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Encyclopedia > The Catcher in the Rye

The Catcher in the Rye
Author J. D. Salinger
Country United States
Language English
Genre(s) Novel
Publisher Little, Brown and Company
Publication date 16 July 1951
Media type Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages 277 pp
ISBN ISBN 0-316-76953-3
Preceded by N/A
Followed by Nine Stories (1953)

The Catcher in the Rye is a novel by J. D. Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951, the novel has been a frequently challenged book[1][2][3] in its home country for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality and teenage angst. The Catcher in the Rye book cover This image is a book cover. ... Jerome David Salinger (born January 1, 1919) (pronounced ) is an American author best known for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye and his reclusive nature. ... For other uses, see Country (disambiguation). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article is about the literary concept. ... A publisher is a person or entity which engages in the act of publishing. ... Little, Brown and Company is a publishing house established by Charles Coffin Little and his partner, James Brown. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... See also: 1950 in literature, other events of 1951, 1952 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Hardcover books A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with cloth, heavy paper, or sometimes leather). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... ISBN redirects here. ... Nine Stories book cover Nine Stories (1953) is collection of short stories by American fiction writer J. D. Salinger. ... This article is about the literary concept. ... Jerome David Salinger (born January 1, 1919) (pronounced ) is an American author best known for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye and his reclusive nature. ... Due to the controversial nature of free speech in the United States many books have been challenged by a variety of groups and agencies in order to prevent a particular work from being read by the general public. ... In cartoons, profanity is often depicted by substituting symbols for words, as a form of non-specific censorship. ... This article is about human sexual perceptions. ... For other uses, see Angst (disambiguation). ...


Originally published for adults,[4] the novel has become a common part of high school and college curricula throughout the English-speaking world; it has also been translated into almost all of the world's major languages.[5] Around 250,000 copies are sold each year, with total sales of more than 65 million.[6] For other uses, see High school (disambiguation). ...


The novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present.[7] “TIME” redirects here. ...


The novel's protagonist, Holden Caulfield, has become an icon for teenage rebellion and defiance.[8] Written in the first person, The Catcher in the Rye follows Holden's experiences in New York City in the days following his expulsion from Pencey Prep, a college preparatory school. A protagonist is the main figure of a piece of literature or drama and has the main part or role. ... Holden Caulfield is a fictional character, the protagonist of J.D. Salingers 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. ... First-person narrative is a literary technique in which the story is narrated by one character, who explicitly refers to him or herself in the first person, that is, I. the narrator is a fool putting his nose into the storytelling exercise. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school (usually shortened to preparatory school, or prep school) is a private secondary school (or high school) designed to prepare a student for higher education. ...

Contents

Plot summary

The cover of the 1985 Bantam edition.
The cover of the 1985 Bantam edition.

The novel covers 48 hours in the life of Holden Caulfield, a tall, skinny, anxious and depressed teenager who academically flunked out of Pencey Prep, a boarding school. Holden is 17 when he tells the story; he was 16 when the events occurred. Image File history File linksMetadata Catcher-in-the-rye-red-cover. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Catcher-in-the-rye-red-cover. ...


His story starts on Holden's last day at Pencey Prep. He is standing on the crest of a hill that overlooks the American football field. It is the final game of the season, but Holden has never cared much for established tradition. He instead runs across the street to the residence of Mr. Spencer, his history teacher. It is revealed here that Holden has been expelled and that he doesn't particularly care. United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ...


Holden talks with old acquaintances at school and ultimately leaves for New York City, electing to stay there. He considers hitchhiking out west and building a cabin away from everyone he knows. At one point he propositions an ex-girlfriend to join him on the trip, even though he doesn't particularly like her. She declines. New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...


The next day, he arranges to have his younger sister, Phoebe, meet him at lunchtime. She is carrying one of Holden's old suitcases full of clothes. Phoebe tells Holden that she is going with him. He angrily refuses, feeling that he has influenced her to want to go with him instead of staying in school. She cries and refuses to speak to him. Knowing that she will follow him, Holden walks to the zoo, letting her anger lift. Phoebe starts talking to Holden again, and Holden promises to forget about his plan to run away and return home on Wednesday. He buys her a ticket for the carousel in the park and watches her ride an old horse on it. As Holden watches her ride the carousel, his own mood lifts. Soon he is nearly moved to tears with remorse, longing, and bittersweet happiness. This article is about the amusement ride. ... People feel remorse when reflecting on their actions that they believe are wrong. ...


