The Hollow Men (1925) is a major poem by T. S. Eliot, a Nobel Prize winning modernist poet. Its themes are, like many of Eliot's poems, overlapping and fragmentary, but it is recognized to be concerned with: post-War Europe under the Treaty of Versailles (which Eliot despised--compare 'Gerontion'); the difficulty of hope and religious conversion; and, as some critics argue, Eliot's failed marriage (Vivienne had been having an affair with Bertrand Russell).^[1] The Hollow Men may refer to: The Hollow Men, a poem by T. S. Eliot The Hollow Men (comedy troupe), a British comedy troupe The Hollow Men (band), a British rock band The Hollow Men, a Doctor Who novel (named after the poem) The Hollow Men, a book by Nicky... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965), was a poet, dramatist and literary critic. ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... Gerontion is a poem by T.S. Eliot, first published in 1920. ... Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, advocate for social reform, and pacifist. ...

Overview

The two epigraphs to the poem, "Mistah Kurtz - he dead" and "A penny for the Old Guy", are allusions to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and to Guy Fawkes, attempted arsonist of the English house of Parliament, and his straw-man effigy that is burned each year in the United Kingdom on Bonfire Night. In literature, an epigraph is a quotation that is placed at the start of a work or section that expresses in some succinct way an aspect or theme of what is to follow. ... // Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-born English novelist. ... For other uses, see Heart of Darkness (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Guido Fawkes (disambiguation). ... Bonfire Night can refer to a number of occasions: St. ...

Some critics read the poem as told from five perspectives, each representing a phase of the passing of a soul into one of death's kingdoms ("death's dream kingdom", "death's twilight kingdom", and "death's other kingdom"), Eliot describes how we, the living, will be seen by "those who have crossed with direct eyes... not as lost violent souls, but only as the hollow men — stuffed men." The image of eyes figures prominently in the poem, notably in one of Eliot's most famous lines Eyes I dare not meet in dreams. Such eyes are also generally accepted to be in reference to Dante's Beatrice (see below). For other uses, see Soul (disambiguation). ... Dante redirects here. ...

The poet depicts figures, "gathered on the beach of [a] tumid river" — drawing considerable influence from Dante's third and fourth cantos of the Inferno which describes Limbo, the first circle of Hell - showing man in his inability to cross into Hell itself or to even beg redemption, unable to speak with God. Dancing "round a prickly pear," the figures worship false gods, recalling children and reflecting Eliot's interpretation of Western culture after World War I. A canto is a significant section of a long poem or the highest part in a piece of choral music. ... Look up inferno, Inferno, infernal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the theological concept. ... This article is about the theological or philosophical afterlife. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Species Some 250, see also Example species. ... The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin Idolatry is a major sin in the Abrahamic religions regarding image. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

The final stanza may be the most quoted of all of Eliot's poetry; In poetry, a stanza is a unit within a larger poem. ...

This is the way the world ends

This is the way the world ends

This is the way the world ends

Not with a bang but a whimper.

This last line alludes to, amongst some talk of war, the actual end of the Gunpowder Plot mentioned at the beginning: not with its planned bang, but with Guy Fawkes's whimper, as he was caught, tortured and executed on the gallows. Some critics, particularly Helen Gardner, have also pointed out a (perhaps un-Eliotic) note of hope insofar as that 'whimper' could be interpreted as the sound of a new-born. A contemporary sketch of the conspirators. ... For other uses, see Guido Fawkes (disambiguation). ...

Perhaps most revealing, though, is Eliot's response, a 'no', when asked if he would write these lines again:

One reason is that while the association of the H-bomb is irrelevant to it, it would today come to everyone's mind. Another is that he is not sure the world will end with either. People whose houses were bombed have told him they don't remember hearing anything.^[2]

Other significant references include the Lord's Prayer and Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. The Sermon on the Mount by Carl Heinrich Bloch. ... Shakespeare redirects here. ... Facsimile of the first page of Julius Caesar from the First Folio, published in 1623 Julius Caesar is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed written in 1599. ...

