A thatched pub (The Williams Arms) at Wrafton, near Braunton, North Devon, England

Thatching is the craft of covering a roof with vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge, rushes and heather. It is probably the oldest roofing material and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost, local vegetation. By contrast in some developed countries it is now the choice of well-to-do people who want their home to have a rustic look. A thatched pub, the Williams Arms at Wrafton, near Braunton, North Devon, England. ... A thatched pub, the Williams Arms at Wrafton, near Braunton, North Devon, England. ... Braunton is situated 4 miles west of Barnstaple in north Devon, and is claimed to be the largest village in England (although Kidlington is several times bigger). ... Categories: Stub | Devon ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130... Thatch is a buildup of cut grass, stolons, or other material on top of the soil of a lawn. ... The roofs of Olomouc, Czech Republic. ... Bales of straw bundles of rice straw Pile of straw bales, sheltered under a tarpaulin Straw is an agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. ... Binomial name Phragmites australis (Cav. ... Genera See text The family Cyperaceae, or the Sedge family, is a taxon of monocot flowering plants that superficially resemble grasses or rushes. ... Species see text Juncus is a genus of the Juncaceae family. ... Heather may be: In botany, the plant Calluna vulgaris, or, more loosely, various species of the closely related genera Erica and Cassiope, low evergreen shrubs (also called heaths). The term is also used to describe land which is vegetated with these plants; In apparel or textiles, interwoven yarns with a...

History

Thatch during renovation.

Thatch appears on every continent except Antarctica. The tradition of thatching has been passed down from generation to generation since prehistoric times. Few descriptions of the building techniques exist, especially in tropical regions. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 1. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ...

Throughout equatorial countries thatch is the prevalent local material for roofs, and often walls. There are diverse building techniques from the Hawaiian Hale shelter made from the local ti leaves and pili grass of fan palms to the Na Bure Fijian home with layered reed walls and sugar cane leaf roofs and the Kikuyu tribal homes in Kenya.^[1][2] The colonisation of indigenous lands by Europeans greatly diminished the prevalence of thatching. A roof is the top covering of a building that prevents the ingress of weather into the building interior. ... Look up walls, wall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hawaiian could refer to the Hawaiian language the native Hawaiian people within Hawaii. ... Look up hale in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ... For the historic phenomenon of colonization and imperialism, see main article colonialism (and also decolonization). ... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth; the term continent here referring to a cultural and political distinction, rather than a physiographic one, thus leading to various perspectives about Europes precise borders. ...

Records of European thatch date back to before the Middle Ages, when the first villages were established. The creation of villages brought with it the need for readily available, inexpensive, and durable building material, such as thatch. “Thatch houses built in close proximity helped to account for the frequent and disastrous fires that swept through the narrow streets of medieval cities.”^[3] Eventually the authorities wrote the Ordinance of 1212, arguably the first building regulation in force in London, prohibiting the building of new thatch roofs and demanding the whitewashing of existing ones with plaster daub. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... A village is a human settlement commonly found in rural areas. ... A city is an urban area, differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. ... Look up ordinance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Events The first Great Fire of London burns most of the city to the ground Battle of Navas de Tolosa Childrens crusade Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the Hōjōki, one of the great works of classical Japanese... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Gypsum based plaster used in spray fireproofing in a low-rise industrial building in Vancouver, British Columbia. ...

Early settlers to the New World used thatch as far back as 1565. Native Americans had already been using thatch for generations. When settlers arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, they found Powhatan Indians living in houses with thatched roofs. The colonists used the same thatch on their own buildings.^[4] In the early years of the last century thatching was in decline. The commercial production of Welsh slate had begun in 1820 and the mobility which the canals and then the railways made possible meant that other materials became readily available. To compound this, the French War raised the price of wheat and straw to a prohibitive level in Europe. The number of thatchers declined, as the tradition became regarded as unfashionable. Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ... Native Americans can refer to Native Americans in the United States, natives of the United States only; equivalent to American Indians in some contexts. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1607 (MDCVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Splitting of the slate blocks with hammer and chisel to produce roofing slates requires great skill. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Categories: Water-transport stubs | Canals | Water transport ... Combatants France Việt Minh Strength 500,000 at least 63,000, but estimates 100,000-950,000 Casualties 94,581 dead 78,127 wounded 40,000 captured 300,000+ dead 500,000+ wounded 100,000 captured The First Indochina War, also known as the French Indochina War, the French... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 For the indie rock group see: Wheat (band). ... Bales of straw bundles of rice straw Pile of straw bales, sheltered under a tarpaulin Straw is an agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Technology in the farming industry has had a negative impact on the popularity of thatching. Use of the material declined following the First World War in particular, and with the invention of the combine harvester and the need to develop shorter stemmed varieties of wheat, the long straw once produced was no longer available. The increased loss of water plants and wildlife occurred with the shift from open ponds to cattle troughs and piped water for animals. With it came the decline in availability of rushes, and other wetland vegetation used in thatching. By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... A postage stamp of a combine honors Russian agriculture. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... u fuck in ua ... Image:FRANKIE COBB.jpg Various species of deer are commonly seen wildlife across the Americas and Eurasia. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ...

