The Master and Margarita

The Master and Margarita book cover. The painting shown is "An Englishman in Moscow" by Kazimir Malevich
Author	Mikhail Bulgakov
Original title	Мастер и Маргарита
Country	Russia
Language	Russian
Genre(s)	Novel
Publisher	Posev
Publication date	1966 - 1967 (in series) & 1967 (in single volume)
Published in English	1967
Media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback)
ISBN	NA

The Master and Margarita (Russian: Мастер и Маргарита) is a novel by Mikhail Bulgakov, woven about the premise of a visit by the Devil to the fervently atheistic Soviet Union. Many critics consider the book to be one of the greatest novels of the 20th century, as well as one of the foremost Soviet satires, directed against a suffocatingly bureaucratic social order. The Master and Margarita book cover This image is a book cover. ... Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (Russian: , Polish: , Ukrainian Казимір Северинович Малевич, German: ), (February 23, 1878 – May 15, 1935) was a painter and art theoretician, pioneer of geometric abstract art and one of the most important members of the Russian avant-garde. ... Mikhail Afanasievich Bulgakov (Russian: Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков; May 15 [O.S. May 3] 1891, Kiev – March 10, 1940, Moscow) was a Russian novelist and playwright of the first half of the 20th century. ... For other uses, see Country (disambiguation). ... This article is about the literary concept. ... A publisher is a person or entity which engages in the act of publishing. ... Hardcover books A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with cloth, heavy paper, or sometimes leather). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... ISBN redirects here. ... Mikhail Afanasievich Bulgakov (Russian: Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков; May 15 [O.S. May 3] 1891, Kiev – March 10, 1940, Moscow) was a Russian novelist and playwright of the first half of the 20th century. ... This is an overview of the Devil. ... “Atheist” redirects here. ... 1867 edition of Punch, a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a good deal of satire of the contemporary social and political scene. ...

History

Bulgakov started writing the novel in 1928. The first version of the novel was destroyed (according to Bulgakov, burned in a stove) in March 1930 when he was notified that his play The Cabal of Hypocrites (Кабала святош) was banned. The work was restarted in 1931 and in 1935 Bulgakov attended the Spring Festival at Spaso House, a party said to have inspired the masked ball of the novel.^[1] The second draft was completed in 1936 by which point all the major plot lines of the final version were in place. The third draft was finished in 1937. Bulgakov continued to polish the work with the aid of his wife, but was forced to stop work on the fourth version four weeks before his death in 1940. The work was completed by his wife during 1940-1941. Spaso House, at No. ...

A censored version (12% of the text removed and still more changed) of the book was first published in Moscow magazine (no. 11, 1966 and no. 1, 1967).^[2] The text of all the omitted and changed parts, with indications of the places of modification, was published on a samizdat basis. In 1967 the publisher Posev (Frankfurt) printed a version produced with the aid of these inserts. Samizdat, book published by Pathfinder Press containing a collection of forbidden Trotskyist Samizdat texts. ...   (German: , English: American English: ) is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a mid-2007 population of 663,567. ...

In Russia, the first complete version, prepared by Anna Saakyants, was published by Khudozhestvennaya Literatura in 1973, based on the version of the beginning of 1940 proofread by the publisher. This version remained the canonical edition until 1989, when the last version was prepared by literature expert Lidiya Yanovskaya based on all available manuscripts. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura is a publishing House in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ...

The Mikhail Bulgakov Museum in Moscow was vandalized on December 22, 2006, allegedly by a religious fanatic who denounced the Master and Margarita as being satanic propaganda.^[3] is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Plot summary

The novel alternates between three settings.