Relation to Eliot's career

Allen Tate, reviewing Eliot’s new volume in 1926, perceived a shift in Eliot’s method and noted that, ‘'The mythologies disappear altogether in The Hollow Men’—a striking claim for a poem as indebted to Dante as anything else in Eliot’s early work, to say little of the modern English mythology — the ‘Old Guy [Fawkes]’ of the Gunpowder Plot—or the colonial and agrarian mythos of Conrad and Frazer, which, at least for reasons of textual history, echoes The Waste Land.^[3] The ‘continuous parallel between contemporaneity and antiquity’ that is so characteristic of his mythical method remains in fine form.^[4] John Orley Allen Tate (November 19, 1899 - February 9, 1979) was an American poet, essayist, and social commentator, and Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, 1943 - 1944. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dante redirects here. ... The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 involved a desperate but failed attempt by a group of provincial English Catholic extremists to kill King James I of England, his family, and most of the Protestant aristocracy in one fell swoop by blowing up the Houses of Parliament during the State Opening. ... Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy. ... // Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-born English novelist. ... Sir James George Frazer (January 1, 1854 - May 7, 1941), a social anthropologist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion, was born in Glasgow, Scotland. ... The Waste Land (1922)[1] is a highly influential 434-line modernist poem by T. S. Eliot. ...

Yet Tate is right to point that the practice of this method has indeed changed. Moving away from the bathos and ironic deflation of Eliot’s earlier work, the mocking juxtapositions of Tiresias and the figure of the (sexually, spiritually) exhausted typist have disappeared, leaving the pathos of mental and spiritual exhaustion to deepen even beyond ‘What the Thunder Said’ — The Hollow Men, as Eliot once put it to Pound, was ‘post-Waste’.^[5] (This is not to say that such ironic juxtaposition does not happen at all — it does, for instance, occur in each chorus, which seems variably to be made of ‘the hollow men’ and children at play — but this, too, is used to amplify the new emphasis of the poetry.) Rather than enriching a single plane of existence — The Waste Land, for all its mythic expansions, is, like Ulysses, ultimately grounded in the life of a particular city — The Hollow Men is one of the earliest poems to seriously attempt the ‘doubleness’ of action that Eliot later called characteristic of ‘poetic drama’: Everes redirects here. ... Ezra Pound in 1913. ... Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. ...

‘We sometimes feel, in following the words and behavior of some of the characters of Dostoevsky, that they are living at once on the plane we know and on some other place of reality from which we are shut out.’^[6]

If The Waste Land’s London, then, shaped by a comparison to Dante’s Limbo (‘I had not thought death had undone so many’), it remains an imaginary, ‘Unreal’ London, but a London nonetheless. The ‘doubleness’ of The Hollow Men, both London and Limbo with its ‘tumid river’ and its ‘wind’s singing’, brings the worldly and the religious into a poetry whose spiritual pregnancy seems well aligned with Eliot’s conversion soon after. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... This article is about the theological concept. ...

This period was, in various ways, a kind of extended ‘dark night of the soul’. He was struggling with the failure of Sweeney Agonistes —‘...even Pound thought it might now be “too late” for him’^[7]—and his relations to his estranged wife, Vivienne, were continuing to disintegrate; and, since critics like Edmund Wilson, reviewing Ash Wednesday in 1930, could look back on The Hollow Men as ‘the nadir of the phase of despair and desolation’, it is all too tempting to look for expressions of the biographical moment in the poem.^[8] Indeed, some, like Bernard Bergonzi, have seen elements of the ‘process poem’ in it: ‘it has the teasing fascination of an almost-erased inscription’; the failed religious conversion echoing Eliot’s failed play and, perhaps, failed marriage vows.^[9] Dark Night of the Soul is a term used to describe a specific phase in a persons spiritual life. ... Edmund Wilson (May 8, 1895 – June 12, 1972) was an American writer, noted chiefly for his literary criticism. ... Ash-Wednesday (sometimes Ash Wednesday) is the first long poem written by T.S. Eliot after his 1927 conversion to Anglicanism. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bernard Bergonzi (b. ...

