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Encyclopedia > Tervingi

The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the loosely-termed Germanic peoples who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. After the collapse of the western Roman Empire the Visigoths played a major role in western European affairs for another two and a half centuries. Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche portrays the Goths as cavalrymen. ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus), until its radical reformation in what was later to be known as the Byzantine Empire. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ... The Roman Empire is not the Holy Roman Empire (843-1806). ... A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ...

Contents


Visigoths as "Tervingi"

The naming of this people is problematic. Some time shortly after 291 Mamertinus made a eulogy of Emperor Maximian (285-308) in which he says that the "Tervingi, another division of the Goths" (Tervingi pars alia Gothorum) joined with a band he calls the Taifali to attack the Vandals and Gepidae (Genethl. Max. 17, 1). The term "Vandals" may have been erroneous for "Victohali" because, around 360, the historian Eutropius reports that Dacia was currently (nunc) inhabited by Taifali, Victohali, and Tervingi (Eutr. Brev. 8, 2, 2) [1]. But about a hundred years later the term changes to Vesi. Correspondingly, the other branch was originally called Greutungi (cf. Jordanes' Evagreotingi, i.e. Island Greotingi in Scandza), but this was soon replaced by Ostrogothi ("gleaming goths"), and from the 390s and onwards the earlier terms are only found in epic poetry (Hervarar saga). Events The War of the Eight Princes begins in China. ... emperor Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... The Gepids (Latin Gepidae) were a Germanic tribe most famous in history for defeating the Huns after the death of Attila. ... For other uses, see number 360. ... Eutropius was a pagan Roman historian of the later 4th century, writing in Latin, whose brief remarks about himself let us know that he had served under Emperor Julian the Apostate (ruled 361 - 363) and his history covers the reigns of Valentinian and Valens (died 378). ... Scandza was the name given to Scandinavia by Jordanes, in his work Getica. ... Hervarar saga ok Heidhreks is a fornaldarsaga from the 13th century using material from an older saga. ...


By the 5th century the two main branches were known as Vesi and Ostrogothi whenever sources cared to specify them more specifically than Goths. When Cassiodorus wrote the history of the gothic peoples in the early sixth century, he interpreted Ostrogothi as "East Goths" and invented the term Visigothi to denote "West Goths." There was some logic in this invention, since, at the time, the Vesi ruled the Iberian Peninsula and the Ostrogothi parts of Italy. This usage has continued to this day, though since the 1970s, modern historians have started to use the contemporary terms instead of Cassiodorus' interpretations. // Events Romulus Augustus, Last Western Roman Emperor Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (ca 484/490 - ca585), commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and writer, serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. ...


Early history

The Visigoths first appeared in history as a distinct people in the year 268 when they invaded the Roman Empire and swarmed over the Balkan peninsula. This invasion overran the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Illyricum and even threatened Italia itself. However, the Visigoths were defeated in battle near the modern Italian-Slovenian border that summer and then routed in the Battle of Naissus that September. Over the next three years they were driven back over the Danube River in a series of campaigns by the emperors Claudius II Gothicus and Aurelian. However, they maintained their hold on the Roman province of Dacia, which Aurelian evacuated in 271. Events The Alamanni invade Italy. ... The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... This article is about an ancient civilization in southeastern Europe; see also Illyria (software), Illyria (character in the TV series Angel). ... Battle of Naissus Conflict Roman-Gothic war Date September 268 Place Nis, Serbia and Montenegro Result Roman victory The Battle of Naissus took place in September of 268 between the armies of the Goths and forces of the Roman Empire, led by Gallienus as emperor and the future Emperor Aurelian... Length 2,888 km Elevation of the source 1,078 m Average discharge 30 km before Passau: 580 m³/s Vienna: 1,900 m³/s Budapest: 2,350 m³/s just before Delta: 6,500 m³/s Area watershed 817,000 km² Origin Black Forest (Schwarzwald-Baar, Baden- Württemberg, Germany... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... Contemporary coin of Aurelian. ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, a subtribe of the Getae, was a large district of Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa (Tisza river, in Hungary), on the east by the Tyras... Events Goths forced to withdraw across the Danube Roman Emperor Aurelian withdraws troops to the Danube frontier, abandoning Dacia. ...