The first is 1930s Moscow, which is visited by Satan in the guise of Woland or Voland (Воланд), a mysterious gentleman "magician" of uncertain origin, who arrives with a retinue that includes the grotesquely dressed "ex-choirmaster" valet Koroviev (Fagotto) (Фагот, the name means "bassoon" in Russian and some other languages), a mischievous, gun-happy, fast-talking black cat Behemoth (Бегемот, a subversive Puss in Boots, the name referring at once to the Biblical monster and the Russian word for Hippopotamus), the fanged hitman Azazello (Азазелло, hinting of Azazel), the pale-faced Abadonna (Абадонна, a reference to Abbadon) with a death-inflicting stare, and the witch Hella (Гелла). The havoc wreaked by this group targets the literary elite, along with its trade union, MASSOLIT (a Soviet-style abbreviation for "Moscow Society of Literature", but possibly interpretable as "Literature for the Masses"; one translation of the book also mentions that this could be a play on words in Russian, which could be translated into English as something like "LOTTALIT"), its privileged HQ-cum-restaurant Griboyedov's House, corrupt social-climbers and their women (wives and mistresses alike) – bureaucrats and profiteers – and, more generally, skeptical unbelievers in the human spirit. For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Woland is a charakter from the book The Master and Margarita by the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov Categories: Stub ... The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and tenor registers and occasionally even higher. ... Gustave Dor s 19th century engraving of le chat bott Puss in Boots is a European folktale collected by Charles Perrault in his Contes de ma m re lOye (Mother Goose Tales), and earlier in 1634, by Giambattista Basile as Gagliuso. ... It has been suggested that Bahamut be merged into this article or section. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758[2] Range map[1] The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), from the Greek ‘ιπποπόταμος (hippopotamos, hippos meaning horse and potamos meaning river), often shortened to hippo, is a large, mostly plant-eating African mammal, one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae (the other being the Pygmy... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Azazel (disambiguation). ... Abaddon is a Hebrew word signifying: ruin, destruction (Job 31:12); the place of destruction; the Abyss, realm of the dead (Job 26:6; Proverbs 15:11); it occurs personified (Apocalypse 9:11) as Abaddon and is rendered in Greek by Apollyon, denoting the angel-prince of hell, the minister... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Alexander Sergeyevich Griboyedov (Александр Сергеевич Грибоедов in Russian) (January 15, 1795 - February 11, 1829) was a Russian diplomat, playwright, and composer, whose brilliant comedy in verse, Wit Works Woe, is the most often staged play in Russia. ...

The opening sequence of the book presents a direct confrontation between the unbelieving head of the literary bureaucracy, Berlioz (Берлиоз), and an urbane foreign gentleman who defends belief and reveals his prophetic powers (Woland). This is witnessed by a young and enthusiastically modern poet, Ivan Bezdomniy (Иван Бездомный - the name means "Homeless"). His futile attempt to chase and capture the "gang" and warn of their evil and mysterious nature lands Ivan in a lunatic asylum. Here we are introduced to The Master, an embittered author, the petty-minded rejection of whose historical novel about Pontius Pilate and Christ has led him to such despair that he burns his manuscript and turns his back on the "real" world, including his devoted lover, Margarita (Маргарита). Major episodes in the first part of the novel include Satan's magic show at the Variety Theatre, satirizing the vanity, greed and gullibility of the new rich; and the capture and occupation of Berlioz's apartment by Woland and his gang. Woland is a charakter from the book The Master and Margarita by the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov Categories: Stub ... Pilate redirects here. ... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ...

In Part 2, we meet Margarita, the Master's mistress, who refuses to despair of her lover or his work. She is made an offer by Satan (Woland), and accepts it, becoming a witch with supernatural powers on the night of his Midnight Ball, or Walpurgis Night, which coincides with the night of Good Friday, linking all three elements of the book together, since the Master's novel also deals with this same spring full moon when Christ's fate is sealed by Pontius Pilate and he is crucified in Jerusalem. Walpurgis Night in Sweden. ... Good Friday is the Friday before Easter (Easter always falls on a Sunday). ...

The second setting is the Jerusalem of Pontius Pilate, described by Woland talking to Berlioz and echoed in the pages of the Master's rejected novel, which concerns Pontius Pilate's meeting with Yeshua Ha-Nozri (Иешуа га-Ноцри, Jesus the Nazarene), his recognition of an affinity with and spiritual need for him, and his reluctant but resigned and passive handing over of him to those who wanted to kill him. For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Pilate redirects here. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ...

The third setting is the one to which Margarita provides a bridge. Learning to fly and control her unleashed passions (not without exacting violent retribution on the literary bureaucrats who condemned her beloved to despair), and taking her enthusiastic maid Natasha with her, she enters naked into the world of the night, flies over the deep forests and rivers of Mother Russia; bathes, and, cleansed, returns to Moscow as the anointed hostess for Satan's great Spring Ball. Standing by his side, she welcomes the dark celebrities of human history as they pour up from the opened maw of Hell.

She survives this ordeal without breaking, and for her pains and her integrity she is rewarded: Satan offers to grant Margarita her deepest wish. She chooses to liberate the Master and live in poverty and love with him. However, neither Woland nor Yeshua thinks this is a kind of life for good people, and the couple leaves Moscow with the Devil, as its cupolas and windows burn in the setting sun of Easter Saturday. The Master and Margarita leave and as a reward for not having lost their faith they are granted "peace" but are denied "salvation".

