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Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // C00-D48 - Neoplasms (C00-C14) Malignant neoplasms, lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of... The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... Look up testes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the Male sex. ...

In the United States, between 7,500 and 8,000 diagnoses of testicular cancer are made each year.^[1][2] Over his lifetime, a man's risk of testicular cancer is roughly 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%). It is most common among males aged 15-34 years, particularly those in their mid-twenties. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers: in excess of 90%; essentially 100% if it has not metastasized. Even for the relatively few cases in which malignant cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least 85% today. Not all lumps on the testicles are tumors, and not all tumors are malignant; there are many other conditions such as Epididymal cysts, Hydatid of Morgagni, and so on which may be painful but are non-cancerous. It should be emphasized however that all unusual lumps or pain in the testicles should be checked by a doctor immediately. Metastasis (Greek: change of the state) is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Hydatid of Morgagni can refer to one of two closely related structures: Appendix testis (in the male) Vesicular appendages of epoophoron (in the female) Category: ...

Prevalence and distribution

Testicular cancer is most common among Caucasians and rare among men of African descent.^[3] Testicular cancer is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Worldwide incidence has doubled since the 1960s, with the highest rates of prevalence in Scandinavia, Germany, and New Zealand.

Incidence among African Americans doubled from 1988 to 2001 with a bias towards seminoma. The lack of significant increase in the incidence of early-stage testicular cancer during this timeframe suggests that the overall increase was not due to heightened awareness of the disease. Germinomas are neoplasia (commonly referred to as cancers or tumors) which most closely resemble germ line cells. ...

Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15-40 years, it has three peaks: infancy, ages 25-40 years, and age 60 years.

Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years. Germ cell tumours are ovarian neoplasms derived from germ cells. ...

A major risk factor for the development of testis cancer is cryptorchidism. Other risk factors include inguinal hernia^[4], mumps orchitis ^[5]. Physical activity is associated with decreased risk and sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased risk. Early onset of male characteristics is associated with increased risk. These may reflect endogenous or environmental hormones. Cryptorchidism is a medical term referring to absence from the scrotum of one or both testes. ... Orchitis is an often very painful condition of the testicles involving inflammation, swelling and frequently infection. ... For other uses, see Hormone (disambiguation). ...

Signs and symptoms

Because testicular cancer is curable (stage I can have a success rate of >95%) when detected early, experts recommend regular monthly testicular self-examination after a hot shower or bath, when the scrotum is looser. Men should examine each testicle, feeling for pea-shaped lumps. Because testicular cancer is a significant killer of teenage boys and grown men, doctors recommend monthly self-examination. ... In some male mammals the scrotum is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. ...

Symptoms may include one or more of the following:

• a lump in one testis or a hardening of one of the testicles
• The testicle should normally feel smooth to the touch. Ridges may be felt because of enlarged blood vessels or tumor growth. Additionally the entire testicle may feel hard and bumpy to the touch.
• Abnormal sensitivity (either numbness or pain)
• loss of sexual activity
• sexual withdrawal
• build-up of fluid in the scrotum
• a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
• an increase, or significant decrease, in the size of one testis
• blood in semen
• General weak and tired feeling
• The testicle with a tumor may be severely enlarged, as much as 3 times the original size. Simultaneously the other testicle may be shrunken in size, due to the tumor taking up the majority of the blood supply to the scrotum.

The nature of any palpated lump in the scrotum is evaluated by scrotal ultrasound, which can determine exact location, size, and some characteristics of the lump, such as cystic vs solid, uniform vs heterogeneous, sharply circumscribed or poorly defined. The extent of the disease is evaluated by CT scans, which are used to locate metastases. Blood tests are also used to identify and measure tumor markers that are specific to testicular cancer. AFP alpha1 feto protein, Beta-HCG, and LDH are the typical markers used to identify testicular cancer. The diagnosis is made by performing an orchiectomy, surgical excision of the entire testis along with attached structures epididymis and spermatic cord; the resected specimen is evaluated by a pathologist. A biopsy should not be performed, as it raises the risk of migrating cancer cells into the scrotum. The reason why inguinal orchiectomy is the preferred method is that the lymphatic system of the scrotum links to the lower extremities and that of the testicle links to the retroperitoneum. A transscrotal biopsy or orchiectomy will potentially leave cancer cells in the scrotum and create two vectors for cancer spread, while in an inguinal orchiectomy only the retroperitoneal route exists. In some male mammals the scrotum is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. ... In some male mammals the scrotum is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. ... In some male mammals the scrotum is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. ... For other uses, see Ultrasound (disambiguation). ... CAT apparatus in a hospital Computed axial tomography (CAT), computer-assisted tomography, computed tomography, CT, or body section roentgenography is the process of using digital processing to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ... Tumor markers are substances found in the blood, urine or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... Male Anatomy The epididymis is part of the human male reproductive system and is present in all male mammals. ... Male Anatomy The spermatic cord is the name given to the cord-like structure formed by the vas deferens and surrounding tissue (veins, arteries, nerves, and lymphatic vessels) that run from the abdomen down to each testicle. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ...