At this point in the book, he explains that he will be going to another school in the fall again but doesn't know for sure if he will start applying himself. He mentions that he is being psychoanalyzed and finishes with the words, "Don't ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody."


Characters

Holden Caulfield is the protagonist and narrator of the story. Holden is seventeen when he tells the story, but was sixteen years old when the events took place.[9] His narration begins with his expulsion (for academic failure) from a school called Pencey Prep. He is intelligent and sensitive, but Holden narrates in a cynical and jaded voice. He finds the hypocrisy, phoniness, and ugliness of the world around him unbearable. Holden Caulfield is a fictional character, the protagonist of J.D. Salingers 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. ... A protagonist is the main figure of a piece of literature or drama and has the main part or role. ... The Narrator is the entity within a story that tells the story to the reader. ... This article is about the current understanding of the word cynicism. ... Hypocrisy is the act of condemning or calling for the condemnation of another person when the critic is guilty of the act for which he demands that the accused be condemned. ...


Allie Caulfield was Holden's younger brother, who died of leukemia when Holden was thirteen. Allie was redheaded, mild, considerate, intelligent, and very caring. Allie and Holden were very close. Even though Allie was younger than Holden, Holden idolized Allie. Holden even prays to his deceased brother for safety. The night of Allie's death, Holden smashed all the windows in the family garage with his bare fists leading to permanent damage to his hand. Because of this injury, Holden can no longer make a tight fist with his right hand. Holden remembers his lost brother by a baseball glove with poetry written on it that was Allie's. Leukemia or leukaemia(Greek leukos λευκός, “white”; aima αίμα, “blood”) (see spelling differences) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). ...


Phoebe Caulfield is Holden's younger sister, whom he adores. She is in the fourth grade at the time Holden leaves Pencey Prep. Holden holds her as a paragon of innocence, and gets furious at the sight of graffiti in her school that reads "fuck you", for fear that the school children would see it and be somehow tainted. He also thinks that she is too affectionate, which will also lead to loss of innocence. In some ways, she can be even more mature than him, even criticizing him for childishness.


D.B. Caulfield is Holden's older brother and lives in Hollywood, where he works as a screenwriter. Holden is disdainful of D.B.'s profession, and calls his brother a "phony," because he claims that his brother is prostituting his works in Hollywood. Holden professes to despise cinema, but throughout the book he proffers thoughtful and in-depth commentaries on films he has seen.


Robert Ackley Holden’s next-door neighbor in his dorm at Pencey Prep. Ackley is a pimply, insecure boy with terrible dental hygiene. He often barges into Holden’s room and acts completely oblivious to Holden’s hints that he should leave. Holden believes that Ackley makes up elaborate lies about his sexual experience.


Ward Stradlater Holden’s roommate at Pencey Prep. Stradlater is handsome, self-satisfied, and popular, but Holden calls him a “secret slob,” because he appears well groomed, but his toiletries, such as his razor, are disgustingly unclean. Stradlater is sexually active and quite experienced for a prep school student, which is why Holden also calls him a “sexy bastard.”


Jane Gallagher A girl with whom Holden spent a lot of time one summer, when their families stayed in neighboring summer houses in Maine. Holden likes to remember Jane as a sensitive, innocent girl with a unique approach to checkers. She is Stradlater’s date Saturday evening, which bothers Holden.


Mr. Spencer Holden’s history teacher at Pencey Prep, who unsuccessfully tries to shake Holden out of his academic apathy.


Sally Hayes is a very attractive girl whom Holden has known and dated for a long time. Though Sally is well read, Holden claims that she is “stupid,” although it is difficult to tell whether this judgment is based in reality or merely in Holden’s ambivalence about being sexually attracted to her. She is certainly more conventional than Holden in her tastes and manners.


Mrs. Morrow The mother of Holden’s contemptible classmate, Ernest, she shares a train ride and creative conversation with “Rudolf Schmidt,” the alias used by Holden.


Horwitz The most interesting of the cab drivers in the novel, he takes Holden to Ernie’s Nightclub and offers unusual zoological insight regarding those ducks and the fish at the lagoon.


Sunny The prostitute Holden hires through Maurice. She is one of a number of women in the book with whom Holden clumsily attempts to connect.


