The Thai lunar calendar or Patitin Chantarakati (Thai: ปฏิทินจันทรคติ) was replaced by the Patitin Suriyakati (ปฎิทินสุริยคติ) Thai solar calendar in AD 1888 2431 BE for most purposes, but the Chantarakati still determines most Buddhist feast or holy days, as well as a day for the famous Loy Krathong festival. These move with respect to the solar calendar, so Thai calendars continue to show Chantarakati dates, as well as Chinese calendar lunar dates. Thai birth certificates also include Chantarakati dates, and the appropriate Animal from the twelve Animals. In practice, many Thais reckon their ages from this sequence of Animals, though the solar calendar determines age at law. The Thai solar, or Suriyakati (สุริยคติ), calendar is used in traditional and official contexts in Thailand, although the Western calendar is sometimes used in business. ... A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Loy Krathong Festival of Light, Bangkok, November 2004 Loy Krathong (or Loi Kratong, Thai ลอยกระทง) is a festival celebrated in Thailand. ... A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving on the celestial sphere). ... The Chinese calendar (Traditional Chinese: 農曆; Simplified Chinese: 农历; pinyin: nónglì) is a lunisolar calendar incorporating elements of a lunar calendar with those of a solar calendar. ... The Chinese calendar (Traditional Chinese: 農曆; Simplified Chinese: 农历; pinyin: nónglì) is a lunisolar calendar incorporating elements of a lunar calendar with those of a solar calendar. ...

Patitin Chantarakati

Literally Against-the-Sun Moon-Ways, but properly the Chantarakati Calendar, this is Thailand's version of the lunisolar Buddhist calendar used in the southeast Asian countries of Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar (formerly Burma). Based on the original third-century Surya Siddhanta Hindu calendar, these combine lunar and solar calendars for a nominal year of 12 months. A 'leap' day or 30-day 'leap' month is intercalated [added] at regular intervals; Thai, Lao, and Cambodian versions do not add the leap day to years with the leap month. A lunisolar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. ... The Buddhist calendar is used on mainland southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar (formerly Burma) in several related forms. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72. ... It has been suggested that lunar year be merged into this article or section. ... A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving on the celestial sphere). ... A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... Look up Month in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Years

Years in the Patitin Chantarakati may have three lengths—354, 355 or 384 days.

These years are designated by the types of months they contain :

• Prokatimas Normal Month(s), alternately 29 and 30 days long ; also, a year of 354 days
• Athikawara Leap Day that is added to 29-day Month 7 ; also, a year of 355 days
• Athikamas Leap Month that repeats 30-day Month 8 ; also, a year of 384 days.

Months

Other Buddhist-calendar months have names in Sanskrit or old Burmese, but Thai lunar months number simply from 1 to 12: The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ...

Du-an 1 - 12 เดือน ๑ — ๑๒ Month 1-12.

The number 1 and 2 in the names of the first two months are read in archaic language: Du-an 1 is called Du-an Aai and Du-an 2 is called Du-an Yi. The rest follow the modern way to read numbers.

• For Athikamas, Du-an 8 repeats as เดือน ๘/๘ — variously read as
  • Du-an Bad dap Bad — Month 8 slash 8,
  • Du-an Bad Song Khang — Month 8 Side Two, or
  • Du-an Bad Song Hon — Month 8 Time Two in the Isan language.

Note: the northern kingdom of Lannathai used month numbers that made Lannathai Month n = Month n − 2 in the central Sukhothai kingdom; and in the Shan kingdom of Keng Tung, Month n − 1. Isan (also Isaan or Esarn) is the language of the Isan region of Thailand. ...

Month divisions

Months divide into two periods designated by the names of their characteristic "moons":

Khang Kuen 

ข้างขึ้น Waxing Moon ; the period from new moon to full moon

15 days, always

Khang Raem 

ข้างแรม Waning Moon ; the period from full moon to new moon

15 days in even-numbered months

14 days in odd-numbered months except when Athikawara adds the leap day to Month 7. Note: when not compounded with other words or syllables:

khang 

ข้าง [at, on, or to the] side

kuen 

ขึ้น to rise or mount

raem 

แรม to tire or retire.

Days

Days number sequentially from 1 to 14 or 15:

Kuen 1 Kham Du-an 1 

ขึ้น ๑ คำ เดือน ๑ Waxing [Moon, Day] 1 Evening, Month 1 ; on to

Raem 15 Kham Du-an 12 

แรม ๑๕ คำ เดือน ๑๒ Waning [Moon, Day] 15 Evening, Month 12.

Kham 

คำ Evening nowadays is generally taken as the evening of the common day that begins and ends at midnight, rather than of a day that begins and ends at dusk. Past practice may have been different. But see Wan Wy Phra Chan, below.