Eliot, of course, did convert soon after; things could only get just so bad with Vivienne; and he was, finally, able to take much from Sweeny Agonistes: Peter Ackroyd suggests that its dramatic form contributed to the clearer, simpler imagism and the ‘uncomplicated accentual meter’ of The Hollow Men.^[10] And, if many critics read The Hollow Men as the conclusion to Eliot’s Inferno—with Ash Wednesday beginning the Purgatorio—it is interesting that Ronald Bush, after a study of the textual sources, finds something of the Vita Nuova here: ‘Psychologically, the drama moves downward from resistance to submission, but spiritually it moves upward from proud isolation through humility to a thirst for divine love.’^[11] This interpretation assumes, of course, that the eyes ‘I dare not meet in dreams’ are an echo of Dante’s Beatrice, spied but avoided because of shame across the lost Edenic waters in the Purgatorio. For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino... For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino... Ronald George Bush (b. ... For Dantes poem see La Vita Nuova article. ... // Eden may refer to: Garden of Eden, an original meaning, a place east of Eden described in Book of Genesis. ...

Publication information

The poem was first published as now known on November 23, 1925, in Eliot's Poems: 1909-1925. Eliot was known to collect poems and fragments of poems to produce new works. This is clearest to see in his poems The Hollow Men and "Ash-Wednesday" where he incorporated previously published poems to become sections of a larger work. In the case of The Hollow Men four of the five sections of the poem were previously published: is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ash-Wednesday (sometimes Ash Wednesday) is the first long poem written by T.S. Eliot after his 1927 conversion to Anglicanism. ...

• "Poème," published in the Winter 1924 edition of Commerce (with a French translation,) became Part I of The Hollow Men.

• Doris's Dream Songs in the November 1924 issue of Chapbook had the three poems: "Eyes that I last saw in tears", "The wind sprang up at four o'clock", and "This is the dead land." The third poem became Parts III of The Hollow Men.

• Three Eliot poems appeared in the January, 1925 issue of his Criterion magazine: "Eyes I dare not meet in dreams", "Eyes that I last saw in tears", and "The eyes are not here". The first poem became Part II of The Hollow Men and the third became Part IV.

• Additionally, the March 1925 of Dial published The Hollow Men, I-III which was finally transformed to The Hollow Men Parts I, II, and IV in Poems: 1909-1925.

(Publication information from Gallup^[12]) For other uses, see November (disambiguation). ... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ...

Influence in culture

Literature

• The poem is referenced in Alan Moore's V for Vendetta graphic novel where Guy Fawkes is the inspiration for the character V.

• The Nevil Shute novel, On the Beach, takes its name from the second stanza of Part IV of the poem.

• Stephen King's Dark Tower series contains countless references to The Hollow Men, as well as The Waste Land (most prominently the title of the 3rd book in the series, which is The Waste Lands). King also makes reference to this poem in Pet Sematary "Or maybe someone who had escaped from Eliot's poem about the hollow men. I should have been a pair of ragged claws."

• The last line was used in the title of an anthology of short stories in which the world ends, Bangs and Whimpers.

• Dean Koontz's novel, "The Taking" contains lines that are heavily influenced by this poem.

• Sharon Kay Penman's novel Falls the Shadow, recounting the life and career of Simon de Montfort, takes its title from this poem.

• The Hollow Men (book) by Nicky Hager presumably takes its name from this poem.

• The poem's last stanza: "This is the way the world ends/Not with a bang but a whimper" is paraphrased multiple times in Nathan Tyree's cult novella "Mr Overby is Falling."

• Haruki Murakami's Kafka on the Shore contains parts of the poem.