With renewed interest in historic architecture and the trend towards using more sustainable materials, thatching is once again in the ascendancy.^[5] Section of the dome of Florence Cathedral. ... Forests on San Juan Island in Washington. ...

Thatch material

A closeup of the thatching

There are more thatched roofs in the United Kingdom than in any other European country. The traditional material in most of England is wheat straw, which is now produced by specialist growers. Good quality thatching straw can last for more than 45–50 years when applied by a skilled thatcher. Traditionally, a new layer of straw was simply applied over the weathered surface. This has generated accumulations of thatch 2.0 m thick and in ancient buildings preserved lower layers of medieval thatch over 600 years old.^[6] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (834x888, 218 KB) Summary A closeup of thatching on a house. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (834x888, 218 KB) Summary A closeup of thatching on a house. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130...

Water reed, which was used in East Anglia and Eastern England, is a one-coat material; weathered reed is usually stripped and replaced by a new layer. Almost half of England's thatched roofs are thatched with water reed, 90% of which is imported from Turkey and Eastern Europe. Although water reed has been known to last for more than 70 years on steep roofs in dry climates, modern imported water reed on an average roof in most parts of England will not last any longer than good quality wheat straw. The lifespan of the thatch is also dependent on the skill of the thatcher, but other factors need to be taken into account, such as climate, quality of the materials used, and the pitch of the roof. Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ... Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... The pitch drop experiment. ...

Thatch is fastened together in bundles with a diameter of about two feet. These are then laid on the roof with the butt end facing out and secured to the roof beams, after which they are pegged in place with wooden rods. The thatcher adds the layers on top of each other, finishing with a layer to secure the ridgeline of the roof. This method means thatch roofs are easy to repair, can endure heavy winds and rain and only need a stable supporting structure. 2006 Honda Ridgeline The Honda Ridgeline is a pickup truck/SUV crossover. ...

In areas where palms are abundant, palm leaves are used to thatch walls and roofs. Many species of palm trees are called "thatch palm", or have "thatch" as part of their common names. In the southeastern United States, Indian and pioneer houses were often constructed of palmetto-leaf thatch.^[7][8][9] Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (sometimes known by the names Palmae or Palmaceae, although the latter name is taxonomically invalid. ... The name Thatch palm is applied to several different species of palm trees in the genera Coccothrinax, Howea and Thrinax. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Palmetto may refer to the following: Two closely related genera of palms: the genus Sabal, containing species such the Dwarf Palmetto and the Sabal palmetto the Saw Palmetto Amtraks Palmetto passenger train. ...

Maintenance in temperate climates

Good thatch will not require frequent maintenance. Re-ridging will be required several times during the lifespan of a thatch. The life of a ridge will vary depending upon the type, pitch, location and other factors. An approximate guideline would be 15 years. It is normal practice to renew the wire netting when re-ridging.

The thickness of the thatch decreases over the years as the surface is gradually eroded. A thatched roof can be thought to be nearing replacement when the fixings are close to the surface. “A roof is as good as the amount of correctly laid thatch covering the fixings.”^[10] Water penetration, when it occurs is minimal and is usually due to capillary action. The presence of moss is not necessarily detrimental to the thatch. Capillary action, capillarity, or capillary motion is the ability of a substance (the standard reference is to a tube in plants but can be seen readily with porous paper) to draw a substance up against gravity. ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ...

The life of a thatch can be extended by appropriate repair. Some guidelines are: 1. Follow the advice of professional thatcher 2. Do not move around on thatch unnecessarily 3. Trees should be kept well back from thatch and never allowed to overhang or brush against the roof. 4. Do not let non-thatchers fit netting, flashings, etc. without advice from an experienced thatcher. 5. Television aerial erectors etc. should be required to keep off the thatch as much as possible; 6. Do not allow standing on the ridges or the use of ridges as working platforms 7. Long Straw thatching should be securely netted to avoid bird penetration as is sometimes the case with Combed Wheat and some Water Reeds.^[11] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Tree (disambiguation). ...