Lunar-Day Names

• Wan Phra วันพระ Day(s) Holy [to Buddhists] ; also called
  • Wan Thamma Sawana วันธรรมสวนะ (วันทำมะสะวะนะ) religious holy day(s) ; Buddhist sabbath(s) ; regularly fall on:
    • Kuen 8 ขึ้น ๘ first-quarter moon
    • Kuen 15 ขึ้น ๑๕ full moon ; also called
      • Wan Phen วันเพ็ญ day [of] full [moon].
    • Raem 8 แรม ๘ third-quarter moon ; and
    • Raem 14 (15) แรม ๑๔ (๑๕) last day of the lunar month ; also called
      • Wan Dab วันดับ day [moon is] quenched, [or goes] out.
• Wan Wy Phra Chan วันไหว้พระจันทร์

Day [of] Respect [for] Holy Moon

actual day the Harvest moon becomes full

Kuen 14 (15) Kham Du-an 11 ขึ้น ๑๔ (๑๕) คำ เดือน ๑๐

Waxing 14(15) Evening, Month 11.

The Harvest Moon is the full moon that appears nearest to the autumnal equinox, which occurs on or about 23 September. ...

Vocabulary

Thai orthography spells most native words phonetically, though there is no definitive system for transcription into Roman letters. Here, native Thai words are immediately followed by a vocabulary entry in this pattern: Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Phonetic Thai (Thai phonetic respelling, if different) [Comment] definition ; variant definitions.

Example:

Tai ไทย (ไท) [Archaic] free, frank ; Thai race, language, alphabet ; citizen of Thailand.

Sanskrit loan words follow different rules [the way English rules vary for Greek and Latin ('ph-' in 'phonetic' being pronounced /f/, for example.)] Entered below in order of first appearance, these vocabulary entries are in this pattern: The Thai alphabet (ตัวอักษรไทย) is used to write the Thai language (ภาษาไทย) and other minority languages in Thailand. ... Thaification is the process by which groups at the fringe of the Thai state become (or are made) more similar to the Central Thai heartland. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ...

Sanskrit สันสกฤต (สันสะกริด /san-sa-krit/)  

Perfected speech ; Sanskrit alphabet, language, writing ; [presumed] compound of

• san สัน (-/son/) bar, ridge, backbone +
• skrit สกฤต (สะกริต /sa-krit/) speech.

Chantarakati จันทรคติ (จันทะระคะติ) 

Lunar Calendar ; compound of

• Chantara- จันทร- (จันทะระ /chontara/) : Chon จันทร์ (จัน) moon, lunar +
• Kati คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles ; moral [of a tale].

Patitin ปฎิทิน (ปะติทิน) 

Calendar ; compound of

• Pati- ปฏิ- (ปะดิ-) : anti-, re- +
• -tin (-ทิน) : [from tinnagorn ทินกร (ทินะกอน) - poetical for] the sun, Sol
  • [possibly in the sense of 'tint' + - gorn -กร – -er, -or : paint-er].

Patitin Chantarakati ปฏิทินจันทรคติ (ปะติทินจันทะระคะติ) 

"Resolarized Moon-Ways", Lunisolar Calendar

Suriyakati สุริยคติ (สุริยะคะติ) 

Solar Ways, Solar Calendar ; compound of

• Suriya สุริย or สุริยะ : Athit อาทิตย์, the sun, Sol +
• Kati คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles ; moral [of a tale].

Prokatimas ปรกติมาส (ปฺรกกะติมาด /pro-ko-ti-maht/) 

normal month ; compound of

• Prokati ปรกติ (ปฺรกกะติ) : pokiti ปกติ (ปะกะติ) ordinary, usual, normal +
• Mas มาส (มาด /maht/) : du-an (เดือน) month.

Athikamas อธิกมาส (อะทิกะมาด /a-ti-ka-maht/) 

month added in leap-month lunar years

Athikawara อธิกวาร (อะทิกะวาน /a-ti-ka-wahn/) 

day added in leap-day lunar years ; compound of

• Athika (Sanskrit: adhika) : additional +
• -wara วาร (วาน /wahn/) : wan วัน day.

[Athikasuratin อธิกสุรทิน (อะทิกะสุระทิน)] 

[day added to February in a solar leap year.]

References

• A current Thai calendar
• Sethaputra, So. New Model English - Thai Dictionary, ISBN 974-08-3253-9
• ThaiSoftware Dictionary V 3.0, ThaiSoftware Enterprise Co., Ltd.
• J.C. Eade. The calendrical systems of mainland south-east Asia. ISBN 90-04-10437-2

See also

• Public holidays in Thailand

Public holidays in Thailand External link UN Thailand: Official Holidays in 2006 Thai Calendar of Events Categories: | | ...

External link

• Thai Time by Anthony Diller