Diagnosis

The cardinal diagnostic finding in the patient with testis cancer is a mass in the substance of the testis. Unilateral enlargement of the testis with or without pain in the adolescent or young adult male should raise concern for testis cancer.

An incorrect diagnosis is made at the initial examination in up to 25% of patients with testicular tumors and may result in delay in treatment or a suboptimal approach (scrotal incision) for exploration.

• Epididymitis or epididymoorchitis
• Hematocele
• Varicocele

The differential diagnosis of testicular cancer requires examining the histology of tissue obtained from an orchiectomy specimen. Orchiectomy, rather than transcrotal biopsy, is preferred to reduce the risk of spill and thus the risk of metastasis, in the event that the tumor is malignant. For orchiectomy, an inguinal surgical approach is preferred. Epididymitis is a medical condition in which the epididymis becomes inflamed. ... A hematocele is a collection of blood around the testicle. ... Cross section showing the pampiniform plexus Varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the veins in the scrotum draining the testicles. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Orchiectomy is the surgical removal of one or both testicles. ... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ... In medicine, malignant is a clinical term that means to be severe and become progressively worse, as in malignant hypertension. ...

Management

Before 1970, the young man with recurrent testicular cancer was destined to have rapid progression and death from disseminated disease. Currently, although 7000 to 8000 new cases of testicular cancer occur in the United States yearly, only 400 men are expected to die of the disease. Much of this improvement is due to advances in adjuvant therapy.

Due to the risk of subsequent metastasis, post-surgical adjuvant therapy may be offered to the patient following orchiectomy. The type of adjuvant therapy depends largely on the histology of the tumor and the stage of progression at the time of surgery. These two factors contribute to the risk of recurrence, including metastasis. Adjuvant treatments may involve chemotherapy, radiotherapy or careful surveillance by frequent CT scans and blood tests by oncologists. A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ...

Classification

Main article: Germ cell tumor

Although testicular cancer can be derived from any cell type found in the testicles, more than 95% of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors. Most of the remaining 5% derive from Leydig cells or Sertoli cells. Thus, the focus of diagnosis is on determining which germ cell tumor is present. Correct diagnosis is necessary to ensure the most effective and least harmful treatment. To some extent, this can be done via blood tests for tumor markers, but differential diagnosis requires examination of the histology of a specimen by a pathologist. Germ cell tumours are ovarian neoplasms derived from germ cells. ... Germ cell tumours are ovarian neoplasms derived from germ cells. ... Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. ... A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a nurse cell of the testes which is part of a seminiferous tubule. ... Tumor markers are substances found in the blood, urine or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Staging

After removal, a testicular tumor is staged by a pathologist according to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors as published in the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Testicular cancer is categorized as being in one of three stages (which have subclassifications). The size of the tumor in the testis is irrelevant to staging. [1] In broad terms, testicular cancer is staged as follows: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (TNM) is the system developed and maintained by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) to maintain consensus on one globally recognised standard for categorising cancer. ... The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) is an organization best known for defining and popularizing cancer staging standards. ... The stage of a cancer is a descriptor (usually numbers I to IV) of how much the cancer has spread. ... TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (TNM) is the system developed and maintained by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) to maintain consensus on one globally recognised standard for categorising cancer. ...

• Stage I: the cancer remains localized to the testis.
• Stage II: the cancer involves the testis and metastasis to retroperitoneal and/or Paraaortic lymph nodes (lymph nodes below the diaphragm).
• Stage III: the cancer involves the testis and metastasis beyond the retroperitoneal and Paraaortic lymph nodes. Stage III is further subdivided into nonbulky stage III and bulky stage III. ^[6]

Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ... The retroperitoneum (adj. ... The paraaortic lymph nodes (also para-aortic, periaortic, and peri-aortic) are a group of lymph nodes that lie in front of the lumbar vertebral bodies near the aorta. ... Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... The urogenital diaphragm is an archaic term describing a layer of the pelvis separating deep perineal sac from the upper pelvis. ... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ... The retroperitoneum (adj. ... The paraaortic lymph nodes (also para-aortic, periaortic, and peri-aortic) are a group of lymph nodes that lie in front of the lumbar vertebral bodies near the aorta. ...