Settled in Dacia, the Visigoths adopted Arianism, a branch of Christianity that believed that Jesus was not an aspect of God in the Trinity, but a separate being created directly beneath God. This belief was in opposition to the tenets of mainstream Catholicism, which achieved a religious monopoly in the 4th and 5th century. The Iberian Visigoths adhered to Arianism until 589, when King Reccared (Recaredo) converted his people to Catholicism. For the role of Arianism in Visigothic kingship, see the entry for Liuvigild. St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen Ansgar, the 9th century apostle of the North in an 1830 drawing. ... Arianism was a Christological view held by followers of Arius, a Christian priest who lived and taught in Alexandria, Egypt, in the early 4th century. ... Beliefs Though enormous diversity exists in the beliefs of those who self-identify as Christian, it is possible to venture general statements which describe the beliefs of a large majority . ... Jesus, also known as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and an important prophet in Islam. ... God is the Supreme Being believed to exist in monotheistic religions as the creator of the Universe. ... This article concerns the holy Trinity of Christianity. ... This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. ... Events October 17 - The Adige River overflows its banks, flooding the church of St. ... The Visigothic king Reccared (ruled 586—601) was the younger son of Liuvigild by his first marriage. ... Liuvigild (Leuvigild, Leuvigildo, Leovigild, Leovigildo, Leogild) was King of the Visigoths from 569 to April 21, 586. ...


They remained in Dacia until 376, when one of their two leaders, Fritigern, appealed to the Roman emperor Valens to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube. Here, they hoped to find refuge from the Huns, who lacked the ability to cross the wide river in force. Valens permitted this, and even helped bring the Visigoths over the river. In return, Fritigern was to provide soldiers for the Roman army. Valens promised the Visigoths farming land, grain rations, and protection under the Roman armies. His major reason to quickly accept the Goths into Roman territory was, of course, to increase the size of his personal army. The selection of which of the Goths might cross the Danube was unforgiving— the weak, old, and sickly were left on the far bank to fend for themselves against the Huns. The ones that crossed were meant to have their weapons confiscated, but the Romans in charge accepted bribes to allow the Goths to retain their weapons. Events Visigoths appear on the Danube and request entry into the Roman Empire in their flight from the Huns Births Cyril of Alexandria, theologian Deaths Categories: 376 ... Fritigern (died 380), King of the Visigoths (369-380), was one of the prominent Germanic warrior-kings whose military victories led to the eventual fall of the western half of the Roman Empire. ... Solidus minted by Valens in ca. ... Length 2,888 km Elevation of the source 1,078 m Average discharge 30 km before Passau: 580 m³/s Vienna: 1,900 m³/s Budapest: 2,350 m³/s just before Delta: 6,500 m³/s Area watershed 817,000 km² Origin Black Forest (Schwarzwald-Baar, Baden- Württemberg, Germany... Hun is a term that refers to a specific group of Central Asian nomadic tribes, who appeared in Europe in the 4th century. ...


However, a famine broke out in the lands settled by the Visigoths a year later, and Rome was able to supply them with neither the food they were promised nor the land - they herded the Goths into a temporary holding area, often compared to a World War II concentration camp. There was only enough grain left for the Roman garrison, and so they simply let the Visigoths starve. However, the Romans provided a grim alternative: the trade of children for dog meat. When Fritigern appealed to Valens for help, he was told that his people would find food and trade in the markets of the distant city of Marcianople. Having no alternative, the Goths trekked across the Balkan landscape in a death march, losing the sickly and old along the path. When they finally reached Marcianople's gates, they were barred out by the city's military garrison and denied entry. Rioting ensued, which had the following consequences: a) The Visigoths were able to match Rome's military technology through their raiding, b) The Goths were able to obtain the necessary food in this manner, and they grew in number, and c) Valens, after a victorious campaign in Persia, was forced to trek directly from the Persian Wars to a battle with the Goths. A famine is a phenomenon in which a large percentage of the population of a region or country are so undernourished that death by starvation becomes increasingly common. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. The term can also refer to the continual warfare of the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire against the Parthians and...


The Battle of Adrianople on August 9, 378 erupted. Acting on a false message, Valens was completely unaware of the Goths' numbers. To add to the blazing August heat the Goths set the fields ablaze, and managed to box the Roman infantry in the center of the battlefield so as to only have to fight one Roman army at a time. The Roman forces were slaughtered; the Emperor Valens died during the fighting. For other uses, see Battle of Adrianople (disambiguation). ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... Events Mid-February: Lentienses cross frozen Rhine, invading Roman Empire. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Solidus minted by Valens in ca. ...


