The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Cover page of The Egoist, Ltd.'s publication of Prufrock and Other Observations
Author	T. S. Eliot
Original title	Prufrock Among the Women
Country	United States
Language	English
Genre(s)	Poetry
Publisher	The Egoist, Ltd.
Publication date	1915

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is the poem that marked the start of T. S. Eliot's career as one of the twentieth century's most influential poets. The poem, also referred to simply as Prufrock, is one of the most anthologized 20th century poems in the English language.^[1] The poem is a dramatic monologue, a form that had been much favored by Robert Browning, and uses the "stream of consciousness" literary technique.^[2] Image File history File links Prufrock_And_Other_Observations. ... The Egoist was a London literary magazine published from 1914 to 1919, during which time it published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce. ... Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965), was a poet, dramatist and literary critic. ... For other uses, see Country (disambiguation). ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A publisher is a person or entity which engages in the act of publishing. ... Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965), was a poet, dramatist and literary critic. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A dramatic monologue is a type of poem, developed during the Victorian period, in which a character in fiction or in history delivers a speech explaining his or her feelings, actions, or motives. ... Robert Browning (May 7, 1812 – December 12, 1889) was a British poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. ... For other uses, see Stream of consciousness (psychology) In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a literary technique that seeks to portray an individuals point of view by giving the written equivalent of the characters thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his...

Composition and publication

Composed mainly between February 1910 and July/August 1911, the poem was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse (Chicago)^[3] after Ezra Pound, the magazine's foreign editor, persuaded Harriet Monroe, the magazine's founder, that Eliot was unique: "He has actually trained himself AND modernized himself ON HIS OWN. The rest of the promising young have done one or the other but never both."^[4] This was Eliot's first publication of a poem outside of school or university publications. See also: 1914 in literature, other events of 1915, 1916 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Poetry, published in Chicago, Illinois since 1912, is one of the leading monthly poetry journals in the English-speaking world. ... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ... Ezra Pound in 1913. ... Harriet Monroe (1860-12-23 – 1936-09-26) was an American editor, scholar, literary critic, and patron of the arts. ...

In June 1917, The Egoist, a small publishing firm run by Leonard and Virginia Woolf, published a pamphlet entitled Prufrock and Other Observations (London), containing twelve poems by Eliot. "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" was the first poem in the volume. See also: 1916 in literature, other events of 1917, 1918 in literature, list of years in literature. ... The Egoist was a London literary magazine published from 1914 to 1919, during which time it published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce. ... Leonard Woolf (November 25, 1880 – August 14, 1969) married Virginia Woolf in 1912. ... For the American writer, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Eliot's notebook of draft poems, Inventions of the March Hare (published posthumously in 1996 by Harcourt Brace), includes thirty-eight lines from the middle of the draft version of the poem that were withheld from the initial publication. This section, known as Prufrock's Pervigilium, contains the "vigil" of Prufrock through an evening and night. Harcourt Trade Publishers is a U.S. publishing firm with a long history of publishing fiction and nonfiction for children and adults. ... Vigil, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century) This article is about the period of sleeplessness. ...

The title

In the drafts, the poem had the subtitle Prufrock among the Women.^[5] Eliot said "The Love Song of" portion of the title came from "The Love Song of Har Dyal," a poem by Rudyard Kipling.^[6] The form of Prufrock's name is like the name that Eliot was using at the time: T. Stearns Eliot.^[7] It has been suggested that Prufrock comes from the German word "Prüfstein" meaning "touchstone."^{[citation needed]} This article is about the British author. ... A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as fieldstone or slate, used for probing of precious metal alloys. ...

There was a "Prufrock-Littau Company" in St Louis at the time Eliot lived there, a furniture store; in a 1950 letter, Eliot said, "I did not have, at the time of writing the poem, and have not yet recovered, any recollection of having acquired this name in any way, but I think that it must be assumed that I did, and that the memory has been obliterated."^[8] Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ...