Histology

After removal, a testicular tumor is classified by a pathologist according to its histology. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ...

Germ cell tumors of the testis, by frequency

7.4 x 5.5-cm seminoma in a radical orchiectomy specimen

Main article: Germ cell tumor

It contained the following materials Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. ... Castration (also referred as: gelding, neutering, orchiectomy, orchidectomy, and oophorectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testes or a female loses the functions of the ovaries. ... Germ cell tumours are ovarian neoplasms derived from germ cells. ...

• 40% mixed (usually teratoma plus another)
• 35% seminoma (germinoma of the testis)
• 20% embryonal carcinoma
• 5% teratoma (pure)
• <1% choriocarcinoma
• Gonadoblastoma

Also: Intratubular germ cell neoplasms (the in-situ stage of germ cell tumors) Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. ... Germinomas are neoplasia (commonly referred to as cancers or tumors) which most closely resemble germ line cells. ... The embryonal carcinoma is one of the four types of testicular cancers, which also include the seminoma, teratoma, and choriocarcinoma. ... Look up teratoma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Choriocarcinoma is a rare cancer of the placenta, curable by chemotherapy. ... A gonadoblastoma is a complex neoplasm composed of a mixture of gonadal elements, such as large primordial germ cells, immature Sertoli cells or granulosa cells of the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells. ... Neoplasia (literally: new growth) is sudden and abnormal growth in a tissue or organ. ...

Non-germ cell tumors of the testis

• Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (usually benign)

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours are part of the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. ... Look up Benign in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Secondary tumors of the testis

• Lymphoma
• Leukemic infiltration of the testis
• Metastatic tumors ^[7]

This article is about lymphoma in humans. ... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ...

Treatment

The three basic types of treatment are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. “Surgeon” redirects here. ... Varian Clinac 2100C Linear Accelerator Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ... Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer. ...

Surgery is performed by urologists; radiation therapy is administered by radiation oncologists; and chemotherapy is the work of medical oncologists. Urology is the field of medicine that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and of the male reproductive system. ... A radiation oncologist is a doctor who specialises in the treatment of cancer patients, using radiation as the main modality of treatment as opposed to a medical oncologist who is a doctor who uses chemotherapy as the preferred modality of treatment. ... Please refer to cancer for the biology of malignant disease, as well as a list of malignant diseases. ...

In most patients with testicular cancer, the disease is cured readily with minimal long-term morbidity. In medicine, epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity can refer to the state of being diseased (from Latin morbidus: sick, unhealthy), the degree or severity of a disease, the prevalence of a disease: the total number of cases in a particular population at a particular point in time, the...

Surgery

Orchiectomy

While it may be possible, in some cases, to remove testicular cancer tumors from a testis while leaving the testis functional, this is almost never done, as more than 95% of testicular tumors are malignant. Since only one testis is typically required to maintain fertility, hormone production, and other male functions, the afflicted testis is almost always removed completely in a procedure called inguinal orchiectomy. (The testicle is almost never removed through the scrotum; an incision is made beneath the belt line in the inguinal area.) Most notably, since removing the tumor alone does not eliminate the precancerous cells that exist in the testis, it is usually better in the long run to remove the entire testis to prevent another tumor. A plausible exception could be in the case of the second testis later developing cancer as well. In medicine, malignant is a clinical term that means to be severe and become progressively worse, as in malignant hypertension. ... The Inguinal Orchiectomy is a relatively minor surgery, generally performed by a Urologist. ...

Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND)

In the case of nonseminomas that appear to be stage I, surgery may be done on the retroperitoneal/Paraaortic lymph nodes (in a separate operation) to accurately determine whether the cancer is in stage I or stage II and to reduce the risk that malignant testicular cancer cells that may have metastasized to lymph nodes in the lower abdomen. This surgery is called Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND). However, this approach, while standard in many places, especially the United States, is falling out of favor due to costs and the high level of expertise required to perform the surgery. The urologist may take extra care in the case of males who have not fathered children, to preserve the nerves involved in ejaculation. Together with seminomas, nonseminomas make up the two histological subtypes of testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT). ... The retroperitoneum (adj. ... The paraaortic lymph nodes (also para-aortic, periaortic, and peri-aortic) are a group of lymph nodes that lie in front of the lumbar vertebral bodies near the aorta. ... Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... In medicine, malignant is a clinical term that means to be severe and become progressively worse, as in malignant hypertension. ... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ... Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection, commonly referred to as RPLND, is a procedure to remove abdominal lymph nodes to treat Testicular Cancer, as well as help establish its exact maturity and type. ...