For other persons named Alan Moore, see Alan Moore (disambiguation). ... This article is about the comic book series. ... Trade paperback of Will Eisners A Contract with God (1978), often mistakenly cited as the first graphic novel. ... V is a fictional character from the comic book series V for Vendetta, created by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. ... Nevil Shute (London, January 17, 1899 – Melbourne, January 12, 1960) (full name Nevil Shute Norway) was one of the most popular novelists of the mid-20th century. ... On the Beach is a post-apocalyptic end-of-the-world novel written by British-Australian author Nevil Shute after he had emigrated to Australia. ... For other persons named Stephen King, see Stephen King (disambiguation). ... This article is about Stephen Kings horror novel. ... Dean Ray Koontz (born July 9, 1945 in Everett, Pennsylvania) is an American writer. ... The Taking is a 2004 novel written by Dean Koontz. ... Sharon Kay Penman (born 1945) is an American author of fiction, born in New York, but her ancestors were Anglo-Irish. ... Falls the Shadow is an original novel written by Daniel OMahony and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. ... Two notable men bore the name of Simon de Montfort or Simon de Montford in the middle ages: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (1160 - 1218), a French nobleman, achieved prominence in the Fourth Crusade and in the Albigensian Crusade. ... The Hollow Men in a 2006 book written by Nicky Hager. ... Haruki Murakami , born January 12, 1949) is a popular contemporary Japanese writer and translator. ... Kafka on the Shore ) is a novel by Japanese author Haruki Murakami (2002). ...

Music

• Eliot's poem was the inspiration for The Hollow Men, a piece for trumpet and orchestra by composer Vincent Persichetti.

• The song "Hollow Again" by the Christian rock band Project 86 is based on this poem and the line "This is the way the world ends" is repeated many times.

• The song "Meant to Live" written by Switchfoot lead singer Jon Foreman and his brother Tim Foreman is based largely on this poem. Template:Http://www.landofbrokenhearts.org/LetdownSongStories.htm

• The song "Young Shields" written by Casiotone for the Painfully Alone frontman Owen Ashcroft is a modern interpretation of this poem.

• The song "Longtime" by the band EMF samples TS Eliot's reading of this poem.

• The song "The Shadow" by Devo (Total Devo, 1988) contains the lines, "Between the emotion/And the response/Falls the Shadow"

• The poem is spoken by musical group Idiot Flesh.

• The song "The Chemicals Between Us" by Gavin Rossdale and his band, Bush (band) featured the line "we're of the Hollow Men, we are the naked ones"

• The song "Thine is the Kingdom" by Greek metal band Rotting Christ contains Part III and Part V of the poem.

• The song "Hollow Men" by Minneapolis post punk group Rifle Sport quotes extensively from the poem.

• The song "Hollow men" on the album "Doppleganger" by the group Daniel Amos in 1983

• The song "Perineum Millenium" by Tim Minchin was heavily influenced by T. S. Eliot.

• The song "No Homeowners" by Twin Cities hip hop artist Sims contains the lyric (rapped by fellow Doomtree member Dessa): 'It goes thanks, T.S., but the world ends like this / Not a bang, not a whimper, but a sibilant hiss.'

• The song "Beast" by Chicago-based band Tusk takes all of its lyrics from Eliot's poem and ends with the line "Not with a bang, but with a whimper."

• The song "Black Tower" from the Halo 3 soundtrack, when played backwards, has a paraphrased stanza from "The Hollow Men".