Major Characters in The Master and Margarita

Contemporary Russians

The Master

An author who has written a novel about the meeting of Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha-Nozri. Put away in a psikhushka, where Bezdomny meets him.

Margarita

The Master's lover. Trapped in a passionless marriage; devoted herself to The Master, who she believes dead. Does not appear until second half of the novel, where she serves as the hostess of Satan's Grand Ball on Walpurgis Night. (She is named after Faust's Gretchen – whose real name is Margarita – as well as Marguerite de Valois. Marguerite was the main character in an opera, Les Huguenots by Giacomo Meyerbeer which Bulgakov particularly enjoyed, and a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père, La Reine Margot. In these accounts the queen is portrayed as daring and passionate. The character was also inspired by Bulgakov's last two wives, the first of which loved action and was physically daring, while the last was devoted to his work in the same way as Margarita is to the Master.)

Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz

Head of the literary bureaucracy MASSOLIT, sentenced by Woland to death for his atheistic sentiment.

Ivan Nikolayevich Ponyrov (Bezdomny)

A young, aspiring poet. His pen name Bezdomny means "homeless". Initially a willing tool of the MASSOLIT apparatus, he is transformed by the events of the novel. Witnesses Berlioz's death.

Stephan Bogdanovich Likhodeyev

Director of the Variety Theatre and Berlioz's roommate. Often called by diminutive name Styopa.

Grigory Danilovich Rimsky

Treasurer of the Variety Theatre. At one point, Rimsky meets the ghost of Varenukha. He barely escapes the encounter and he is forced to flee to the train station to get away. The night of Woland's performance is the same night that Rimsky and the ghost meet.

Ivan Savelyevich Varenukha

House-manager of the Variety Theatre.

Natasha

Margarita's maid, later turned into a witch.

Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy

Chairman of the House Committee at 302B Sadovaya Street-former residence of Berlioz.

Psikhushka (Russian: ) is a Russian colloquialism for psychiatric hospital. ... For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Marguerite de Valois, see Marguerite de Valois (disambiguation). ... Les Huguenots is a French opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer. ... Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (September 5, 1791 – May 2, 1864) was a noted German-born opera composer, and the first great exponent of Grand Opera. ... Alexandre Dumas redirects here. ... Categories: Literature stubs | Movie stubs | 1845 books | 1994 films | French novels ... A pen name or nom de plume is a pseudonym adopted by an author. ... A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Witchcraft. ...

Woland and his retinue

Woland

A "foreign professor" who is "in Moscow to present a performance of "black magic" and then expose its machinations". The exposure (as one could guess) never occurs, instead Woland exposes the greed and bourgeois behaviour of the spectators themselves. Satan in disguise.

Behemoth

An enormous (said to be as large as a hog) black cat, capable of standing on two legs and talking. He has a penchant for chess, vodka and pistols. In Russian, "Begemot". The word itself means hippopotamus in Russian as well as the Biblical creature.

Koroviev/Fagotto

An purported "ex-choirmaster"; this may imply that Koroviev was once a member of an angelic choir. Woland's assistant.

Azazello

A menacing, fanged and wall-eyed member of Woland's retinue.

Hella

Beautiful, redheaded witch. Serves as maid to Woland and his retinue. Remarked as being "perfect, were it not for a purple scar on her neck" -- the scar suggesting that she is also a vampiress.

Abadonna

The pale-faced, black-goggled angel of death.

Woland is a charakter from the book The Master and Margarita by the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov Categories: Stub ... It has been suggested that Bahamut be merged into this article or section. ... Hog is a domestic or feral adult swine. ... This article is about the Western board game. ... Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka Shatsk, Russia Vodka (Polish: wódka, Russian: водка) is one of the worlds most popular distilled beverages. ... A pistol is a usually small, projectile weapon, normally fired with one hand. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758[2] Range map[1] The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), from the Greek ‘ιπποπόταμος (hippopotamos, hippos meaning horse and potamos meaning river), often shortened to hippo, is a large, mostly plant-eating African mammal, one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae (the other being the Pygmy... Bassoon Playing range of a bassoon The bassoon is the tenor member of the woodwind family. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Strabismus (from Greek: στραβισμός strabismos, from στραβίζειν strabizein to squint, from στραβός strabos squinting, squint-eyed[1]) is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. ... Grim Reaper redirects here. ...