The new emperor, Theodosius I, made peace with Fritigern in 379, and this peace held essentially unbroken until Theodosius died in 395. In that year, the Visigoths' most famous king, Alaric I, took the throne, while Theodosius was succeeded by his incapable sons: Arcadius in the east and Honorius in the west. On the reverse of this coin minted under Valentinian II, both Valentinian and Theodosius are depicted with halos, holding a globus cruciger. ... Events January 19 - Theodosius I is elevated as Roman Emperor at Sirmium. ... Events After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is divided in an eastern and a western half. ... An 1894 photogravure of Alaric I taken from a painting by Ludwig Thiersch. ... Arcadius, holding a labarum, defeating an enemy. ... Bronze coin bearing the profile of Honorius Flavius Augustus Honorius (September 9, 384–August 15, 423) was Emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 395 until his death. ...


Over the next 15 years, occasional conflicts were broken by years of uneasy peace between Alaric and the powerful German generals who commanded the Roman armies in the east and west, wielding the real power of the empire. Finally, after the western generalissimo Stilicho was murdered by Honorius in 408 and the Roman legions massacred the families of 30,000 barbarian soldiers serving in the Roman army, Alaric declared war. With Alaric and his army at the gates of Rome, Honorius still refused to come to terms, so Alaric sacked the city on August 24, 410. While Rome was no longer the official capital of the Western Roman Empire (it had been moved to Ravenna for strategic reasons) its fall severely shook the empire's foundations. Flavius Stilicho (c. ... Events Theodosius II succeeds his father Arcadius as Emperor of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire In the summer of this year, the usurper Constantine III captures Spain, destroying the loyalist forces defending it. ... August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... Events Alaric I deposes Priscus Attalus as Roman Emperor. ... Ravenna is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ...


Visigothic Kingdom in Aquitaine

Extent of the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse by 500
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Extent of the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse by 500

From 407 to 409 the Vandals, with the allied Alans and Germanic tribes like the Suevi, swept into the Iberian peninsula. In response to this invasion of Roman Hispania, Honorius, the emperor in the West, enlisted the aid of the Visigoths to regain control of the territory. And, in 418, Honorius rewarded his Visigothic federates by giving them land in Aquitania on which to settle. This was done probably under hospitalitas, the rules for billeting army soldiers (Heather 1996, Sivan 1987). The settlement formed the nucleus of the future Visigothic kingdom that would eventually expand across the Pyrenees and onto the peninsula. Download high resolution version (599x611, 80 KB)Map drawn by Lupo, published here under the terms of the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (599x611, 80 KB)Map drawn by Lupo, published here under the terms of the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... // Events Gunderic becomes king of the Vandals and the Alans after the death of his father Godgisel Gratianus of Britain is assassinated and Constantine III takes his place at the head of the mutinous Roman garrison in Britain. ... For the cleaning product 409®, see butoxyethanol. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... The Alans or Alani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of mixed backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and shared, in a broad sense, a common culture. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Roman aqueduct in Segovia Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Bronze coin bearing the profile of Honorius Flavius Augustus Honorius (September 9, 384–August 15, 423) was Emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 395 until his death. ... // Events December 28 - Boniface succeeds Zosimus as Pope Council of Carthage - discussion of Biblical canon Births Deaths December 26 - Pope Zosimus In Other Fields 418 is the area code for telephone numbers in the Quebec City region of the province of Quebec of Canada. ... Foederatus early in the history of the Roman Republic identified one of the tribes bound by treaty (foedus), who were neither Roman colonies nor had they been granted Roman citizenship (civitas) but were expected to provide a contingent of fighting men when trouble arose. ... Capital Bordeaux Area 41,309 km² Regional President Alain Rousset ( PS) (since 1998) Population   - 2004 estimate   - 1999 census   - Density (Ranked 6th) 3,049,000 2,908,359 74/km² (2004) Arrondissements 18 Cantons 235 Communes 2,296 Départements Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne Pyrénées-Atlantiques Aquitaine... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ...


Political strength in a charismatic monarchy depends upon the personal character of the king. The Visigoths' second great king, Euric, unified the various quarreling factions among the Visigoths and, in 475, forced the Roman government to grant them full independence. At his death, the Visigoths were the most powerful of the successor states to the Western Roman Empire. A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... Euric, also known as Eurico, Evaric, or Erwig, (c. ... See also 475 (number) Events Orestes forces western Roman emperor Julius Nepos to flee and declares his son Romulus Augustus to be emperor. ...


At its greatest extent, before their defeat at the Battle of Vouillé in 507, the Kingdom of the Visigoths included all of Iberia except for small areas in the north (belonging to the Basques) and in the northwest (the Suevi kingdom), plus Aquitania and Gallia Narbonensis in what is today France. The Battle of Vouillé or Campus Vogladensis was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at a small place near Poitiers, (Gaul) in the spring 507. ... Events Battle of Vouillé: Clovis I defeats the Visigoths near Poitiers, ends Visigothic power in Gaul. ... It has been suggested that Basque diaspora be merged into this article or section. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis, 120 AD Gallia Narbonensis was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. ...


