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History of Arizona
European Colonization
Spanish Period
Mexican Period
Territorial Period
The Depression and World Wars

yousuckbuttIn 1912, women in Arizona gained the right to vote, and in 1917, World War I brought an economic boom to Arizona. It recovered from The Great Depression with the New Deal and another economic boom after World War II, leading the cotton, copper, farming, and mining industries to flourish. In 1946, Arizona's right to work became effective, allowing workers to decide whether or not to join or financially support a union. In 1948, Motorola built the first plant in Phoenix that marked the beginning of high tech industry in Arizona, and American Indians gained the right to vote. Image File history File links Flag_of_Arizona. ... The first Native Americans arrived in Arizona between 16,000 BC and 10,000 BCE, while the history of Arizona as recorded by Europeans began when Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan, explored the area in 1539. ... The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange affected Native American culture in Arizona substantially. ... Although the Spanish did not yet have towns for themselves, in the late 1600s colonists began steadily entering the region, attracted by the recent discovery of deposits of silver around the Arizonac mining camp. ... In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain after a decade of war. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area  Ranked 6th  - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna... The Great Depression was a global economic slump that began in 1929 and bottomed in 1933. ... The New Deal was the name President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to the series of programs between 1933–1938 with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Motorola (NYSE: MOT) is an American multinational communications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. ... High tech refers to high technology, technology that is at the cutting-edge and the most advanced currently available. ...

World War II

Economic impact

The economic boom following World War II, argues historian Gerald Nash in World War II and the West changed Arizona as much in four years of war as would have happened in forty years of peace. By 1945, Arizona and the other Western states were bristled with defense plants, military bases, and research laboratories. In addition to the extractive industries, manufacturing fueled their economies, causing their cities to expand at exponential rates. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by and/or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. ...

The partnership between big government and big business set the change in motion. By 1939, Franklin Roosevelt was admitting that "Dr. New Deal" was losing ground to "Dr. Win-the-War." As the president and his advisors monitored developments in Europe and the Pacific, they realized the United States was going to confront Germany and Japan, generating a demand for tanks, planes, and soldiers. Although many New Dealers such as Harold Ickes wanted to make sure that small businesses received attention, the generals in the Pentagon found it easier to deal with a few large enterprises than many small ones. The New Deal subsidized agricultural business in the West, and World War II did the same for the aircraft, shipbuilding, steel, mining, and oil industries. Big government is a pejorative term generally used by political conservatives or laissez-faire advocates to describe a government which is excessively large or inefficient, or which is inappropriately involved in certain areas of public policy. ... Big business is usually used as a pejorative reference to the significant economic and political power which large and powerful corporations (especially multinational corporations), are capable of wielding. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), often referred to as FDR, was the 32nd (1933–1945) President of the United States. ... Most of this article is about heads of state. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... Harold LeClair Ickes (March 15, 1874–February 3, 1952) was a U.S. administrator and political figure. ... Look up pentagon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The New Deal was Franklin D. Roosevelts legislative agenda for rescuing the United States from the Great Depression. ...

Most Arizonans did not mind, however, because the war revitalized the economy. Metal prices started to climb in 1939, enabling Arizona mines to recover from their second major collapse of the decade. By 1942 the state was producing more minerals than it had since its peak in 1929. While copper remained the most important metal, zinc and lead production soared as well, breaking records year after year. Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see Pb. ...

The only limiting factor of production was labor, which was in short supply because of the draft. Mining companies therefore made hiring practices less restrictive and brought more Mexicans into the workforce. Soon even women were toiling in the copper mines. Trade union activity also intensified. The mining companies responded with red baiting and the arrests of union organizers, but they were never able to engender the level of hysteria achieved during World War I. The International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (IUMMSW) even won a series of grievances against Phelps Dodge and other corporations before the National Labor Relations Board and the War Man Power Board. In 1944 injunctions filed against the Miami Copper Company, the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company, and the International Smelting and Refining Company ended the dual wage system in Miami, Arizona, where Mexican miners made $1.15 less per shift. A Trade Union (Labour union) ... is a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. ... Phelps Dodge Corporation NYSE: PD was founded in 1834 by Anson Greene Phelps and William E. Dodge. ... The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent agency of the United States Government charged with conducting elections for union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Miami is a town located in Gila County, Arizona, United States. ...

There was also a short-lived boom in long-staple cotton, but the real growth occurred in the manufacturing and service sectors of the economy. The biggest market for services, at least at first, was the U.S. military. In January 1941 the city of Phoenix bought 1,440 acres west of Glendale and leased it to the War Department for a dollar a year to build an advanced aviation training field. Named after Arizona World War I ace Frank Luke, the base churned out more than 13,500 pilots during the war, making it the largest advanced flying school in the world. Luke Air Field also generated an estimated $3.5 million a year for local businesses. Cotton ready for harvest. ... The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Nickname: Valley of the Sun Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: Country United States State Arizona Counties Maricopa Incorporated February 25, 1881 Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Phil Gordon (D) Area  - City  515. ... Glendale is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 218,812. ... Line drawing of the Department of Wars seal. ... Lt. ...