The epigraph

In context, the epigraph refers to a meeting between Dante and Guido da Montefeltro, who was condemned to the eighth circle of Hell for providing false counsel to Pope Boniface VIII. This encounter follows Dante's meeting with Ulysses, who himself is also condemned to the circle of the Fraudulent. According to Ron Banerjee, the epigraph serves to cast ironic light on Prufrock's intent. Like Guido, Prufrock had intended his story never be told, and so by quoting Guido, Eliot reveals his view of Prufrock's love song.^[9] In literature, an epigraph is a quotation that is placed at the start of a work or section that expresses in some succinct way an aspect or theme of what is to follow. ... DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... Guido da Montefeltro (1223 - September 29, 1298) was an Italian military strategist and lord of Urbino. ... For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino... Pope Boniface VIII (c. ... For other uses, see Odysseus (disambiguation). ...

Frederick Locke contends that Prufrock himself is suffering from multiple-personalities of sorts, and that he embodies both Guido and Dante in the Inferno analogy. One is the storyteller; the other the listener who later reveals the story to the world. He posits, alternatively, that the role of Guido in the analogy is indeed filled by Prufrock, but that the role of Dante is filled by you, the reader, as in "Let us go then, you and I," (1). In that, the reader is granted the power to do as he pleases with Prufrock's love song.^[10]

Although he finally chose not to use it, the draft version of the epigraph for the poem came from Dante's Purgatorio (XXVI, 147-148): ...

'sovegna vos a temps de ma dolor'.

Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina.

Eliot provided this translation in his essay "Dante" (1929):

'be mindful in due time of my pain'.

Then dived he back into that fire which refines them.

The quotation that Eliot did choose comes from Dante also, Inferno (XXVII, 61-66), which reads: Dante redirects here. ... For other uses see The Divine Comedy (disambiguation), Dantes Inferno (disambiguation), and The Inferno (disambiguation) Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino...

S`io credesse che mia risposta fosse

A persona che mai tornasse al mondo,

Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse.

Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo

Non torno vivo alcun, s'i'odo il vero,

Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo.

One translation from the Princeton Dante Project is: Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ...

"If I thought my answer were given

to anyone who would ever return to the world,

this flame would stand still without moving any further.

But since never from this abyss

has anyone ever returned alive, if what I hear is true,

without fear of infamy I answer you."^[11]

Interpretation

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As it shows us only surface thought and images, it is considered difficult to interpret exactly what is going on in the poem. Laurence Perrine wrote, "[the poem] presents the apparently random thoughts going through a person's head within a certain time interval, in which the transitional links are psychological rather than logical".^[2] This stylistic choice makes it difficult to determine exactly what is literal and what is symbolic. On the surface, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" relays the thoughts of a sexually frustrated middle-aged man who wants to say something but is afraid to do so, and ultimately does not.^[2][12] The dispute, however, lies in who Prufrock is talking to, whether he is actually going anywhere, what he wants to say, and what the various images refer to. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

First of all, it is not evident to whom the poem is addressed. Some believe that Prufrock is talking to another person^[13] or directly to the reader,^[14] while others believe Prufrock's monologue is internal. Perrine writes "The 'you and I' of the first line are divided parts of Prufrock's own nature",^[2] while Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the "you and I" refers to the relationship between the dilemmas of the character and the author.^[15] Similarly, critics dispute whether Prufrock is going somewhere during the course of the poem. In the first half of the poem, Prufrock uses various outdoor images (the sky, streets, cheap restaurants and hotels, fog), and talks about how there will be time for various things before "the taking of toast and tea", and "time to turn back and descend the stair." This has led many to believe that Prufrock is on his way to an afternoon tea, in which he is preparing to ask this "overwhelming question".^[2] Others, however, believe that Prufrock is not physically going anywhere, but rather, is playing through it in his mind.^[16]