Characters from The Master's novel

Pontius Pilate

The Roman Procurator of Judaea.

Yeshua Ha-Nozri

Wanderer who became Jesus of Nazareth.

Matthew Levi

A Levite and former tax collector. Follower of Yeshua.

Judas Iscariot

Testified against Yeshua thus causing him to be sentenced to death; later killed on Pilate's orders.

Pilate redirects here. ... A procurator is the incumbent of any of several current and historical political or legal offices. ... Desert hills in southern Judea, looking east from the town of Arad Judea or Judaea (יהודה Praise, Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of historic Palestine, an area now divided... This article concerns critical reconstructions of the Historical Jesus. ... Matthew the Evangelist (מתי, Gift of the LORD, Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew: Mattay; Septuagint Greek: Ματθαίος, Matthaios), most often called Saint Matthew, is an important Christian figure, and one of Jesus Twelve Apostles. ... In the Jewish tradition, a Levite (לֵוִי Attached, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ) is a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi. ... Judas (Greek: Ιούδας) is the anglicized Greek rendering of the Hebrew name Yehudah (Hebrew: יְהוּדָה), also rendered in English as Judah. ...

Themes and imagery

Ultimately, the novel deals with the interplay of good and evil, innocence and guilt, courage and cowardice, exploring such issues as the responsibility towards truth when authority would deny it, and the freedom of the spirit in an unfree world. Love and sensuality are also dominant themes in the novel. Margarita's devotional love for the Master leads her to leave her husband, but she emerges victorious. Her spiritual union with the Master is also a sexual one. The novel is a riot of sensual impressions, but the emptiness of sensual gratification without love is emphatically illustrated in the satirical passages. However, the stupidity of rejecting sensuality for the sake of empty respectability is also pilloried in the figure of the neighbour who becomes Natasha's hog-broomstick.

The interplay of fire, water, destruction and other natural forces provides a constant accompaniment to the events of the novel, as do light and darkness, noise and silence, sun and moon, storms and tranquility, and other powerful polarities. There is a complex relationship between Jerusalem and Moscow throughout the novel, sometimes polyphony, sometimes counterpoint. Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... For other uses, see Counterpoint (disambiguation). ...

The novel is heavily influenced by Goethe's Faust, and its themes of cowardice, trust, treachery, intellectual openness and curiosity, and redemption are prominent. Part of its literary brilliance lies in the different levels on which it can be read, as hilarious slapstick, deep philosophical allegory, and biting socio-political satire critical of not just the Soviet system but also the superficiality and vanity of modern life in general – jazz is a favourite target, ambivalent like so much else in the book in the fascination and revulsion with which it is presented. But the novel is also full of modern amenities like the model asylum, radio, street and shopping lights, cars, lorries, trams, and air travel. There is little evident nostalgia for any "good old days" – in fact, the only figure in the book to even mention Tsarist Russia is Satan himself. In another of its facets, perhaps showing a different aspect of Goethe's influence, the book is a Bildungsroman with Ivan as its focus. Furthermore, there are strong elements of Magical Realism in the novel. Goethe redirects here. ... For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Slapstick (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... 1867 edition of Punch, a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a good deal of satire of the contemporary social and political scene. ... CCCP redirects here. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... A Bildungsroman (IPA: /, German: novel of self-cultivation) is a novelistic form which concentrates on the spiritual, moral, psychological, or social development and growth of the protagonist usually from childhood to maturity. ... Magic Realism (or Magical Realism) is an illustrative or literary technique in which the laws of cause and effect seem not quite to apply in otherwise real world situations. ...

A memorable and much-quoted line in The Master and Margarita is: "manuscripts don't burn" (Russian: рукописи не горят). The Master is a writer who is plagued by both his own mental problems and the oppression of Stalin's regime in 1930s Moscow. He burns his treasured manuscript in an effort to hide it from the Soviet authorities and cleanse his own mind from the troubles the work has brought him. There is an autobiographical element reflected in the Master's character here, as Bulgakov in fact burned an early copy of The Master and Margarita for much the same reasons.