Promoted by Senator Carl Hayden, Arizona's clear skies and year-round flying weather soon attracted other installations. In the Salt River Valley, Williams Field east of Chandler was a basic and immediate school, Thunderbird II north of Scottsdale trained cadets, Falcon Field in Mesa trained RAF pilots, and Litchfield Naval Air Facility tested planes and flew them to their destinations. Meanwhile, Tucson supplied Davis-Monthan, the municipal airport commandeered by the army, Ryan Field to the west, and Marana Air Base the northwest, which trained 10,000 pilots before it was deactivated in 1945. The army also established three bases in western Arizona, Camps Bouse, Horn, and Hyder, to prepare soldiers for desert warfare. When they went off-duty, those soldiers headed for Phoenix, where, marveled one former mayor, "They'd just walk through town and buy everything there was, meat cigarettes, and liquor." Carl Trumbull Hayden (October 2, 1877_January 25, 1972) was the first United States Senator to serve seven terms, and holds the record for combined service in both houses of the United States Congress - he served continuously from February 19, 1912 to January 2, 1969. ... Williams Field is New Zealands principal airport in Antarctica. ... == chandlerLink title == may refer to many different meanings: Profession: A chandlerBold textItalic text is someone who makes or sells wax or tallow candles, and also usually soap. ... Warpath (James Proudstar), previously known as the second Thunderbird, is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics superhero associated with the X-Men. ... Scottsdale is the name of several places: Scottsdale, Tasmania, Australia Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other airports with this name, see Falcon Field. ... Several mesas near Los Alamos, New Mexico A mesa (Spanish and Portuguese for table) is an elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. ... Nickname: The Old Pueblo Location in Pima County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: Country United States State Arizona Counties Pima Mayor Bob Walkup (R) Area    - City 505. ... Davis-Monthan Air Force Base (D-M) is a key US Air Combat Command installation, located within the city limits of Tucson, Arizona at 32°09N 110°52W. 355th Wing emblem The 355th Wing is the host unit providing medical, logistical, and operational support to all D-M... This article discusses an airport in Arizona. ...

Civilians flocked to the state as well. To minimize the danger of attack, the government decided to disperse strategic defense points across the country. Paul Litchfield, President of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, which had stimulated a cotton boom during World War I, recommended the Salt River Valley to his friends in Washington. "It is well inland and thus protected from any possible air attacks," Litchfield noted. It was also well-connected by air, rail, and highway to the rest of the nation, especially southern California, where many of the aircraft plants were being built. In July 1941 the federal Defense Plant Corporation (DPC) leased land from the Southwest Cotton Company, a Goodyear subsidiary. The DPC then erected a government-owned plant operated by the Goodyear Aircraft Corporation. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company was founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling. ... “Washington State” redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

At its peak, the Goodyear plant employed 7,500 people, making it the largest employer in the Salt River Valley. The Alcoa plant in southwest Phoenix, with 3,500 employees, and AiResearch at Sky Harbor Apartment, with 2,700, followed in 1942. Since the labor pool was limited, the plants recruited people across the country. Tucson, with its huge Consolidated Vultee Aircraft plant employing thousands of workers, soon followed Phoenix in Arizona's economic boom. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Garrett Engine Boosting Systems is now a subsidiary of Honeywell Corporation based in Torrance, California, USA. Formerly a turboprop engine manufacturer, Garrett manufactures turbocharger components for the automobile industry. ... The Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation, universally known as Convair, was the result of a 1943 merger between Consolidated Aircraft and Vultee Aircraft, resulting in a leading aircraft manufacturer of the United States. ...

Political impact

In 1940, about half of Arizona's population lived in Phoenix and Tucson. Ten years later, two-thirds did, a direct consequence of federal and military policy. In Maricopa County alone, the population rose from 186,000 to 332,000 during the decade. Not since the territorial period had the U.S. military played such a role in Arizona's history. The immediate problem was housing. The federal government spent millions of dollars to construct public housing projects like Alzona Park near Alcoa and Duppa Villa near AiResearch. Meanwhile, the town of Goodyear sprang up to accommodate newcomers west of the city. Maricopa County is located in the central part of the U.S. state of Arizona. ...