Perhaps the most significant dispute lies over what the "overwhelming question" is that Prufrock is trying to ask. Many believe that Prufrock is trying to tell a woman his romantic interest in her,^[2] pointing to the various images of women's arms and clothing and the final few lines in which Prufrock laments that the mermaids will not sing to him. Others, however, believe that Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society, but fears rejection, pointing to statements that express a disillusionment with society such as "I have measured out my life with coffee spoons" (line 51). Many believe that the poem is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock's dilemma represents the inability to live a meaningful existence in the modern world^[17] McCoy and Harlan wrote "For many readers in the 1920s, Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual. He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment."^[18]

Finally, readers and critics are not sure what the many images refer to and what they represent. For example, "yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes" (line 15) has been interpreted as many things, from symbolism for the decline of society (in a similar manner as the Valley of Ashes in The Great Gatsby, another Modernist work)^{[citation needed]}, to a reference to the behaviour of a bear.^[19] As the poem uses the stream of consciousness technique, it is often difficult to determine what is meant to be interpreted literally and what is symbolic, what is actual and what is subconscious imagery or both. In general, Eliot uses imagery which is indicative of Prufrock's character,^[2] representing aging and decay. For example, "When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table"(lines 2-3), the "sawdust restaurants" and "cheap hotels," the yellow fog, and the afternoon "Asleep...tired... or it malingers" (line 77), are reminiscent of languor and decay, while Prufrock's various concerns about his hair and teeth, as well as the mermaids "Combing the white hair of the waves blown back / When the wind blows the water white and black," show his concern over aging. This article is about the novel. ... This article focuses on the cultural movement labeled modernism or the modern movement. See also: Modernism (Roman Catholicism) or Modernist Christianity; Modernismo for specific art movement(s) in Spain and Catalonia. ... For other uses, see Stream of consciousness (psychology) In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a literary technique that seeks to portray an individuals point of view by giving the written equivalent of the characters thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his...

Prufrock and Raskolnikov

John C. Pope, for one, has postulated that Eliot's J. Alfred Prufrock is connected to Fyodor Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov of Crime and Punishment. While Dostoevsky "caught the undercurrent of stifled suffering" in the "withering life of cities", Pope suggests that Prufrock is a victim of "stifled suffering," while the "withering life of cities" is more referential to the slow demise of fashionable society.^[20][21] Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Russian: Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, pronounced , sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, or Dostoevski  ) (November 11 [O.S. October 30] 1821–February 9 [O.S. January 28] 1881) was a Russian novelist and writer of fiction whose works, including Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov, have had a profound and lasting effect... Rodion Romanovitch Raskolnikov is the protagonist of Crime and Punishment by Dostoevsky. ... For other uses, see Crime and Punishment (disambiguation). ...

Use of allusion

Like many of Eliot's poems, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" makes numerous allusions to other works, which are often symbolic in and of themselves.^[2] Laurence Perrine writes, concerning the various allusions in the poem:

• In "Time for all the works and days of hands" (29) the phrase 'works and days' is the title of a long poem - a description of agricultural life and a call to toil - by the early Greek poet Hesiod.

• "I know the voices dying with a dying fall" (52) echoes the opening lines of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

• The prophet of "Though I have seen my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a platter / I am no prophet - and here's no great matter" (81-2) is John the Baptist, whose head was delivered to Salome by Herod as a reward for her dancing (Matthew14:1-11, and Oscar Wilde's play Salome).

• "To have squeezed the universe into a ball" (92) echoes the closing lines of Marvell's 'To His Coy Mistress'.

• "'I am Lazarus, come from the dead'" (94) may be either the beggar Lazarus (of Luke 16) who was not permitted to return from the dead to warn the brothers of a rich man about Hell or the Lazarus (of John 11) whom Christ raised from the dead, or both.

• "Full of high sentence" (117) echoes Chaucer's description of the Clerk of Oxford in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales."^[22]

• In the final section of the poem, Prufrock rejects the idea that he is Prince Hamlet suggesting that he is merely "an attendant lord" (112) whose purpose is to "advise the prince" (114), a likely allusion to Polonius. Prufrock also brings in a common Shakespearean element of the Fool, as he claims he is also "Almost, at times, the Fool."