Visigothic Kingdom in Iberia

The Visigoths soon became the dominant power in Iberia. They quickly crushed the Alans and by 429 they forced the Vandals from the peninsula into north Africa. By 500, the Visigoths controlled most of Iberia with the exception of the Suevi kingdom in the northwest and the Basque region. At first the Hispanic territories were governed from the Visigoth capital at Toulouse, in the south of France. Roman aqueduct in Segovia Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... The Alans or Alani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of mixed backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and shared, in a broad sense, a common culture. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... Events Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 510) Note: This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... The Basque Country (Euskal Herria in Basque) straddles the western Pyrenees mountains that define the border between France and Spain, extending down to the coast of the Bay of Biscay. ... The Capitole, the 18th century city hall of Toulouse and best known landmark in the city; in the foreground is the Place du Capitole, a hub of urban life at the very center of the city Toulouse (pronounced in standard French, in local Toulouse accent) (Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced ) is a...


At Vouillé in 507, the Franks wrested control of Aquitaine from the Visigoths. King Alaric II was killed in battle, and after a temporary retreat to Narbonne, Visigoth nobles spirited his heir, the child-king Amalaric to safety across the Pyrenees. From 511–526, Visigoths and Ostrogoths were reunited under Theodoric the Great, ruling from Ravenna. The center of Visigothic rule shifted first to Barcelona, then inland and south to Toledo. The Battle of Vouill or Campus Vogladensis was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at a small place near Poitiers, (Gaul) in the spring 507. ... Alaric II, also known as Alarik, Alarich, and Alarico in Spanish or Alaricus in Latin (d. ... Cathedral in Narbonne. ... Amalaric (died 531), king of the Visigoths, son of Alaric II, was a child when his father fell in battle against Clovis I, king of the Franks, in (507). ... Events Frankish kingdom split in four after the death of Clovis I; Childebert I becomes king of Paris, Clotaire I becomes king of Soissons, Chlodomer becomes king of Orléans, and Theuderic I becomes king of Reims and Austrasia. ... Events May 20 - Syria and Antioch. ... Tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna Theodoric the Great (454 - August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the East Goths, the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526). ... Ravenna is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 100. ... This article is about the city in Spain named Toledo. ...


In 554, Granada and southernmost Hispania Baetica were lost to representatives of the Byzantine Empire who had been invited in to help settle a Visigothic dynastic struggle, but who stayed on, as a hoped-for spearhead to a "Reconquest" of the far west envisaged by emperor Justinian I. Events The Byzantine general Narses reconquers all of Italy. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 CE In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Justinian I depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the St. ...