Many patients are instead choosing surveillance, where no further surgery is performed unless tests indicate that the cancer has returned. This approach maintains a high cure rate because of the growing accuracy of surveillance techniques.

Lymph node surgery may also be performed after chemotherapy to remove masses left behind, particularly in the cases of advanced initial cancer or large nonseminomas. Together with seminomas, nonseminomas make up the two histological subtypes of testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT). ...

Radiation therapy

Radiation may be used to treat stage II seminoma cancers, or as adjuvant (preventative) therapy in the case of stage I seminomas, to minimize the likelihood that tiny, non-detectable tumors exist and will spread (in the inguinal and para-aortic lymph nodes). Radiation is never used as a primary therapy for nonseminoma because a much higher dose is required and chemotherapy is far more effective in that setting. For other uses, see Radiation (disambiguation). ... In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. ... Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... Together with seminomas, nonseminomas make up the two histological subtypes of testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT). ...

Chemotherapy

As an adjuvant treatment, use of chemotherapy as an alternative to radiation therapy is increasing, because radiation therapy appears to have more significant long-term side effects (for example, internal scarring, increased risks of secondary malignancies, etc.). Two doses, or occasionally a single dose of carboplatin, typically delivered three weeks apart, is proving to be a successful adjuvant treatment, with recurrence rates in the same ranges as those of radiotherapy. In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. ... Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer. ... Carboplatin is a chemotherapy drug used against some forms of cancer. ... In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. ... Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...

Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for non-seminoma when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (that is, stage II or III). The standard chemotherapy protocol is three, or sometimes four, rounds of Bleomycin-Etoposide-Cisplatin (BEP). This treatment was developed by Dr. Lawrence Einhorn at Indiana University. An alternative, equally effective treatment involves the use of four cycles of Etoposide-Cisplatin (EP). Chemotherapy regimens are often identified with acronyms, identifying the agents used in combination. ... Bleomycin is an anti-cancer agent. ... Etoposide phosphate (Eposin®, Etopophos®, Vepesid®, VP-16®) is an inhibitor of the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is used as a form of chemotherapy for malignancies such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, non-lymphocytic leukemia, and glioblastoma multiforme. ... Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e. ... Dr. Lawrence Einhorn Dr. Lawrence Einhorn is a Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine. ... Indiana University, founded in 1820, is a nine-campus university system in the state of Indiana. ... Etoposide phosphate (Eposin®, Etopophos®, Vepesid®, VP-16®) is an inhibitor of the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is used as a form of chemotherapy for malignancies such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, non-lymphocytic leukemia, and glioblastoma multiforme. ... Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e. ...

While treatment success depends on the stage, the average survival rate after five years is around 95%, and stage I cancers cases (if monitored properly) have essentially a 100% survival rate (which is why prompt action, when testicular cancer is a possibility, is extremely important).

Actions after treatment

Surveillance

For stage I cancers that have not had any adjuvant (preventive) therapy, close monitoring for at least a year is important, and should include blood tests (in cases of nonseminomas) and CT-scans (in all cases), to ascertain whether the cancer has metastasized (spread to other parts of the body). For other stages, and for those cases in which radiation therapy or chemotherapy was administered, the extent of monitoring (tests) will vary on the basis of the circumstances, but normally should be done for five years (with decreasing intensity). For the first year blood tests for tumor markers should be done monthly, and decreasing to once every three months in the years after. CT scans should be performed once every three months in the first year and decreasing to once every six months thereafter. The high cost of CT scans and the relative danger of the radiation involved both being factors in the relative infrequence with which tests are performed. Together with seminomas, nonseminomas make up the two histological subtypes of testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT). ... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ...

Fertility

A man with one remaining testis can lead a normal life, because the remaining testis takes up the burden of testosterone production and will generally have adequate fertility.[2] However, it is worth the (minor) expense of measuring hormone levels before removal of a testicle, and sperm banking may be appropriate for younger men who still plan to have children, since fertility may be lessened by removal of one testicle^{[citation needed]}, and can be severely affected if extensive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is done. Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer. ... Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...