Maurice The elevator operator at the Edmont Hotel and Sunny’s pimp, who procures a prostitute for Holden.


Bernice, Marty, and Laverne Three thirtyish tourists from Seattle, they leave Holden with the tab at the Lavender Room. Bernice is a very good dancer.


Carl Luce A student at Columbia who was Holden’s student advisor at the Whooton School. Luce is three years older than Holden and has a great deal of sexual experience. At Whooton, he was a source of knowledge about sex for the younger boys, and Holden tries to get him to talk about sex at their meeting.


Ernie A talented pianist at his own club in Greenwich Village, he exemplifies Holden’s concept of an artist who has sold out.


Lillian Simmons All bust and no brains, she and her date ask Holden to sit with them at Ernie’s. She used to date D.B. and oozes her fake charm in hopes of making a good impression.


James Castle A student at Elkton Hills, he jumped to his death rather than recant a statement about an arrogant bully.


Mr. Antolini Holden’s former English teacher at the Elkton Hills School. Mr. Antolini now teaches at New York University. He is young, clever, sympathetic, and likable, and Holden respects him. Holden sometimes finds him a bit too clever, but he looks to him for guidance. His behavior at the Antolinis’ apartment disturbs Holden.


Mr. Vinson Holden’s speech teacher at Pencey wants his students to unify and simplify their speeches but never digress.


Writing style

The book is written as if Holden were speaking out loud, like a transcription of him telling the story to another person. Holden is widely considered to be an unreliable narrator.[10] Illustration by Gustave Doré for Baron Münchhausen: tall tales, such as those of the Baron, often feature unreliable narrators. ...


Salinger uses colloquial and street language while allowing the protagonist to narrate the story. This style, used throughout the novel, refers to the use of seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes used in an apparently random medley, but in fact in a highly structured way, that is used to illustrate a theme. For example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events (such as picking up a book or looking at a table) unfold into long discussions about past experiences. A colloquialism is an informal expression, that is, an expression not used in formal speech or writing. ... In literature, a theme is a broad idea in a story, or a message or lesson conveyed by a work. ...


Critical reviews agreed that the novel accurately reflected teenage colloquial speech of the time.[11]


Interpretation

Bruce Brooks noted that Holden's attitude is the same at the end as it was in the beginning, which implies a lack of growth in distinguishing the story from young adult fiction.[12] On the other hand, Louis Menand claimed that teachers assign it to students because of the optimism at the end, that "alienation is just a phase." [13] While Brooks maintained that Holden acts his age, Menand observed that Holden thinks like an adult with his ability to see through people clearly. Bruce Brooks (born September 23, 1950) is an American author of young adult and childrens literature. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Louis Menand (first name pronounced lü-E) is a prominent American writer and academic, best known for his book The Metaphysical Club (2001), an intellectual and cultural history of late 19th and early 20th century America. ...


The novel has been interpreted as having only a negative answer to the social problems it expresses. In another type of critique, its philosophy has been negatively compared with that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[14] Rousseau redirects here. ...


Phoebe's character plays an important role of influencing Holden. Her name, Pheobe, is from the Greek Phoibus, referring to the Greek sun and moon goddess. [15] The comparison suggests that she serves as an oracle figure for Holden, to whom he can confide and seek advice. [15] Phoebe also stands to be a catalytic character for Holden. Holden pictures himself as a catcher in the rye; he imagines himself standing on a cliff in a field of rye with children playing tag around him, and as they strayed too close to the edge, he would be the one to catch them, and save them from falling. [16] Phoebe morphs this role while on the carousel, when she almost falls and Holden does not make an effort to catch her. [17] Phoebe and Holden seem to exchange roles as the catcher-fallen as well. Holden gives her the symbol of the catcher, his hunting hat, and becomes the fallen just as Phoebe assumes the role of the catcher. [17]


Controversy

In 1960, a teacher was fired, and later reinstated, for assigning the novel in class.[18] Between 1961 and 1982, The Catcher in the Rye was the most censored book in high schools and libraries in the United States.[19] In 1981, it was both the most censored book and the second most taught book in public schools in the United States.[20] According to the American Library Association, The Catcher in the Rye was the 13th most frequently challenged book from 1990–2000.[1] It was one of the 10 most challenged books in 2005, and came off the list in 2006.[21] ALA Logo The American Library Association (ALA) is a group based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. ...