There was a gulf in Hispania between Arian Visigoths and their Christian subjects. Among the Catholic population of the peninsula, deep splits had led to the martyrdom of the ascetic Priscillian of Avila by orthodox Catholic forces in 385, and the following generations suffered persecution as "Priscillianist" heretics were rooted out. At the very beginning of Leo I's pontificate, in the years 444-447, Turribius, the bishop of Astorga in Galicia, sent to Rome a memorandum warning that Priscillianism was by no means dead, that it numbered even bishops among its supporters, and asking the aid of the Roman See. The distance was insurmountable in the 5th century. Somewhat later, Pope Simplicius (reigned 468 - 483) appointed as papal vicar Zeno, the Catholic bishop of Seville, so that the prerogatives of the papal see could be exercised for a more tightly disciplined administration. Nevertheless Leo intervened, by forwarding a set of propositions that each bishop was required to sign: all did. As elsewhere, bishops confronted secular military lords over hegemony in the territory. But if Priscillianist bishops hesitated to be barred from their sees, a passionately concerned segment of Christian communities in Iberia were disaffected from the more orthodox hierarchy and welcomed the tolerant Arian Visigoths. The Visigoths scorned to interfere among Catholics but were interested in decorum and public order. The Arian Visigoths were also tolerant of Jews, a tradition that lingered in post-Visigothic Septimania, exemplified by the career of Ferreol, Bishop of Uzès (died 581). Visigothic persecution of Jews had to wait for the conversion to Catholicism of the Visigothic king Reccared, and the same synod of Catholic bishops in 633 that usurped the Visigothic nobles' right to confirm the election of a king declared that all Jews must be baptised. The Visigothic Code of Law (forum judicum) which had been part of aristocratic oral tradition, was set in writing in the early 7th century— and survives in two separate codices preserved at the Escorial. It goes into more detail than a modern constitution commonly does and reveals a great deal about Visigothic social structure. Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ... Asceticism denotes a life which is characterised by refraining from worldly pleasures (austerity). ... Priscillian of Avila (died 385) was a Spanish theologian and the founder of a party which advocated strong asceticism. ... Events February 11 - Oldest Pope elected: Siricius, bishop of Tarragona. ... Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the ‘catholic’ or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. ... Pope Saint Leo I, or Leo the Great, a Roman aristocrat, was Pope from 440 to 461. ... The coat of arms of the Holy See The term Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes, lit. ... Simplicius was pope from 468 to March 10, 483. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37° 22′ 38″ N, 5° 59′ 13″ W). ... Hegemony is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; or more broadly, that cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigothic kingdom in 462, when Septimania was ceded to Theodoric II, king of the Visigoths. ... Saint Ferreol (Ferreolus) of Uzès (died 581), bishop of Uzès and possibly of Nîmes (Catholic Encyclopedia Nîmes) (553-81) was born in Narbonne, apparently a grandson of Clotaire I. Bishops in Merovingian Gaul were ordinarily drawn from the highest levels of society. ... The Visigothic king Reccared (ruled 586—601) was the younger son of Liuvigild by his first marriage. ... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ... Events Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. ... Baptism is a water purification ritual practiced in certain religions such as Christianity, Mandaeanism, and Sikhism, and has its origins with the Jewish ritual of mikvah. ... The Visigothic Code (Latin, Forum Iudicum) are a set of laws that the Visigoth kings of Iberia codified in a legal body around 654 A.D. The laws combine the Catholic Churchs canon law, and has a strongly theocratic tone. ... The Ancient Greek term aristocracy meant a system of government with rule by the best. This is the first definition given in most dictionaries. ... The facade of the chapel, in the baroque style of Jesuit churches, is integrated with the palatial facade El Escorial is an immense palace, monastery, museum, and library complex located at San Lorenzo de El Escorial (also San Lorenzo del Escorial), a town 45 kilometres northwest of Madrid in the...


The last Arian Visigothic king, Liuvigild, conquered the Suevi kingdom in 584 and regained part of the southern areas lost to the Byzantines, which his heir conquered completely in 624. With the Catholicization of the Visigothic kings, the Catholic bishops increased in power, until, at the synod held at Toledo in 633, they took upon themselves the nobles' right to select a king from among the royal family. The kingdom survived until 711, when King Roderic (Rodrigo) was killed while opposing an invasion from the south by the Umayyad Muslims in the Battle of Guadalete on July 19. This marked the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Iberia in which most of peninsula came under Islamic rule by 718. Liuvigild (Leuvigild, Leuvigildo, Leovigild, Leovigildo, Leogild) was King of the Visigoths from 569 to April 21, 586. ... Events The Visigoths conquer the Suevi kingdom in Spain. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... See also: phone number 711. ... Roderic (Roderick; Rodrigo in Spanish and Portuguese, see Rurik for etymology. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... The Battle of Guadalete took place July 19, 711, at the Guadalete River (or La Janda Lake) in the southern extreme of the Iberian peninsula. ... July 19 is the 200th day (201st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 165 days remaining. ... The Muslim Conquest of Iberia (711—718) commenced when the Moors (mostly Berbers with some Yemenis) invaded Visigothic Christian Iberia in the year 711 CE. Under their Berber leader, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and proceeded to bring most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic... Islām is described as a dīn, meaning way of life and/or guidance. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ...


A Visigothic nobleman, Pelayo, is credited with beginning the Christian Reconquista of Iberia in 718, when he defeated the Umayyads in battle and established the Kingdom of Asturias in the northern part of the peninsula. Other Visigoths, refusing to adopt the Muslim faith or live under their rule, fled north to the kingdom of the Franks, and Visigoths played key roles in the empire of Charlemagne a few generations later. Pelayo (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... For other uses, see Reconquista (Disambiguation). ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Islamic Moors conquest of that country in 711. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the western regions of Germany (Franconia... Charlemagne (ca. ...


A list of Visigoth kings was quoted in Spain as an egregious example of rote memorization in school during the time of Francisco Franco's dictatorship. Francisco Franco Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade (December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and sometimes known as Generalisimo Francisco Franco, was Head of State of Spain from 1936 until his death in 1975. ... Dictatorship, in contemporary usage, refers to absolute rule by a leadership (usually one dictator) unrestrictenked by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state. ...