Transportation was the next major challenge. Because of wartime shortages, new automobiles and buses could not be purchased, so city employees scoured the country for secondhand buses "in any condition as long as they ran," according to Mayor Newell Stewart. Because the plants never closed, the city did not sleep, either. Restaurants, movie houses, and swimming pools stayed open all night. Other forms of entertainment flourished as well. At the beginning of the war, Phoenix was a corrupt, wide-open town. Police and city officials had long tolerated gambling and prostitution because "fines" from those businesses provided city revenue and bribes. This brought conflict with new military commanders who wanted their troops free of venereal disease and out of jail until they were ready for war. Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), are diseases that are commonly transmitted between partners through some form of sexual activity, most commonly vaginal intercourse, oral sex, or anal sex. ...

The conflict came to a head on November 26, 1942, when a black soldier from the 364th Infantry Regiment at Papago Park was shot while resisting arrest after a brawl. Other African Americans objected, so the military police rounded up about 150 black soldiers. The soldiers panicked and run, the police cordoned off twenty-eight blocks on the city's southeast side, and armored personnel carriers rolld down the streets, spraying houses with 50-caliber machine guns whenever the soldiers refused to surrender. By the time the violence was over, 180 soldiers had been arrested and three men had died. November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Papago () Park is a municipal park of the cities of Phoenix and Tempe, Arizona, USA. Description Papago Park is a hilly desert park covering some 490 hectares (1200 acres) in its Phoenix extent, and some 140 hectares (296 acres) in its Tempe extent (the latter is also referred to specifically...

Four days later, Colonel Ross Hoyt of Luke Air Field declared Phoenix off-limits to army personnel. He claimed that his order had nothing to do with the "Thanksgiving night riot" and everything to do with the "venereal disease situation." Rioting blacks confirmed Anglo stereotypes and reinforced the army's policy of segregation. Machine-gun fire in African American neighborhoods was easily justified in a community with an essentially Southern mentality. Still, Hoyt and other base commanders announced, "The city will stay out-of-bounds until it has become untenable for prostitues." The verereal disease rate at his base had tripled in four months and he demanded "an immediate drive on all loose women... no matter who it hurts."

Recognizing that the army was one of the community's largest sources of revenue, more than seventy-five business leaders grilled Mayor Newell Stewart and his city commissioners in the card room of the Adams Hotel. After hours of such pressure, the commissioners agreed to fire the city manager, clerk, magistrate, and chief of police. Payoffs from pimps, madams, gamblers, and drug dealers were no longer acceptable. Three days later, Colonel Hoyt lifted his ban.

It was the beginning of a revolution in Arizona politics. In 1947 many of the same leaders who had met in the Adams Hotel spearheaded the bipartisan Charter Revision Committee, which sponsored the successful drive to revise the city charter and allow a professional city manager to run the government. Two years later the same group formed the Charter Government Committee (CGC) and elected its own slate of candidates to the city council. Established civic leaders like Snell, Walter Bimson, banker Sherman Hazeltine, and Eugene Pulliam, the conservative newspaper publisher who bought both the Arizona Republic and the Phoenix Gaztette in 1946, were powerful forces on the committee. One of the first CGC council members was a department store owner named Barry Goldwater. Eugene Collins Pulliam (May 3, 1889 - June 23, 1975) was an American newspaper publisher and businessman who was the founder and longtime president of Central Newspapers Inc. ... The Arizona Republic is a newspaper published in Phoenix, Arizona. ... Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 – May 29, 1998[1]) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–87) and the Republican Partys nominee for President in the 1964 election. ...

The CGC set the tone for the image postwar Phoenix wanted to convey. Most members were white, male upper-middle-class businessmen and lawyers, and even though Arizona was a predominantly Democratic state, most CGC members were conservative Republicans. They lived in North Phoenix or Paradise Valley and belonged to the Phoenix Country Club. Their wives ran the Junior League. A number of women, like Sandra Day O'Connor and Margaret Hance, went on to have successful judicial or political careers of their own several decades later. The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States; the other being the Republican Party. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. ... Paradise Valley is a town located in Maricopa County, Arizona. ... The Association of Junior Leagues International, Inc. ... Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ... Margaret Taylor Hance (July 2, 1923-April 29, 1990) was the first female mayor of Phoenix, Arizona, taking office in 1976. ...

The CGC's model of government was influenced by the corporate approach to military buildup during World War II. Members of the CGC wanted a clean, efficient city run by a clean, efficient government, and they wanted that government to attract new businesses, particularly aeronautics and electronics firms with strong ties to the Pentagon. To do so, they had to eliminate old-style graft and nepotism because military contractors and corporate site-selection teams frowned upon the image of a corrupt, sluggish past they conveyed.