Flammability

River houses on the River Kwai

Thatch roofs do not catch fire any more frequently than roofs covered with 'hard' materials, but thatch fires are difficult to extinguish once they take hold. Old buildings often have poor quality chimneys, and most fires occur in the winter when hot gases break through a poor quality flue or chimney and ignite the thatch surrounding the chimney. Insurance premiums are higher than average because when a fire does occur, the damage is more severe and the thatch is more expensive to replace than with a standard tiled/slate roof. Workmen should never be allowed to use an open flame near thatch, and nothing should be burnt that could fly up the chimney and ignite the surface of the thatch. Spark arrestors also usually cause more damage than good as they are easily blocked and reduce air flow (it should be noted that not all experts agree on this point). Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 1234 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 1234 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Look up Chimney in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. ...

A spray on fire retardant or pressure impregnated fire retardant can reduce the spread of flame. Most thatch fires do not begin on the surface of the thatch (the surface is usually damp in the UK), but in the thatch surrounding the chimney. While it is true that some fire retardants may expedite the decay of the roof, it is not the case with all well formulated products.

On new buildings a solid fire retardant barrier can be constructed over the rafters making the thatch sacrificial in any fire. If fireboarding is used, it is essential that a ventilation gap is left between the boarding and the thatch so that the roof can 'breathe' and thus reduce the rotting of the thatch.

Performance

Ihōan, a tea house at Kōdai-ji in Kyoto, Japan

The performance of thatch depends on roof shape and design, pitch of roof, position — its geography and topography — the quality of material and the expertise of the thatcher. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1500 × 1125 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1500 × 1125 pixel, file size: 1. ... Kyoto )   is a city in the central part of the island of HonshÅ«, Japan. ... For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ...

Thatch has some natural properties that are advantageous to its performance. Firstly, it is naturally weather-resistant. When properly maintained thatch does not absorb large amounts of water. There should be no large increase to roof weight due to water retention. In a well-designed roof, the top inch or so of the thatch is the only part that feels the effects of the elements. A mandatory roof pitch of 45 degrees or more allows precipitation to travels down the steep slope of the roof and reach the ground long before it has the chance to penetrate the rooms below.

Thatch is also a natural insulator. When whole vegetation is used, thousands of pockets of air exist between and within the stems of the grasses that make up a thatched roof. These air pockets give the roof the ability to insulate a building in both warm and cold weather. At least a foot thickness of thatch on top of a roof also helps thermal retention. Norfolk reed, which is commonly used to thatch roofs in the United States and Britain, offers an insulation or R-value of 40. Conventional building insulation, such as fiberglass, usually rates between 30 and 50.^[4] The R-value is a measure of thermal resistance. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Bundle of fiberglass Fiberglass or glassfibre is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. ...

Thatch is not by its nature prone to wind damage. Experience of hurricane force wind tests up to 100 mph in California has shown that, when applied correctly, thatch has good wind resistance. However, older thatched roofs, particularly in wind-prone areas can benefit from well-fitted netting.^[11] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

Advantages

Thatching materials range from plains grasses to waterproof leaves found in equatorial regions. It is the most common roofing material in the world, because the materials are so readily available. With certain types of thatching, particularly low rounded roofs, good acoustic insulation can make extremely quiet living conditions.

Thatch is a competitive thermal insulator when applied thickly. A thatched roof will ensure that a building will be cool in summer and warm in winter. Local techniques, such as the placement of a turf substratum by the Scottish, can reduce air movement and improve insulation even further. In physics, thermal conductivity, λ, is the quantity of heat transmitted, due to unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient thermal conductivity = heat flow rate / (distance × temperature... Turf may refer to Sod, the surface layer of ground consisting of a matt of grass and grass roots, sometimes used as a construction material AstroTurf, or any variety of artificial turf made to resemble grass A colloquialism for the world of horse-racing Slang for territory claimed by a... “Scot” redirects here. ...

Thatch is a versatile material when it comes to covering irregular roof structures. This fact lends itself to the use of second-hand, recycled and natural materials that are not only more sustainable, but need not fit exact standard dimensions to perform well. The international symbol for recycling. ... Forests on San Juan Island in Washington. ...