Kings of the Visigoths

Early kings

Fritigern (died 380), King of the Visigoths (369-380), was one of the prominent Germanic warrior-kings whose military victories led to the eventual fall of the western half of the Roman Empire. ... Events Troops of the Jin Dynasty of China is defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei. ... This article is about the year 380 AD. For the aircraft, see Airbus A380. ... Athanaric (died 381) was ruler of several branches of the Visigoths for at least two decades in the fourth century and undisputed King of the Visigoths for the last year of his life. ... Events Troops of the Jin Dynasty of China is defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei. ... Events First Council of Constantinople - second Ecumenical council of the Christian Church: The Nicene creed is affirmed and extended, Apollinarism is declared a heresy. ...

Balti dynasty

The Balti dynasty existed among the Visigoths, a Germanic people who confronted the Roman Empire in its declining years in the west. ... An 1894 photogravure of Alaric I taken from a painting by Ludwig Thiersch. ... Events After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is divided in an eastern and a western half. ... Events Alaric I deposes Priscus Attalus as Roman Emperor. ... Ataulf (sometimes spelled Athaulf, father-wolf, Latinized as Ataulphus or Adolphus, in Spanish Ataúlfo) was king of the Visigoths from 410 to 415 CE. He was unanimously elected to the throne to succeed his brother-in-law Alaric, who had been struck down by a fever suddenly in Calabria. ... Events Alaric I deposes Priscus Attalus as Roman Emperor. ... Events The Visigoths leave Gallia Narbonensis and relocate in Spain Wallia becomes king of the Visigoths. ... Sigeric was king of the Visigoths for a mere seven days in 415 CE. His predecessor, Ataulf, had been mortally wounded in his bath at the palace of Barcelona by an assassin, a loyal servant of Sarus (a Gothic noble and personal enemy who Ataulf had earlier slain). ... Events The Visigoths leave Gallia Narbonensis and relocate in Spain Wallia becomes king of the Visigoths. ... Wallia (in Spanish Walia) was king of the Visigoths from 415 to 419, earning a reputation as a great warrior and prudent ruler. ... Events The Visigoths leave Gallia Narbonensis and relocate in Spain Wallia becomes king of the Visigoths. ... This article is about the year 419. ... Theodoric I, sometimes called Theodorid and in Spanish Teodorico, was the King of the Visigoths from 419–451. ... This article is about the year 419. ... Events April 7 - The Huns sack Metz June 20 - Attila, king of the Huns is defeated at Troyes by Aetius in the Battle of Chalons. ... Thorismund became king of the Visigoths after his father Theodoric was killed in the Battle of Chalons in 451. ... Events April 7 - The Huns sack Metz June 20 - Attila, king of the Huns is defeated at Troyes by Aetius in the Battle of Chalons. ... Events Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. ... Theodoric II murdered his older brother Thorismund to become king of the Visigoths in 453 CE. Edward Gibbon writes that he justified this atrocious deed by the design which his predecessor had formed of violating his alliance with the empire. ... Events Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. ... Events Huns invade Dacia but are repelled by Leo I of the Byzantine Empire Euric succeeds his brother Theodorid II as king of the Visigoths Peter the Fuller deposed as Patriarch of Antioch; Julian elected as his successor. ... Euric, also known as Eurico, Evaric, or Erwig, (c. ... Events Huns invade Dacia but are repelled by Leo I of the Byzantine Empire Euric succeeds his brother Theodorid II as king of the Visigoths Peter the Fuller deposed as Patriarch of Antioch; Julian elected as his successor. ... Events December 28 - Alaric II succeeds Euric as king of the Visigoths. ... Alaric II, also known as Alarik, Alarich, and Alarico in Spanish or Alaricus in Latin (d. ... Events December 28 - Alaric II succeeds Euric as king of the Visigoths. ... Events Battle of Vouillé: Clovis I defeats the Visigoths near Poitiers, ends Visigothic power in Gaul. ... Gesalic was king of the Visigoths from 507 through 511. ... Events Battle of Vouillé: Clovis I defeats the Visigoths near Poitiers, ends Visigothic power in Gaul. ... Events Frankish kingdom split in four after the death of Clovis I; Childebert I becomes king of Paris, Clotaire I becomes king of Soissons, Chlodomer becomes king of Orléans, and Theuderic I becomes king of Reims and Austrasia. ... Tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna Theodoric the Great (454 - August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the East Goths, the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526). ... Events Frankish kingdom split in four after the death of Clovis I; Childebert I becomes king of Paris, Clotaire I becomes king of Soissons, Chlodomer becomes king of Orléans, and Theuderic I becomes king of Reims and Austrasia. ... Events May 20 - Syria and Antioch. ... Amalaric (died 531), king of the Visigoths, son of Alaric II, was a child when his father fell in battle against Clovis I, king of the Franks, in (507). ... Events May 20 - Syria and Antioch. ... Events End of the reign of Northern Wei Chang Guang Wang, ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty. ...