The right to work

Tucson and Phoenix decided that the best way to compete with other cities to attract industry was to offer low taxes and low wages. Arizona's climate was a considerable draw, but business executives demanded more than sunshine to move their companies to the desert Southwest. Lowering taxes was relatively noncontroversial. During its first campaign in 1949, the Charter Government Committee sponsored a series of measures to reduce or eliminate many taxes on businesses in Phoenix. Because CGC candidates swept the city elections, most of the proposals passed. That same year Governor Ernest McFarland established the Industrial Development Committee to recommend changes in the state tax code. During the early 1950s, the state legislature adopted all of the committee's recommendations, culminating in the repeal in 1955 of the Arizona sales tax on products manufactured for sale to the federal government. Ernest William McFarland (1894 - 1984), an American politician and the Father of the G.I. Bill, is the only American to serve in the highest office in all three branches of government--two at the state level, one at the federal level. ... // Recovering from World War II and its aftermath, the economic miracle emerged in West Germany and Italy. ...

In 1939, Arizona representatives of the railroad brotherhoods, the American Federation of Labor, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations set aside their differences and formed the Arizona League for Better Government. By the mid-1940s the creation of another prolabor progressive coalition looked possible. The IUMMSW was organizing successful strikes in the copper mines. Sidney Osborn was the wildly popular governor. Democrats remained in control of the legislature, and even though most of the legislators were conservative, their ties to the national party forced them to pay lip service to Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. Business leaders believed that labor had to be curbed if Arizona was ever going to realize its destiny as a mecca of light industry and high finance. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. ... The Congress of Industrial Organizations, or CIO, was a federation of unions that organized industrial workers in the United States and Canada in 1935-1955. ... The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949. ... Lip service is the name of the situation in which someone complies with a certain obligation, or expectation, they have been subjected to, to the minimum possible extent. ...

The assault began in 1945 when a group of Arizona servicemen formed the Veterans' Right to Work Committee. Their leader, Herbet Williams, had started a welding business and had lost a contract because he ran a nonunion shop. Other veterans found themselves out of work because of union seniority rules. Their resentment drove them into the right-to-work camp just as resentment against the dual wage system caused Mexican veterans in Clifton-Morenci to join the IUMMSW and take on Phelps Dodge during the same period.

After the legislature defeated several right-to-work bills, the Veterans' Committee took the battle to the Arizona public. In November 1946 an Arizona constitutional amendment guaranteeing open shops appeared on the ballot. That fall, both sides hurled slurs at each other, using Adolf Hitler and the Communists as tools. Eugene Pulliamdetested unions and did everything he could to support the amendment. Since he owned two of the biggest newspapers in the state, his support carried great weight, especially given the mood of the electorate. More strikes broke out in 1946 than in any other year in U.S. history, and by the time November came, voters were tired of the disruptions. The populist Sidney Osborn won against his Republican opponent by 73,595 to 48,867. Despite Osborn's opposition to right-to-work, the amendment still passed by the margin of 61,875 to 49,557. Arizonans effectively gutted the unions except in the copper towns. Right-to-work laws are statutes enforced in several U.S. States, allowed under provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, which prohibit trade unions from making membership a condition of employment, either before or after hire. ... Hitler redirects here. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Eugene Collins Pulliam (May 3, 1889 - June 23, 1975) was an American newspaper publisher and businessman who was the founder and longtime president of Central Newspapers Inc. ...

The controversy also provided a statewide organization that allowed conservative young Republicans in Phoenix to expand their base of power. One member of the Veterans' Committee was a Harvard-trained lawyer named John Rhodes. He won election as Arizona's first Republican congressman in 1952. Another was Barry Goldwater, who became a Republican U.S. senator the same year. Once in Washington, Goldwater's appointment to the Labor and Welfare Committee gave him the national antilabor exposure he needed to turn himself into "Mr. Conservative" and to lead the first change against the New Deal and later the Great Society. Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... John Rhodes may refer to John Jacob Rhodes, (1916 - ) Congressional representative from Arizona John Jacob Rhodes III, (1943 - ) Congressional representative from Arizona John W. Rhodes, North Carolina politician John Rhodes, Aon Corporation employee killed in the September 11 attacks John Rhodes, mathemetician, co-developer of Krohn-Rhodes Theory John Rhodes... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969). ...

As Republican power grew, unionism as a statewide political force withered and died. By 1958, at the height of the boom, less than 33,000 workers belonged to unions even though Arizona's workforce numbered more than 450,000. The movement died, perhaps, in 1965 when the national labor movement tried to repeal Section 14-B of the Taft-Hartley Act, which allowed open shops in businesses across state lines. By then, Morris Udall was a state congressman, the most liberal member of Arizona's congressional delegation. In 1946, Morris and his brother Stewart had ardently opposed the right-to-work crusade. Twenty years later Udall felt compelled to support it. The result was an Arizona wage structure that was 10 to 25 percent lower than in the major industrial centers of the country. The Labor-Management Relations Act, commonly known as the Taft-Hartley Act, is a United States federal law that greatly restricts the activities and power of labor unions. ... Morris King Udall (June 15, 1922 - December 12, 1998), better known as Mo, was an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Arizona from 1961 to 1991. ...