Major thematic issues relating to Art and Women in the novel

The ironies of the relationship between social power and Art are essential to the dramatic tension in the book. Shelley remarks in the Defence of Poetry that "poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world", and as a poet/writer, the Master is so unacknowledged that he feels more at home in a lunatic asylum than in society, where he is subject to the whims of the actual legislators of the world, such as the bureaucrats of Massolit and their political masters. But the whole novel is directed at demonstrating to what it depicts as the corrupt philistines in power that they are less in control than they might wish. Above all they have no control over death or the spirit. They might mobilize the forces of darkness themselves, but fall short in a face-to-face contest with the Prince of Darkness -- and contests of this kind provide the content of most of the Moscow chapters of the first part of the novel. It is notable that Bulgakov attacks no actual political leaders. His targets are all minions of one kind or another, albeit comfortably placed minions, like Berlioz, the head of Massolit, the literary bureaucracy. Despite the grand gestures of universality – darkness and light, the world and the stars, historical and geographical range – the novel is to a great extent a psycho-drama playing itself out in the literary world. The protagonists are the Academy and Bohemia. Even Pilate and Christ clash on these terms of authority vs authenticity. Bulgakov induces a "willing suspension of disbelief" almost as effective as the tricks pulled off in the Variety by Woland, Fagotto the valet and Behemoth the cat. Georg Lukacs's remarks on naturalism and modernism in the references given below are relevant to this novel, too – focus on either the close-up surface texture of society, or the distant mystery of the stars at night. Treating the doings of a narrow circle as affairs of universal significance, and so on. The portrayal of women shares this "cosmic" contrast in perspectives, too (exploited to great dramatic effect). Natasha seeks her freedom in witchdom, and Margarita flees respectability (submission to authority) to devote herself to the service of her lover (authenticity). She saves him, as Gretchen saves Faust in Goethe's plays, but likewise only because of the heroic challenge he has mounted to the "peace of the graveyard". "Das ewig Weibliche zieht uns hinan", Goethe wrote at the end of Faust – "the eternal feminine draws us onward" – and the feeling is the same in The Master and Margarita. Most of the other female characters in the book are wives or mistresses of males in positions with some social clout. Or unattractive biddies. Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4, 1792 – July 8, 1822; pronounced ) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets of the English language. ... For other uses, see Academy (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bohemian (disambiguation). ... Georg Lukács (April 13, 1885 - June 4, 1971) was a Hegelian and Marxist philosopher and literary critic. ... Naturalism may refer to: Naturalism (philosophy), any of several philosophical stances wherein all phenomena or hypotheses commonly labeled as supernatural, are either false, unknowable, or not inherently different from natural phenomena or hypotheses Methodological naturalism is the methodological assumption that that observable events in nature are explained only by natural... For Christian theological modernism, see Liberal Christianity and Modernism (Roman Catholicism). ...

A courtly idealism with regard to women and relationships (and the ethos of the Middle Ages forms a clear motif in the book, especially in the internal relations of Satan's team as revealed in the final chapters) is nothing new in Russian or European literature. It is perhaps surprising that such a traditional portrayal of a woman's role is so skilfully presented that the novel achieved cult status among women.

Allusions/references to other works

The novel is heavily influenced by the Faust legend, particularly the first part of the Goethe interpretation and the opera by Charles Gounod. Also the work of Nikolai Gogol is a heavy influence, as is the case with many of Bulgakov's novels. The dialogue between Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha-Nozri is strongly influenced by Fyodor Dostoyevsky's parable "The Grand Inquisitor" from The Brothers Karamazov^{[citation needed]} . The novel references Tolstoy's Anna Karenina in the luckless visitors chapter "everything became jumbled in the Oblonsky household". The theme of the Devil exposing society as an apartment block, as it could be seen if the entire facade would be removed, has some precedents in The crippled devil (1641) by the Spanish Luis Vélez de Guevara (famously adapted to 18th century France by Lesage's Diable boiteux). For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation). ... Goethe redirects here. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Faust is an opera in five acts by Charles Gounod to a French libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré from Carrés play Faust et Marguerite, in turn loosely based on Goethes Faust, Part I. It debuted at the Théatre-Lyrique in Paris on March 19, 1859. ... Charles Gounod. ... Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Russian: ; IPA: ; Ukrainian: ) (April 1, 1809 — March 4, 1852) was a Russian-language writer of Ukrainian origin. ... Pilate redirects here. ... Fyodor Dostoevsky. ... Standalone copy of the chapter The Grand Inquisitor Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Grand Inquisitor The Grand Inquisitor is a parable told by Ivan to Alyosha in Fyodor Dostoevskys novel, The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880). ... For other uses, see The Brothers Karamazov (disambiguation). ... Luis Vélez de Guevara (August 1, 1579 - November 10, 1644), Spanish dramatist and novelist He was born at Écija and was of Jewish converso descent. ... Lesage: Jean Lesage Alain-René Lesage Québec/Jean Lesage International Airport See also: Le Sage Category: ...