Later kings

Theudis (in Spanish, Teudis) was king of the Visigoths in Hispania from 531-548 CE. (Theudis is the name assigned him by Isidore of Seville, his real name was probably Theodoric. ... Events End of the reign of Northern Wei Chang Guang Wang, ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty. ... Events Belisarius is relieved of command over the Byzantine forces in Italy and replaced with Narses. ... Theudigisel or Theudegisel (in Latin Theudigisclus and in Spanish Teudiselo, Teudigiselo, or Teudisclo) was king of the Visigoths in Hispania for one year (548-549). ... Events Belisarius is relieved of command over the Byzantine forces in Italy and replaced with Narses. ... Events Emperor Jinwen succeeds Emperor Wu as ruler of the Liang Dynasty in China. ... Agila (Agil or Akhila) was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (549–554). ... Events Emperor Jinwen succeeds Emperor Wu as ruler of the Liang Dynasty in China. ... Events The Byzantine general Narses reconquers all of Italy. ... Athanagild (d. ... Events The Byzantine general Narses reconquers all of Italy. ... Events Livva I succeeds Athanagild as king of the Visigoths. ... Liuva I (Leova), jointly with his brother Liuvigild, succeeded Athanagild in 568 CE on the throne of the Visigoths. ... Events April 1 - King Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy; refugees fleeing from them go on to found Venice. ... Events A young monk is ordained. ... Liuvigild (Leuvigild, Leuvigildo, Leovigild, Leovigildo, Leogild) was King of the Visigoths from 569 to April 21, 586. ... Events April 1 - King Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy; refugees fleeing from them go on to found Venice. ... Events Reccared succeeds his father Leovigild as king of the Visigoths. ... The Visigothic king Reccared (ruled 586—601) was the younger son of Liuvigild by his first marriage. ... Events Reccared succeeds his father Leovigild as king of the Visigoths. ... Events The future Archbishops of Canterbury, Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius, and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work. ... Liuva II was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (601—603 CE). ... Events The future Archbishops of Canterbury, Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius, and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work. ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ... Witteric was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (603—610 CE). ... Events Battle of Degsastan: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Aedan of Dalriada. ... Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... Gundemar was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (610—612 CE). ... Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... Events Saint Columbanus moves to Italy to establish the monastery of Bobbio (approximate date). ... Sisebur (Sisebut) was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (612—621 CE). ... Events Saint Columbanus moves to Italy to establish the monastery of Bobbio (approximate date). ... Events Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invades Persia Muhammad visits heaven, in the Isra wal-Miraj Suinthila succeeds Sisebut as king of the Visigoths. ... Reccared II (in Spanish, Recaredo) was king of the Visigoths in Hispania briefly in 621. ... Events Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invades Persia Muhammad visits heaven, in the Isra wal-Miraj Suinthila succeeds Sisebut as king of the Visigoths. ... From 621–631 CE Suintila (Suinthila, Swinthila, Swinhila, Swintilla) was King of the Visigoths in Iberia, which the Romans had called Hispania. ... Events Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invades Persia Muhammad visits heaven, in the Isra wal-Miraj Suinthila succeeds Sisebut as king of the Visigoths. ... Events Battle of Wogastisburg between Slavs led by Samo and Dagobert I, king of the Franks Births Deaths Categories: 631 ... Sisenand, in Spanish Sisenando, was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (631-636). ... Events Battle of Wogastisburg between Slavs led by Samo and Dagobert I, king of the Franks Births Deaths Categories: 631 ... Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... Chintila was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (636–640 CE). ... Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Tulga (or Tulca) was a king of the Visigoths in Hispania from 640 to 642, if his father died in December 640, as some sources state. ... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Events Founding of the city of Fostat, later Cairo, in Egypt. ... Chindasuinth (Chindaswinth, Chindaswind, Chindasuinto, Chindasvindo, or Khindaswinth; in Spanish, Chindasvinto; and in Latin, Chintasvintus) (c. ... Events Founding of the city of Fostat, later Cairo, in Egypt. ... Events July 5 - Martin I becomes pope Arabs conquer Cyprus Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths. ... Reccesuinth (Recceswinth, Recceswint, Reccaswinth, Recdeswinth, Recesvinto, Reccesvinthus) ruled as a king of the Visigoths from 649–672: jointly with his father from 649 and as sole king from 653. ... Events July 5 - Martin I becomes pope Arabs conquer Cyprus Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths. ... Events April 11 - Adeodatus succeeds Vitalian as Pope. ... Wamba was king of the Visigoths in Hispania (Iberia) from 672 to 680 CE. // History Religious events In 675 the Third Council of Braga was held in Braga (Bracara), Hispania. ... Events April 11 - Adeodatus succeeds Vitalian as Pope. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Erwig (or Ervigio, also known as Euric II) was a king of the Visigoths in Hispania (680–687). ... Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... Events: December 15 - Sergius succeeds Conon as Pope King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia. ... Ergica or Egica (c. ... Events: December 15 - Sergius succeeds Conon as Pope King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia. ... Events September 30 - John VI succeeds Sergius I as Pope. ... Wittiza (Witiza) was son of Ergica, king of the Visigoths in Hispania, and ruled jointly with him from 693 to 701 CE. In the latter year Ergica died and Wittiza became sole ruler. ... Events September 30 - John VI succeeds Sergius I as Pope. ... Events End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan. ... Roderic (Roderick; Rodrigo in Spanish and Portuguese, see Rurik for etymology. ... Events End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan. ... See also: phone number 711. ...

