In materials science, texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a sample. A sample in which these orientations are fully random is said to have no texture. If the crystallographic orientations are not random, but have some preferred orientation, then the sample has a weak, strong, or moderate texture. The degree is dependent on the percentage of crystals that have the preferred orientation. Texture is seen in almost all engineered materials, and it can have a great influence on material properties. Also geologic rocks show texture due to their thermo-mechanic history due to formation processes. The Materials Science Tetrahedron, which often also includes Characterization at the center Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. ... Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. ...

One extreme case is a complete lack of texture: a solid with perfectly random crystallite orientation, which will have isotropic properties at length scales sufficiently larger than the size of the crystallites. The opposite extreme is a perfect single crystal, which has anisotropic properties by geometric necessity. Isotropic means independent of direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented. ...

Characterization and representation

Texture can be determined by different method. Some of them allow a quantitative analysis of the texture others are only qualitative. Among the quantitative techniques the most widely used is X-ray diffraction using texture goniometers, followed by EBSD-method (electron backscatter diffraction) in Scanning Electron Microscopes. For qualitative analysis it can be done by Laue photography, simple X-ray diffraction or with the polarized microscope. neutron and synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction allow to access textures of bulk material and in-situ whereas laboratory x-ray diffraction instrument are more appropriate for thin film textures. X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... Electron Backscatter Diffraction Image - Taken from National Institute of Standards and Technology Materials Reliability Division Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), also known as backscatter Kikuchi diffraction (BKD) is a microstructural-crystallographic technique used to elucidate the crystallographic texture or preferred orientation of any crystalline or polycrystalline materials. ... SEM Cambridge S150 at Geological Institute, University Kiel, 1980 SEM opened sample chamber The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope capable of producing high resolution images of a sample surface. ... Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ... Neutron diffraction is a crystallography technique that uses neutrons to determine the atomic structure of a material. ... High Energy X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with 80 keV - 1000 keV typically one order of magnitude higher in energy than conventional X-rays. ... In situ is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. ...

Texture is often represented using a pole figure, in which a specified crystallographic axis (or pole) from each of a representative number of crystallites is plotted in a stereographic projection, along with directions relevant to the material's processing history such as the rolling direction and transverse direction or the fiber axis (see below). A pole figure is a graphical representation of the orientation of plane in space. ... Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. ...

Four circles diffractometer, or Eulerian cradle, for texture measurement with X-ray diffraction Image File history File links Diffractometre_berceau_Euler. ...

χ mode for reflection measurement Image File history File links Diffractometre_montage_chi_reflexion. ...

Ω mode for transmission measurement Image File history File links Diffractometre_montage_omega_transmission. ...

The full 3-dimensional representation of crystallographic texture is given by the orientation distribution function (ODF) which can be achieved through evaluation of a set of pole figures or diffraction spectra. Subsequently, all pole figures can be derived from the ODF. A pole figure is a graphical representation of the orientation of plane in space. ...

ODF analysis

The ODF is defined as the volume fraction of grain oriented along a certain direction g.

ODF(g) = 1/V dV(g)/dg

the direction g is normally identified using three Euler angles. The orientation distribution function, ODF, cannot be measured directly by any technique. Traditionally both X-ray diffraction and EBSD may collect pole figures. Different methodologies exist to obtain the ODF from the pole figures or data in general. They can be classify at first based on how they represent the ODF. Some use to represent the ODF as a function, sum of functions or expand it in series of harmonic functions. Others, known as discrete methods, divide the ODF space in cells and focus on determine the value of the ODF in each cell. A pole figure is a graphical representation of the orientation of plane in space. ...

A very useful link to learn about texture representation (pole figures, ODFs) : http://aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/eng/default.asp?catid=100&pageid=1039432491 A pole figure is a graphical representation of the orientation of plane in space. ...

Link to ODF Analysis Software (Texture Analysis Software) http://labotex.com

Origins

Scan of sectioned, forged connecting rod that has been etched to show grain flow.

In wire and fiber, all crystals tend to have nearly identical orientation in the axial direction, but nearly random radial orientation. The most familiar exceptions to this rule are fiberglass, which has no crystal structure, and carbon fiber, in which the crystalline anisotropy is so great that a good-quality filament will be a distorted single crystal with approximately cylindrical symmetry (often compared to a jelly roll). Single-crystal fibers are also not uncommon. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2666x4858, 757 KB) Summary Scan of sectioned, forged conrod that has been etched to show grain flow. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2666x4858, 757 KB) Summary Scan of sectioned, forged conrod that has been etched to show grain flow. ... A blacksmiths forge For finery forges (making iron) see finery forge. ... piston (top) and connecting rod from typical automotive engine (scale is in centimetres) Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Fiber or fibre[1] is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. ... Bundle of fiberglass Fiberglass or glassfibre is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. ... An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms. ... Carbon fiber composite is a strong, light and very expensive material. ... A jelly roll (known outside of the United States as Swiss roll) is a cylindrical cake containing jelly or jam. ...

The making of metal sheet often involves compression in one direction and, in efficient rolling operations, tension in another, which can orient crystallites in both axes by a process known as grain flow. However, cold work destroys much of the crystalline order, and the new crystallites that arise with annealing usually have a different texture. Control of texture is extremely important in the making of silicon steel sheet for transformer cores (to reduce magnetic hysteresis) and of aluminium cans (since deep drawing requires extreme and relatively uniform plasticity). Look up Sheet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The term sheet can refer to many different things, though in general it is something that covers a large area but is very thin, such as a sheet of paper, or a bed sheet, or something derived from this meaning. ... Cold Work is a quality imparted on a material as a result of plastic deformation. ... Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment wherein the microstructure of a material is altered, causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. ... Silicon steel is a soft magnetic material, a steel containing silicon, usually with virtually no other alloying elements. ... For other uses, see transformers. ... Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet shown by iron filings on paper In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... Hysteresis is a property of systems (usually physical systems) that do not instantly follow the forces applied to them, but react slowly, or do not return completely to their original state: that is, systems whose states depend on their immediate history. ... The aluminum can (North American English spelling) or aluminium can (other English spelling) is a popular beverage container introduced by the Coors Brewing Company. ... Look up plasticity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Texture in ceramics usually arises because the crystallites in a slurry have shapes that depend on crystalline orientation, often needle- or plate-shaped. These particles align themselves as water leaves the slurry, or as clay is formed. Fixed Partial Denture, or Bridge The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos). ... A slurry is in general a thick suspension of solids in a liquid and may be: Look up slurry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Casting or other fluid-to-solid transitions (i.e., thin-film deposition) produce textured solids when there is enough time and activation energy for atoms to find places in existing crystals, rather than condensing as an amorphous solid or starting new crystals of random orientation. Some facets of a crystal (often the close-packed planes) grow more rapidly than others, and the crystallites for which one of these planes faces in the direction of growth will usually out-compete crystals in other orientations. In the extreme, only one crystal will survive after a certain length: this is exploited in the Czochralski process (unless a seed crystal is used) and in the casting of turbine blades and other creep-sensitive parts. This article is about the manufacturing process. ... Thin-film deposition is any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. ... An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms. ... Facets is a self-published album by American singer/songwriter Jim Croce, released in 1966. ... The Czochralski process is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e. ... A seed crystal is a small piece of single crystal material from which a large crystal of, usually, the same material is to be grown. ... A Siemens steam turbine with the case opened. ... Block quote In materials science, creep is the term used to describe the tendency of a material to move or to deform permanently to relieve stresses. ...