Textual note

The final chapters are late drafts that Bulgakov pasted to the back of his manuscript; he died before he could incorporate these chapters into a completed fourth draft.

English translations

There are quite a few published English translations of The Master and Margarita, including but not limited to the following:

• Mirra Ginsburg, New York: Grove Press, 1967.
• Michael Glenny, New York: Harper & Row, 1967; London: Harvill, 1967; with introduction by Simon Franklin, New York: Knopf, 1992; London: Everyman's Library, 1992.
• Diana Burgin and Katherine Tiernan O'Connor, annotations and afterword by Ellendea Proffer, Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1993, 1995.
• Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, London: Penguin, 1997.
• Michael Karpelson, Lulu Press, 2006.

Ginsburg's translation was from a censored Soviet text and is therefore incomplete.

The early translation by Glenny runs more smoothly than that of the modern translations; some Russian-speaking readers consider it to be the only one creating the desired effect, though it may be somewhat at liberty with the text.^[4] The modern translators pay for their attempted closeness by losing idiomatic flow.

However, according to Kevin Moss, who has at least two published papers on the book in literary journals, the early translations by Ginsburg and Glenny are quite hurried and lack much critical depth.^[5] As an example, he claims that the more idiomatic translations miss Bulgakov's "crucial" reference to the devil in Berlioz's thought:

• "I ought to drop everything and run down to ^[6]." (Glenny)
• "It's time to throw everything to the Devil and go to Kislovodsk." (Burgin, Tiernan O'Connor)
• "It's time to send it all to the devil and go to Kislovodsk." (Pevear, Volokhonsky)

Several literary critics have hailed the Burgin/Tiernan O’Connor translation as the most accurate and complete English translation, particularly when read in tandem with the matching annotations by Bulgakov’s biographer, Ellendea Proffer.^[7] Note that these judgements predate the translation by Pevear and Volokhonsky.

Limited information is available, at the time of this writing, regarding the 2006 Karpelson translation.

Allusions/references from other works

Various authors and musicians have credited The Master and Margarita as inspiration for certain works.

• Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses, was influenced by Bulgakov's masterwork.
• It is claimed that Mick Jagger was inspired by the novel in writing the song "Sympathy for the Devil". [1], [2]
• The grunge band Pearl Jam were influenced by the novel's confrontation between Yeshua Ha-Nozri and Pontius Pilate for the song, "Pilate" on their 1998 album "Yield".
• The Lawrence Arms based their album The Greatest Story Ever Told on the book and several of its themes.
• The Franz Ferdinand song "Love and Destroy" was based on a scene where Margarita flies over Moscow on her way to the Walpurgis Night Ball.
• The Canadian group The Tea Party also were inspired by this book when they wrote their song "The Master and Margarita."
• Arlie Carstens sings the line "Bulgakov to Woland's crowd," on the Juno song "The French Letter" from their album A Future lived in Past Tense.
• Elefant, a New York City-based group, released The Black Magic Show in April 2006. The title and first track reference Satan's magic show.
• Brakes's song "Margarita" from the album The Beatific Visions was inspired by the novel.
• The German composer York Höller's opera Der Meister und Margarita was premiered in 1989 at the Paris Opéra and released on CD in 2000.
• Jolie Holland has said that the song "Amen" from her album Escondida was inspired by the book (Margarita's flight), and that she would devote an album to it in the future.
• The 1975 cult classic Rocky Horror Picture Show is sometimes noted for its similarities to the book. There is a complete overlap of personality between the redheaded witch/maid Gella and the East European accented Magenta, the maid of Dr. Frank N Furter - who, like Woland, aims to cause chaos and break taboos (sexual taboos, in the movie). Frank N. Furter's servant Riff Raff echoes Behemoth and Azazello, while the character Janet echoes Margarita - she gets her "tensions relieved" by adultery, just like this "saves" Margarita from a cold marriage. It may also be argued that the anarchic, absurd "mood" of the movie is the same as the mood of "Master and Margarita". While it is quite possible there has been an inspiration, this has never been confirmed by the movie's creators.
• Surrealist artist H. R. Giger named a 1976 painting of his after the novel. The painting was later featured on the cover of Danzig's 1992 album Danzig III: How the Gods Kill.