Doubtful kings

Agila II was claimed by some to be a king of the Visigoths in Hispania after the defeat of Roderic in 711 CE. On Visigothic king lists, when his reign is recognized, Agila becomes Agila I. Categories: Goths | Spain | Portugal | History of Spain | History of Portugal | Spanish people | Portuguese people... See also: phone number 711. ... Events February 28 - An earthquake strikes Syria. ... Ardo was claimed by some to be the actual last king of the Visigoths in Hispania, as opposed to Roderic. ... Events February 28 - An earthquake strikes Syria. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ...

See also


Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche portrays the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Visigothic script was a type of medieval script, so called because it originated in the Visigothic kingdom in Spain. ... Image:San Juan de Baños . ... Galla Placidia on a coin struck by her son Valentinian III. On the reverse, a cross (typical of all the coinage referring to Galla Placidia) stands for her Christian faith. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator Andalucía por sí, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd  87 268 km²  17,2% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 1st  7 478... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ... For other perspectives on the History of Catalonia, see also: History of Europe; History of Spain; History of France; Kings of Aragon. ... The history of Spain is part of the history of Europe and of the present-day nations and states. ...


Select bibliography

  1. Bachrach, Bernard S. "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589-711." American Historical Review 78, no. 1 (1973): 11-34.
  2. Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710-797. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1989. Reprint, 1998.
  3. Constable, Olivia Remie. "A Muslim-Christian Treaty: The Treaty of Tudmir (713)." In Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, ed. Olivia Remie Constable, 37-38. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
  4. Constable, Olivia Remie, and Jeremy duQ. Adams. "Visigothic Legislation Concerning the Jews." In Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, ed. Olivia Remie Constable, 21-23. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
  5. Glick, Thomas F. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages: Comparative Perspectives on Social and Cultural Formation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
  6. Heather, Peter. The Goths. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.
  7. Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1996.
  8. Mathisen, Ralph W. "Barbarian Bishops and the Churches ‘in Barbaricis Gentibus’ During Late Antiquity." Speculum 72, no. 3 (1997): 664-697.
  9. Nirenberg, David. "The Visigothic Conversion to Catholicism." In Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources, ed. Olivia Remie Constable, 12-20. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
  10. Rosales, Juratė. Los Godos. Barcelona, Ed. Ariel S.A., 2nd edition, 2004. (edition in Spanish)
  11. Sivan, Hagith. "On Foederati, Hospitalitas, and the Settlement of the Goths in A.D. 418." American Journal of Philology 108, no. 4 (1987): 759-772.
  12. Velázquez, Isabel. "Jural Relations as an Indicator of Syncretism: From the Law of Inheritance to the Dum Inlicita of Chindaswinth." In The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, ed. Peter Heather, 225-259. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1999.
  13. Wolf, Kenneth Baxter, ed. and trans. Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain. Vol. 9, Translated Texts for Historians. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999.
  14. Wolfram, Herwig. History of the Goths. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

External links

  • Visigothic Law Code: text. The preface was written in 1908, and should be read with reservations.

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Valens - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (2855 words)
The Gothic people in the northern region had supported Procopius in his revolt against Valens, and Valens had learned the Goths were planning an uprising of their own.
These Goths, more specifically the Tervingi, were at the time under the leadership of Athanaric and had apparently remained peaceful since their defeat under Constantine in 332.
In the spring of 367, with the support of his nephew Gratian, the Western Roman Emperor, Valens crossed the Danube and marched on Athanaric's Goths.
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