoskeleton and... Families Suborder Mesothelae     Liphistiidae (primitive burrowing spiders) Suborder Mygalomorphae     Atypidae (atypical tarantula)     Antrodiaetidae (folding trapdoor spider)     Mecicobothriidae (dwarf tarantulas)     Hexathelidae (venomous funnel-web tarantula)     Dipluridae (funnel-web tarantula)     Cyrtaucheniidae (wafer trapdoor spider)     Ctenizidae (trapdoor spider)     Theraphosidae (tarantula) Suborder Araneomorphae     Hypochilidae (lampshade spider)     Filistatidae (crevice weaver)     Sicariidae (recluse spider)     Scytodidae (spitting... Orders Subclass Apterygota Symphypleona - globular springtails Subclass Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Subclass Dicondylia Monura - extinct Thysanura (common bristletails) Subclass Pterygota Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Blattodea (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Isoptera (termites) Zoraptera Grylloblattodea Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets... Phthirus pubis Pubic lice (Phthirus pubis), also known as crabs , are one of the many varieties of lice (singular louse) specialized to live on different areas of different animals. ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Classes Synapsida Sauropsida Amphibia A tetrapod (Greek tetrapoda, four-legged) is a vertebrate animal having four feet, legs or leglike appendages. ...

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Difficulties

Classifying an animal species as terrestrial is often a matter of disputed judgment.

Many animals which are universally considered terrestrial do not have a life-cycle that is independent of water. Many insects and all terrestrial crabs (as well as other clades) have an aquatic life cycle stage. Their eggs need to be laid and to hatch in water. After hatching there is an early aquatic form, either a nymph or larva. In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of female nature entities, either bound to a particular location or landform or joining the retinue of a god or goddess. ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ...

Crabs are of particular interest. There are crab species which are completely aquatic, crab species which are amphibious, and crab species which are terrestrial. The boundaries between these groups contain borderline species that are difficult to classify. There are no universally accepted criteria for deciding which life style to classify these borderline species into.

semi-terrestrial

The fiddler crabs are called “semi-terrestrial” since they make burrows in the muddy substrate to which they retreat during high tides. When the tide is out, fiddler crabs tirelessly scurry sideways along the beach as they comb the sands for food. In a mirror reversal of the fiddler crab life style penguins, seals and walruses sleep on land and feed in the ocean, yet they are all considered terrestrial. In all of these cases the life style of the ancestral species, and of the other species in the clade which are currently extant influences the designation. Thus a crab is more likely to receive an aquatic designation than is a seal, even though they spend the same amount of time on land and in the water. Species Uca pugnax - Mud fiddler Uca pugilator - Sand fiddler Uca minax - Red-jointed fiddler Uca mjoebergi A fiddler crab may be any of approximately 97 species of semi-terrestrial marine crabs within the genus Uca. ... This article is about penguin birds. ... Seal or SEAL can refer to: Seal, a device used to produce an official stamp as a symbol of authority. ... Binomial name Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758) Subspecies Walruses are large semi-aquatic mammals that live in the cold Arctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere. ...

Notes