The challenges generally begin with vulgar language, citing the novel's use of words like "fuck"[22] and "goddamn",[23] with more general reasons including sexual references,[24] blasphemy, undermining of family values[23] and moral codes,[25] Holden's being a poor role model,[26] encouragement of rebellion,[27] and promotion of drinking, smoking, lying, and promiscuity.[25] Often, the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself.[19] Shelley Keller-Gage, a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class, noted that the challengers "are being just like Holden ... They are trying to be catchers in the rye."[23] A reverse effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to loan the novel, when there were none before.[28]


Mark David Chapman, who assassinated John Lennon, was carrying the book when he was arrested immediately after the murder and referred to it in his statement to police shortly thereafter.[29] John Hinckley, Jr., who attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan in 1981, was also reported to have been obsessed with the book.[30] Mark David Chapman (born May 10, 1955 in Fort Worth, Texas) is the man who shot and killed musician John Lennon on December 8, 1980 in New York City. ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. ... Reagan redirects here. ...


Impact

Main article: Cultural references to the novel The Catcher in the Rye

In the decade following its publication, there were over 70 essays on the novel printed in American and British magazines[28]. This is a list of cultural references to the 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger. ...


Works inspired by The Catcher in the Rye have been said to form their own genre.[13] The novel helped popularize the slang verb "screw up".[31]


Attempted film adaptations

Early in his career, J. D. Salinger expressed a willingness to have his work adapted for the screen.[32] However, in 1949, a critically panned film version of his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" was released; renamed My Foolish Heart and taking great liberties with Salinger's story, the film is widely considered to be among the reasons that Salinger has refused to allow any subsequent movie adaptations of his work.[33] The enduring popularity of The Catcher in the Rye, however, has resulted in repeated attempts to secure the novel's screen rights. The story Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut by J.D. Salinger appears in a collection of short stories by the American author, entitled Nine Stories. ... My Foolish Heart is a 1949 film which tells the story of a womans reflections on the bad turns her life has taken. ...


When The Catcher in the Rye was first released, many offers were made to adapt it for the screen; among them was Sam Goldwyn, producer of My Foolish Heart.[33] In a letter written in the early fifties, Salinger spoke of mounting a play in which he would play the role of Holden Caulfield opposite Margaret O'Brien, and, if he couldn’t play the part himself, to “forget about it." Almost fifty years later, the writer Joyce Maynard definitively concluded, "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger."[34] Samuel Goldwyn (August 17, 1879, Warsaw, Poland – January 31, 1974, Los Angeles, California, United States) was a major producer of motion pictures. ... My Foolish Heart is a 1949 film which tells the story of a womans reflections on the bad turns her life has taken. ... Margaret OBrien during her career as a child star. ... Cover of Looking Back Daphne Joyce Maynard (November 5, 1953 - ) is an American writer who became famous for her relationship with J. D. Salinger. ...


Salinger told Maynard in the seventies that Jerry Lewis "tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden,"[34] despite Lewis not having read the novel until he was in his thirties.[28] Celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson to Tobey Maguire and Leonardo DiCaprio have since made efforts to make a film adaptation.[35] In an interview with Premiere magazine, John Cusack commented that his one regret about turning twenty-one was that he had become too old to play Holden Caulfield. Writer-director Billy Wilder recounted his abortive attempts to snare the novel's rights, saying, For other persons named Jerry Lewis, see Jerry Lewis (disambiguation). ... Marlon Brando, Jr. ... John Joseph Nicholson (born April 22, 1937), known as Jack Nicholson, is a three time Academy Award-winning American actor internationally renowned for his often dark-themed portrayals of neurotic characters. ... Tobias Vincent Maguire (born June 27, 1975) is an American actor. ... Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (born November 11, 1974[1]) is a three-time Academy Award-nominated, SAG Award-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actor who garnered world wide fame for his role as Jack Dawson in Titanic (1997). ... Premiere is an American and New York City-based film magazine published by Hachette Filipacchi Médias, beginning publication in 1987. ... This article is about the actor. ... Billy Wilder (June 22, 1906 – March 27, 2002) was an Austrian-born, Jewish-American journalist, screenwriter, film director, and producer whose career spanned more than 50 years and 60 films. ...

“ Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye....Wonderful book. I loved it. I pursued it. I wanted to make a picture out of it. And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward, my agent, in New York, and said, 'Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off. He’s very, very insensitive.' And he walked out. That was the entire speech. I never saw him. That was J. D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye.[36] ”

In 1961, Salinger denied Elia Kazan permission to direct a stage adaptation of Catcher for Broadway.[37] More recently, Salinger's agents received bids for the Catcher movie rights from Harvey Weinstein and Steven Spielberg,[38] neither of which was even passed on to Salinger for consideration. Leland Hayward (September 13, 1902 - March 18, 1971) was a popular, powerful and wealthy Hollywood and Broadway agent and theatrical producer. ... Elia Kazan, (Greek: Ηλίας Καζάν, IPA: ), (September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was a Greek-American film and theatre director, film and theatrical producer, screenwriter, novelist and cofounder of the influential Actors Studio in New York in 1947. ... Note on spelling: While most Americans use er (as per American spelling conventions), the majority of venues, performers and trade groups for live theatre use re. ... Harvey Weinstein at Cannes, 2002 Harvey Weinstein CBE (Hon) (born March 19, 1952) is an American film producer and movie studio chairman. ... Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946)[1] is an American film director and producer. ...


In 2003, the BBC television program The Big Read featured The Catcher in the Rye, intercutting discussions of the novel with "a series of short films that featured an actor playing Salinger's adolescent antihero, Holden Caulfield."[37] The show defended its unlicensed adaptation of the novel by claiming to be a "literary review," and no major charges were filed. For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... The Big Read was a 2003 survey carried out by the BBC, with the goal of finding the Nations Best-loved Book by way of a viewer vote via the Web, SMS and telephone. ...


According to a speculative article in The Guardian in May 2006, there are rumors that director Terrence Malick has been linked to a possible screen adaptation of the novel.[39] For other uses, see Guardian. ... Terrence Terry Malick (born November 30, 1943, in Ottawa, Illinois) is an American film director. ...