Thatching is sustainable If crops are managed ecologically, than the resource can be renewed regularly. Many of the natural thatching materials are improved by regular harvesting. For example, reeds, marram grass, broom, heather, and juniper all regrow in more usable forms. Thatch can be recycled to be an excellent fertilizer.^[12] Reed can refer to: People Alfred Reed, American composer Andre Reed, American football player for the Buffalo Bills Carol Reed, British film director David P. Reed, telecommunications expert, creator of Reeds law Davin Reed, American botanist Donna Reed, American actress Edward James Reed, Victorian era naval architect Evelyn Reed... Species Ammophila arenaria Ammophila breviligulata Marram Grass or Beach Grass is a genus of two species of grass growing almost exclusively on coastal sand dunes, where rhizomes on its extensive root system allow it to survive in a very harsh and windswept ecosystem. ... Heather may be: In botany, the plant Calluna vulgaris, or, more loosely, various species of the closely related genera Erica and Cassiope, low evergreen shrubs (also called heaths). The term is also used to describe land which is vegetated with these plants; In apparel or textiles, interwoven yarns with a... Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (British English fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ...

As local materials always tend to harmonize with the landscape surrounding their place of origin, thatch, as a natural material, will always blend well with a rural environment. Thatch has an ecological advantage because, it is produced by natural processes that do not use scarce and expensive resources of energy. (5) Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52...

Disadvantages

Thatched houses are more vulnerable to fire risk than those covered with other materials, and it is therefore imperative that precautions be taken to reduce the risk. Insurance costs can be higher due to this factor. The process of thatching is more labor intensive than other methods of roofing, affecting the overall cost.^[3] Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. ...

Being an organic material, thatch is susceptible to decay and decomposition and precautions must be taken to minimize the possibility of this process taking place. In warm, wet climates thatch is prone to fungal attacks. “Spoilage” redirects here. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...

Animals can cause damage. Birds looking for food, gathering nest-making materials or nesting in the roof itself becomes a greater possibility when the plant material is not processed appropriately for its intended use. Rodents can cause extensive damage when present in the house. The quality of design and building can greatly effect the performance of the roof. If built and/or maintained inadequately, then problems such as vulnerability to wind damage and prolonged damp conditions are issues.^[12] For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... Families Many, see text The order Rodentia is the most numerous of all the branches on the mammal family tree. ...

Thatch can be maintenance intensive. The maintenance cycle varies based on thatch type, roof pitch, the degree of shade or exposure and the kinds of materials used.

Thatched hut in Lesotho

Thatch has fallen out of favour in much of the industrialized world not because of fire, but because thatching has become very expensive and alternative 'hard' materials are cheaper — but this situation is slowly changing. There are almost 100,000 thatched roofs in the UK, and in some parts of England 1 in 4 new roofs are being thatched. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 703 KB) Photographer: Tjeerd Wiersma from Amsterdam, The Netherlands Description: Lesotho Taken on: 2004-11-14 07:10:44 Original source: Flickr. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 703 KB) Photographer: Tjeerd Wiersma from Amsterdam, The Netherlands Description: Lesotho Taken on: 2004-11-14 07:10:44 Original source: Flickr. ...

New thatched roofs were forbidden in London by the Normans in the 12th century, and existing roofs had to have their undersides (within the roof space) plastered to reduce the risk of fire. The Great Fire of London in 1666 had nothing to do with thatch. The modern Globe Theatre is one of the few thatched buildings in London (others can be found in the suburb of Kingsbury), but the Globe's modern, water reed thatch is 'icing on the cake' and actually lies over a fully waterproof roof built with modern materials. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Great Fire of London was a major fire that swept through the City of London from September 2nd to September 5th, 1666, and resulted more or less in the destruction of the city. ... This article is about the Globe Theatre of Shakespeare (commonly known as Shakespeares Globe Theatre) and includes information about both the original and its modern reconstruction. ... Kingsbury is a place in the London Borough of Brent, north-west London. ...

Examples of thatched building forms

• Roundhouse (dwelling), pre-Roman European
• Black house, Scotland, Ireland
• Attap dwelling, Singapore
• Chickee, Seminole
• Teito, Asturias, Spain

The roundhouse is a type of house with a circular plan, built in western Europe before the Roman occupation. ... For the novel by the same name, see Black house (novel). ... Attap hut An Attap dwelling is traditional housing found in the kampongs of Singapore. ... A chickee is a type of home invented by the Northern Seminole tribe. ... Teito in Somiedo. ...

See also

• Woodway House A thatched cob cottage orné in Devon, England.

Woodway Cottage in about 1825 when Captain Spratt was living there. ... “Devonshire” redirects here. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130...

External links

• Thatch.org
• The Natural Building Network - find natural builders, teachers and resources.
• Thatching.com
• Building Conservation.com
• nfumutual.co.uk

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category:Thatched roofs