Ahmed Salman Rushdie (Devanagari : अख़्मद सल्मान रश्दी Nastaliq:; born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-British novelist and essayist. ... The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdies fourth novel, first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. ... Sir Michael Phillip Mick Jagger (born July 26, 1943) is a English rock musician, actor, songwriter, record and film producer and businessman. ... This article is about the song. ... Grunge redirects here. ... This article is about the rock group. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... Pilate redirects here. ... Pilate is a song by Pearl Jam, from the album Yield. ... Singles from Yield Released: January 6, 1998 Released: May 5, 1998 Yield is Pearl Jams fifth album, released on February 3, 1998. ... The Lawrence Arms are an American punk rock band from Chicago, Illinois, formed in 1999 and currently recording for Fat Wreck Chords. ... The Greatest Story Ever Told is the fourth album by the Chicago, Illinois punk rock band The Lawrence Arms, released in 2003 by Fat Wreck Chords. ... Franz Ferdinand are an award winning rock band, from Glasgow, Scotland. ... Walpurgis Night in Sweden. ... The Tea Party was a Canadian rock band with blues, progressive rock and Middle Eastern influences. ... Juno is an American indie rock band formed in Seattle in 1995. ... Elefant is an Indie band from New York. ... Brakes are a 4-piece band from Brighton, England, fronted by Eamon Hamilton, formerly of British Sea Power. ... The Beatific Visions is the second album by Brakes. ... York Höller (born 11 January 1944 in Leverkusen) is a German composer and Professor of composition at the Hochschule für Musik Köln. ... Théâtre de lAcadémie Royale de Musique, Paris, circa 1865 Théâtre de lAcadémie Royale de Musique (was also known as the Théâtre Impérial de l´Opéra, Le Rue Peletier, or simply, Le Peletier, but more familiarly as the Paris Opéra) was... Former member of The Be Good Tanyas, Texas native Jolie Holland records country music and folk music in a manner that conveys the spontaneous nature of her performance. ... Jolie Hollands second album. ... The Rocky Horror Picture Show (first released in the United Kingdom on 14 August 1975) is a comedy-horror musical film directed by Jim Sharman from a screenplay by Sharman and Richard OBrien, who also composed the songs. ... Birth machine Hans Ruedi Giger (IPA: ) (born at Chur, Grisons canton, February 5, 1940) is an Academy Award-winning Swiss painter, sculptor, and set designer best known for his design work on the film Alien. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... Danzig III: How the Gods Kill is the third album from Danzig. ...

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

1971: Polish director Andrzej Wajda makes a movie Pilate and Others for German TV, based on biblical part of the book ('The Master's manuscript').^[8] Andrzej Wajda (born March 6, 1926 in Suwałki) is a Polish film director. ...

1972: Joint Italian-Yugoslavian production of Aleksandar Petrovic's "The Master and Margaret" (Italian: "Il Maestro e Margherita", Serbo-croatian: "Majstor i Margarita") is released. Based loosely on the book, the main discrepancy is that Master in the movie has an actual name of Nikolaj Afanasijevic Maksudov, while in the original book Master is persistently anonymous. ^[9] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

1989: Another Polish director Maciej Wojtyszko makes "Mistrz i Małgorzata", mini-TV series of four episodes.^[10] They have been aired on Russian TV at least once.^{[citation needed]}

1992: In an adaptation called "Incident in Judea" by Paul Bryers, only the Yeshua story is told. The film includes a prologue which mentiones Bulgakov and the other story-lines. The cast includes John Woodvine, Mark Rylance, Lee Montague and Jim Carter. The film was distributed by Brook Productions and Channel 4. John Woodvine in the Doctor Who serial The Armageddon Factor John Woodvine (born 21 July 1929 in Tyne Dock, County Durham) is a British actor who has appeared in over sixty film and television roles. ... Mark Rylance (born January 18, 1960) is an internationally well-known actor and theatre director. ... Lee Montague (born 16 October 1927 in London, England) is an actor noted for his roles on film and television. ... Jim Carter may refer to: Jim Carter (actor) - British television and film actor Jim Carter (golfer) - PGA Tour golfer Jim Carter (PSM) - Plastic Spunk Monkey Jim Carter (American football player) - retired NFL linebacker Jimmy Carter (James Earl Carter, Jr. ... This article is about the British television station. ...