References

  1. ^ a b 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000. American Library Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
  2. ^ List of most commonly challenged books from the list of the one hundred most important books of the 20th century by Radcliffe Publishing Course.
  3. ^ Jeff Guinn. "'Catcher in the Rye' still influences 50 years later" (fee required), Erie Times-News, 2001-08-10. Retrieved on 2007-12-18.  Alternate URL.
  4. ^ Michael Cart. "Famous Firsts. (young-adult literature)", Booklist, 2000-11-15. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. 
  5. ^ Magill, Frank N. (1991). "J. D. Salinger", Magill's Survey of American Literature. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 1803. ISBN 1-85435-437-X. 
  6. ^ According to List of best-selling books. An earlier article says more than 20 million: Jonathan Yardley. "J.D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield, Aging Gracelessly", The Washington Post, 2004-10-19. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. 
  7. ^ "The Complete List | TIME Magazine - ALL-TIME 100 Novels". 
  8. ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions By Elizabeth Webber, Mike Feinsilber p.105
  9. ^ The Catcher in the Rye,'" p. 9
  10. ^ Timothy May. "A liberal says students should wait on Catcher in the Rye" (fee required), The Cincinnati Post, 1997-05-06. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 
    Mike Littwin. "Caulfield of Catcher stil talks to teen-age angst" (fee required), Denver Rocky Mountain News, 2001-07-17. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 
  11. ^ Donald P. Costello (October 1959). "The Language of 'The Catcher in the Rye'". American Speech 34 (3): 172–181. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. “Most critics who looked at The Catcher in the Rye at the time of its publication thought that its language was a true and authentic rendering of teenage colloquial speech.”
  12. ^ Bruce Brooks. "Holden at sixteen", Horn Book Magazine, 2004-05-01. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. 
  13. ^ a b Louis Menand. "Holden at fifty", The New Yorker, 2001-09-27. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. 
  14. ^ Carl F. Strauch (Winter 1961). "Kings in the Back Row: Meaning through Structure. A Reading of Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye". Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature 2 (1): 5–30. Retrieved on 2007-12-22.
  15. ^ a b Margaret Dumais Svogun. "Salinger's THE CATCHER IN THE RYE", Winter 2003, pp. 110-113. Retrieved on 2008-2-26. 
  16. ^ Shelly Keller-Gage. "The Catcher in the Rye", 1990-3-13. 
  17. ^ a b Yasuhiro Takeuchi. "The Buring Carousel and the Carnivalesque: Subversion and Transcendence at the Close of The Catcher in the Rye", Fall 2002, pp. 320-337. Retrieved on 2008-2-26. 
  18. ^ Fernando Dutra. "U. Connecticut: Banned Book Week celebrates freedom", The America's Intelligence Wire, 2006-09-25. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. "In 1960 a teacher in Tulsa, Okla., was fired for assigning "Catcher in the Rye." After appealing, the teacher was reinstated, but the book was removed from the itinerary in the school." 
  19. ^ a b "In Cold Fear: 'The Catcher in the Rye', Censorship, Controversies and Postwar American Character. (Book Review)", Modern Language Review, 2003-04-01. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. 
  20. ^ Sylvia Andrychuk (2004-02-17). A History of J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye (PDF) 6. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. “During 1981, The Catcher in the Rye had the unusual distinction of being the most frequently censored book in the United States, and, at the same time, the second-most frequently taught novel in American public schools.”
  21. ^ The Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2006. American Library Association. Retrieved on 2007-12-19.
  22. ^ "Art or trash? It makes for endless, unwinnable debate", The Topeka Capital-Journal, 1997-10-06. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. "Another perennial target, J.D. Salinger's "Catcher in the Rye," was challenged in Maine because of the "f" word." 
  23. ^ a b c Seth Mydans. "In a Small Town, a Battle Over a Book", The New York Times, 1989-09-03, pp. 2. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. 
  24. ^ Ben MacIntyre. "The American banned list reveals a society with serious hang-ups", The Times, 2005-09-24. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. 
  25. ^ a b Helen Frangedis (November 1988). "Dealing with the Controversial Elements in The Catcher in the Rye". The English Journal 77 (7): 72–75. Retrieved on 2007-12-22. “The foremost allegation made against Catcher is... that it teaches loose moral codes; that it glorifies... drinking, smoking, lying, promiscuity, and more.”
  26. ^ Anna Quindlen. "Public & Private; The Breast Ban", The New York Times, 1993-04-07. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. ""The Catcher in the Rye" is perennially banned because Holden Caulfield is said to be an unsuitable role model." 
  27. ^ Yilu Zhao. "Banned, But Not Forgotten", The New York Times, 2003-08-31. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. "The Catcher in the Rye, interpreted by some as encouraging rebellion against authority..." 
  28. ^ a b c Stephen J. Whitfield (December 1997). "Cherished and Cursed: Toward a Social History of The Catcher in the Rye". The New England Quarterly 70 (4): 567-600. doi:10.2307/366646.
  29. ^ "Crime Library: The man who shot John Lennon Crimelibrary.com. URL Accessed June 17, 2006.
  30. ^ "Items Found In Searches Conducted Of Hinckley's Wallet And Hotel Room Famous American Trials: The John Hinckley Trial 1982
  31. ^ William Safire. "Screwing Up", The New York Times, 1990-04-08, pp. 2. Retrieved on 2007-12-20. "Screw up, in this sense, is first found in a December 1942 issue of Yank, and was further popularized in the 1951 Catcher in the Rye, the famed novel by J. D. Salinger: Boy, it really screws up my sex life something awful." 
  32. ^ Hamilton, Ian (1988). In Search of J. D. Salinger. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-53468-9.  p. 75.
  33. ^ a b Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. ISBN 1-57322-723-4. p. 446.
  34. ^ a b Maynard, Joyce (1998). At Home in the World. New York: Picador, p. 93. ISBN 0-312-19556-7.  p. 93.
  35. ^ News & Features. IFILM: The Internet Movie Guide (2004). Archived from the original on 2004-09-06. Retrieved on 2007-04-05.
  36. ^ Crowe, Cameron, ed. Conversations with Wilder. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999. ISBN 0-375-40660-3. p. 299.
  37. ^ a b McAllister, David. "Will Salinger sue?", The Guardian, 2003-11-11. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. 
  38. ^ PAGE SIX; Inside Salinger's Own World. The New York Post. (2003-12-04). Retrieved on 2007-01-18.
  39. ^ http://books.guardian.co.uk/adaptations/story/0,,1767434,00.html

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Further reading

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External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
v • d • e
Works by J. D. Salinger
Novels: The Catcher in the Rye (1951)
Short story collections: Nine Stories (1953) • Franny and Zooey (1961) • Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963)
Short stories: "Blue Melody" • "Both Parties Concerned" •