• "Among some talk of you and me" may be a reference to Quatrain 32 of Edward FitzGerald's first translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ("There was a Door to which I found no Key / There was a Veil past which I could not see / Some little Talk awhile of ME and THEE / There seemed - and then no more of THEE and ME.")^[23]

Roman bronze bust, the so-called Pseudo-Seneca, now identified by some as possibly Hesiod Hesiod (Hesiodos, ) was an early Greek poet and rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BC. Hesiod and Homer, with whom Hesiod is often paired, have been considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived... Shakespeare redirects here. ... Twelfth Night has at least three meanings: Twelfth Night (holiday), celebrated by some Christians Twelfth Night, or What You Will, a comedic play by William Shakespeare Twelfth Night (band), a progressive rock band This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the... St. ... Coin of Salome (daughter of Herodias), queen of Chalcis and Armenia Minor. ... Herod was the name of several members of the Herodian Dynasty of Roman Iudaea Province: Herod the Great (c. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, Κατά Μαθθαίον or Κατά Ματθαίον, Kata Maththaion or Kata Matthaion) is a synoptic gospel in the New Testament, one of four canonical gospels. ... Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 – November 30, 1900) was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and author of short stories. ... One of the illustrations Aubrey Beardsley produced for the first English edition of Wildes play Salome (1894) Salome (or in French: Salomé) is a tragedy by Oscar Wilde The original 1891 version of the play was in French. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... To His Coy Mistress is a poem written by the British author and Puritan statesman Andrew Marvell (1621 – 1678) either during or just before the Interregnum. ... Dives and Lazarus or Lazarus and Dives is a parable[1] attributed to Jesus that is reported only in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 16:19-16:31). ... The Gospel of Luke (literally, according to Luke; Greek, Κατά Λουκαν, Kata Loukan) is a synoptic Gospel, and the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament. ... This article is about the theological or philosophical afterlife. ... Resurrection of Lazarus by Juan de Flandes, around 1500 For other uses, see Lazarus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Gospel of John (disambiguation). ... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... Chaucer: Illustration from Cassells History of England, circa 1902 Chanticleer the rooster from an outdoor production of Chanticleer and the Fox at Ashby_de_la_Zouch castle Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... The first lines from the General Prologue at the openng folio of the Hengwrt manuscript. ... For other uses, see The Canterbury Tales (disambiguation). ... Hamlet and Ophelia, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti Prince Hamlet is the main character in Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet. ... Polonius is a character from William Shakespeares Hamlet. ... For other uses of Jester, see Jester (disambiguation). ... Edward Marlborough FitzGerald (March 31, 1809–June 14, 1883) was an English writer, best known as the poet of the English translation of Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám. ... This image is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

Sources

• Drew, Elizabeth. T. S. Eliot: The Design of His Poetry. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1949.
• Gallup, Donald. T. S. Eliot: A Bibliography (A Revised and Extended Edition) pp. 23, 196 (Harcourt Brace & World 1969)
• Luthy, Melvin J. The Case of Prufrock's Grammar. (1978) College English, 39, 841-853.
• Soles, Derek. The Prufrock Makeover. (1999). The English Journal, 88, 59-61.
• Walcutt, Charles Child. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". (1957). College English, 19, 71-72.

Notes

Christopher Ricks (born 1933) is a British literary critic and scholar. ...

See also

• Modernism
• Ezra Pound
• Symbolism
• Portrait of a Lady

For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ... Ezra Pound in 1913. ... A poem by T.S. Eliot regarding a dying old woman trying to reach out and give profound advice to a youthful man, only to be ignored. ...

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

• J. Alfred Prufrock Study Guide Annotated Text, Themes, Study Questions, and More
• Eliot's Prufrock Text and extended audio discussion of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
• Audio of T. S. Eliot reading the poem aloud
• Prufrock and Other Observations, available at Project Gutenberg.
• Professor Prufrock (a law professor spoof)