Vincent Persichetti (June 6, 1915 – August 14, 1987) was a composer and teacher at the Juilliard School whose students included Philip Glass and Thelonious Monk. ... Christian rock (occasionally abbreviated CR) is a form of rock music played by bands whose members are Christian and who often focus the lyrics on matters concerned with the Christian faith. ... Project 86 is a post-hardcore band from Orange County, California consisting of Andrew Schwab (vocals), Randy Torres (guitar), and Stephen Dail (bass). ... Meant to Live is a Top-20 single by Post-grunge band Switchfoot, which climbed to #5 on the US Modern Rock chart. ... Switchfoot is a Grammy-nominated alternative rock band from San Diego, California, United States. ... Jon Foreman playing guitar Jonathan Mark Foreman (born October 22, 1976) is the lead singer, guitarist, and co-founder of the alternative rock band Switchfoot, which he co-founded in 1996 with drummer Chad Butler and his brother Tim on bass. ... Tim Foreman in concert Timothy David Foreman (born August 15, 1978) is the bassist for the band Switchfoot. ... Casiotone for the Painfully Alone is the musical solo-project of musician Owen Ashworth (born 1979) of San Francisco, California. ... EMF is a British indie dance band which came to prominence at the end of the 1980s and the early 1990s. ... Devo (pronounced DEE-vo or dee-VO, often spelled DEVO or DEV-O) is an American New Wave group formed in Akron, Ohio in 1972. ... Idiot Flesh was a band. ... Gavin Rossdale (born Gavin McGregor Rossdale, 30 October 1965)[1] is a British musician most famous for being the lead singer and guitarist of the former British rock band, Bush, and later the lead singer and guitarist of Institute, which broke up in 2006 after only one album. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Rotting Christ is an Athens, Greece-based black metal band formed in 1987. ... Tim Minchin Tim Minchin (born 7 October 1975) is an Australian comedian, actor, composer, songwriter, pianist, musical director and self-proclaimed rock n roll megastar. Born in Western Australia, he attended the University of Western Australia before launching onto the world stage at the 2005 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, winning the... Twin Cities hip hop is hip-hop or rap music that originates from the Twin Cities metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Minnesota. ... Doomtree logo Doomtree is a hip hop collective based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. ...

Film, television and gaming

• Eliot's poem was also a strong influence on Francis Ford Coppola and the movie Apocalypse Now. In the film, antagonist Colonel Kurtz (played by Marlon Brando) is depicted reading parts of the poem out loud to his followers. Furthermore, in the Complete Dossier DVD release of the film, there is a 17 minute special feature of Kurtz reciting the poem in its entirety. The poem's epigraph is "Mistah Kurtz - he dead" which is a quote from Conrad's Heart of Darkness, upon which the film is loosely based.

• The BBC science-fiction programme Doctor Who references both the "Falls the Shadow" section (the words had also been used previously as the title of a Doctor Who novel) and the "This is the Way the World Ends…" conclusion in the 2007 episode The Lazarus Experiment.

• Barry Evans' character in the film Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1967) states "This is the way the world shall end. Not with a bang, but with a Wimpy."

• The final stanza is printed one line at a time at the beginning of the Television production of Stephen King's The Stand. The poem is also referenced in part by the character who feels responsible for the deadly 'Captain Tripps' virus being unleashed.

• Before the release of Halo: Combat Evolved, a series of emails were transmitted to a gaming website. The emails contained what would later be known as the Cortana Letters. In the first transmission, the letter makes reference to Eliot's last stanza when it states: "Oh, and your poet Eliot had it all wrong: THIS is the way the world ends." The cryptic message would be elaborated upon in the game's sequels, another appearance in promotional material for Halo 3, spoken by the character Cortana. The aforementioned scene was included in the final version of the game with Cortana speaking the line at a critical moment in the story when all hope seems lost. Also, the character Gravemind is heard speaking broken-up lines from this poem in the background at various points in Halo 3. Towards the end of the game, Sgt. Johnson states "Take me out with a bang" as he dies. The final section of the last level is titled "The Way the World Ends". Also, there are three reversed messages in the Halo 3 Soundtrack, each making reference to lines from the poem.

• In Metal Gear Solid 2, near the end, the protagonist, Raiden, has a conversation with an A.I. construct about the saturation of information caused by the internet, and other modern communication advancements. The A.I. tells Raiden: "This is the way the world ends, not with a bang, but a whimper."