Less than five percent of those who have testicular cancer will have it again in the remaining testis. A man who loses both testicles will normally have to take hormone supplements (in particular, testosterone, which is created in the testicles), and will be infertile, but can lead an otherwise normal life. Castration (also referred as: gelding, neutering, orchiectomy, orchidectomy, and oophorectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testes or a female loses the functions of the ovaries. ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ...

Famous survivors

• Lance Armstrong, Cyclist - Lance Armstrong Foundation
• Richard Belzer, Actor/Writer/Comedian.
• Frank Church, United States Senator[3]
• Craig Forrest, Canadian soccer goalkeeper^[8]
• Tom Green, Canadian Actor/Comedian.
• Phil Kessel, Hockey Player
• Mike Lowell, Baseball Player
• José Francisco Molina, Spanish football goalkeeper from Deportivo de La Coruña, in 2001, UEFA player page
• Philly Morris, British drummer; survived testicular cancer in 2003. Afterwards, he created checkemlads.com, Europe's biggest testicular cancer web site.

Lance Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is a retired American professional road racing cyclist. ... Richard Jay Belzer (born August 4, 1944) is an American stand up comedian, writer, and actor, perhaps best known for his work as Det. ... Frank Forrester Church III (July 25, 1924 – April 7, 1984) was a four-term U.S. Senator representing Idaho as a Democrat (1957-1981). ... Craig Forrest (born September 20, 1967 in Coquitlam, British Columbia) was the first-choice soccer goalkeeper for Canada during the 1990s and either first or second choice at English club Ipswich Town from the late 1980s to mid-1990s. ... Main articles: History of Canada, Timeline of Canadian history Canada has been inhabited by aboriginal peoples (known in Canada as First Nations) for at least 40,000 years. ... For other persons named Tom Green, see Tom Green (disambiguation). ... Phil Kessel (born October 2, 1987, Madison, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey forward for the Boston Bruins of the NHL. // Kessel started his career by playing collegiate hockey for the University of Minnesota in the WCHA. Following a very successful freshman season, he was drafted 5th overall in... Michael Averett Lowell (born February 24, 1974 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a Major League Baseball third baseman born in Puerto Rico of Cuban descent. ... José Francisco Molina Jiménez (born August 8, 1970 in Valencia) is a Spanish football goalkeeper. ... Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña, S.A.D. (in English Corunna Royal Sports Club) is a Spanish football club. ... This article is about the year. ... PHILLY MORRIS (born 13 July 1972 Merseyside) Is one of the UKs leading campaigners for more Testicular cancer awareness for young men. ...

References

1. ^ Cancer Facts and Figures 2003, Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2003, <http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2003PWSecured.pdf>. Retrieved on 24 April 2008 
2. ^ Cancer Facts and Figures 2007, Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2007, <http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007PWSecured.pdf>. Retrieved on 24 April 2008 
3. ^ Cancer of the testicle Causes - Health encyclopaedia - NHS Direct. Retrieved on 2007-12-13.
4. ^ Forman, D; M C Pike, G Davey, S Dawson, K Baker, C E D Chilvers, R T D Oliver, C A C Coupland (28 May 1994). "Aetiology of testicular cancer: association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise" (in English). BMJ 308 (6941): 1393-1399. England: BMJ Publishing Group. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 7912596. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
5. ^ Swerdlow, AJ; Huttly SR, Smith PG. (Jan 1987). Testicular cancer and antecedent diseases.. British Journal of Cancer 55 (1): 97-103. England: Nature Publishing Group on behalf of Cancer Research UK. ISSN 0007-0920. PMID 2880604. 
6. ^ Testicular Cancer Resource Center's Staging Page. Retrieved on 2007-12-13.
7. ^ Secondary Tumors of the Testis -Genital Tumors. Retrieved on 2007-12-13.
8. ^ BBC SPORT. Retrieved on 2007-12-13.

Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sources

• Kaufman DS, Saksena MA, Young RH, Tabatabaei S (2007). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 6-2007. A 28-year-old man with a mass in the testis". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (8): 842–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc069037. PMID 17314344. 

• Bosl GJ, Motzer RJ (1997). "Testicular germ-cell cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 337 (4): 242–53. PMID 9227931. 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• Testicular Cancer Awareness Organization
• Testicular Cancer: Survival High with Early Treatment
• Non-Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis at www.health.am
• Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis at www.health.am
• Testicular Cancer Resource Center
• National Institute of Health information and links
• Understanding Testicular Cancer from The Cancer Council Australia
• Images of scans for testicular cancer
• checkemlads.com Testicular cancer support and awareness, run by survivors
• [4] Information and awareness site, created by a survivor
• National Library of Medicine: testicular cancer