• The trailer for the 2007 film Southland Tales, directed by Richard Kelly, plays on the poem stating - "This is the way the world ends, not with a whimper but with a bang".

• In White Wolf Game Studio's World of Darkness roleplaying game Mage: The Ascension, the "Hollow Ones" are a Tradition of Mages named after Eliot's poem.

Francis Ford Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is a five-time Academy Award winning American film director, producer, and screenwriter. ... Apocalypse Now is a 1979 Academy Award and Golden Globe winning American film set during the Vietnam War. ... Marlon Brando, Jr. ... This article is about the television series. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Lazarus Experiment is an episode of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. ... Barry Joseph Evans (June 18, 1943 - February 11, 1997) was an English actor and television performer best known for his appearances in British sitcoms such as Doctor in the House and Mind Your Language. ... This article is about a film. ... The Stand is a post-apocalyptic Horror/Science Fiction novel by Stephen King originally published in 1978. ... Halo: Combat Evolved, or simply Halo, is a video game in the first-person shooter (FPS) genre, created by the Microsoft-owned Bungie Studios. ... The Cortana Letters are a series of e-mails that were sent by an unknown communications place (Bungie Software in the past) under the alias of Cortana to the fansite marathon. ... For the Nine Inch Nails release, see Head Like a Hole. ... Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (commonly abbreviated MGS2) is a stealth-based game that was developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation 2 in 2001. ... Southland Tales is a 2007 science fiction / drama / dark comedy film, written and directed by Richard Kelly. ... Richard Kelly - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The logo of White Wolf Publishing, one of White Wolf, Inc. ... The World of Darkness (or WoD) is the name given to three related but distinct fictional universes. ... Mage: The Ascension is a role-playing game based in the World of Darkness, and is published by White Wolf Game Studio. ...

Art

• Chris Marker created a 19 minute multimedia piece in 2005 for the Museum of Modern Art in New York titled "Owls At Noon Prelude: The Hollow Men" which was influenced by Eliot's poem.

Chris Marker (born July 29, 1921) is a French writer, photographer, film director, multimedia artist and documentary maker. ... This article is about the museum in New York City. ...

Computers

• The Acid1 test page for web browsers contains the phrase "the world ends" followed by two radio buttons labeled "bang" and "whimper" ^[13]

A group of radio buttons, with one choice selected, in Windows XP A pair of radio buttons in Apples Mac OS X A radio button is a type of graphical user interface widget that allows the user to choose one of a predefined set of options. ...

References

1. ^ See, for instance, the biographically oriented work of one of Eliot's editors and major critics, Ronald Schuchard.
2. ^ 'T. S. Eliot at Seventy, and an Interview with Eliot' in Saturday Review. Henry Hewes. 13 September 1958 in Grant p. 705
3. ^ T. S. Eliot: the Critical Heritage. Michael Grant ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982
4. ^ 'Ulysses, Order, and Myth.' Selected Essays T. S. Eliot (orig 1923)
5. ^ A guide to The Selected Poems of T. S. Eliot, 6th edition ed. B. C. Southam.
6. ^ ‘John Marston.’ Selected Essays T. S. Eliot (1934)
7. ^ T. S. Eliot: A Life. Peter Ackroyd. NYC: Simon and Shuster, 1984. p. 147
8. ^ Article in Grant
9. ^ T. S. Eliot. Bernard Bergonzi. London: Macmillan, 1972
10. ^ See entry in Grant
11. ^ T. S. Eliot: A Study in Character and Style. Ronald Bush. (1983)
12. ^ Gallup, Donald. T. S. Eliot: A Bibliography (A Revised and Extended Edition) pp. 33, 210-11 (Harcourt Brace & World 1969)
13. ^ http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/CSS1/current/test5526c.htm

External links

• Text of the poem
• Chris Marker's "Owls at Noon Prelude: The Hollow Men"