1994: A Russian movie of the same name is made by Yuri Kara. Although the cast included big names and talented actors (Anastasiya Vertinskaya as Margarita, Mikhail Ulyanov as Pilate, Nikolai Burlyayev as Yeshua, Valentin Gaft as Woland, Aleksandr Filippenko as Korovyev-Fagot) and its score was by the noted Russian composer Alfred Schnittke, the movie was never actually released on any media. The grandson of Bulgakov's third wife Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya claims, as a self-assigned heir, the rights on Bulgakov's literary inheritance and refuses the release. Since the beginning of 2006, however, copies of the movie exist on DVD. Some excerpts of it can be viewed on the Master and Margarita website^[11] Anastasiya Alexandrovna Vertinskaya (Russian: ) (b. ... Ulyanov as a boss of the Russian Mafia in the 2001 blockbuster Antikiller. ... Pontius Pilate (Latin Pontius Pilatus) was the governor of the small Roman province of Judea from 26 until 36? AD although Tacitus believed him to be the procurator of that province. ... Valentin Gaft as Voland in 1994 screen adaptation of The Master and Margarita Valentin Iosifovich Gaft (Russian: ; born 2 September 1935 in Moscow) is a Russian and Soviet actor, Peoples Artist of Russia(1984). ... Alfred Schnittke April 6, 1989, Moscow Alfred Garyevich Schnittke (Russian: Альфре́д Га́рриевич Шни́тке, November 24, 1934 Engels - August 3, 1998 Hamburg) was a Russian and Soviet composer. ...

A German language stage adaptation of the novel, "Der Meister und Margarita", directed by Frank Castorf premiered in the summer of 2002 at the Wiener Festwochen, Vienna, Austria and is discussed in the August/September 2002 or 08|09 02 issue of the German language theater magazine, Theater heute. (Use the Archive link on the left at the above site to access information for 2002 issues.) This article is about the city and federal state in Austria. ...

2004: A Lavish Stage production is put on by the National Youth Theatre at the Lyric Hammersmith London, directed by John Hoggarth. The adaptation is by David Rudkin. It featured a cast of 35, most notably Matt Smith as Basoon, Tom Allen as Woland, Luke Rabbito as Matthew Levi, Shane Zaza as Yeshua Ha Nozri, John Hollingworth as The Master, Shakira Brooking as Margarita. It ran for a month, in August and September. The London-based National Youth Theatre or NYT is the United Kingdoms leading organisation for young people in the field of theatre. ... David Rudkin is a British playwright of Anglo-Irish origin. ... Matt Smith may refer to: Matt Smith (musician), guitar player for the punk rock band Strike Anywhere Matt Smith (Poison_member), guitar player for the glam rock band Paris, which went on to become Poison Matt Smith (voice actor) (born 1968), for the English versions of the anime television shows InuYasha... Thomas H. (Tom) Allen (April 16, 1945- ) has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1997, representing Maines 1st congressional district (map). ...

An adaptation of the novel was staged in 2004 at the Chichester Festival Theatre, UK. [3]was directed by Steven Pimlott at the Chichester Festival Theatre. The cast included Samuel West; and the production included incidental music by (one of Pimlott's regular composers) Jason Carr. Chichester Festival Theatre is one of the UKs flagship theatres with an international reputation for creating magical live performances. ... Steven Pimlott OBE (1955 – 14 February 2007) was an English opera and theatre director. ... Chichester Festival Theatre is one of the UKs flagship theatres with an international reputation for creating magical live performances. ... Samuel West, sometimes billed as Sam West, (born June 19, 1966) is a British actor, the son of Prunella Scales and Timothy West. ...

2005: The Master and Margarita miniseries - Russian director Vladimir Bortko, famous for his TV adaptation of Bulgakov's "Heart of a Dog" and Dostoyevsky's "The Idiot", makes a "Master and Margarita" TV miniseries of ten episodes. The miniseries was first released on December 19, 2005. It starred Aleksandr Galibin as The Master, Anna Kovalchuk as Margarita, Oleg Basilashvili as Woland, Kirill Lavrov as Pontius Pilate and Valentin Gaft as Kaifa. The project was widely successful, and is considered as the closest to the book.^{[citation needed]} Russia’s first television production of The Master and Margarita, the cult novel by Mikhail Bulgakov. ... Heart of a Dog (Russian: , Sobače serdce) is a 1925 story by Mikhail Bulgakov. ... Fyodor Dostoevsky. ... The Idiot is a novel written by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky and first published in 1869. ... is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Aleksandr Galibin (Russian: , born September 27, 1955 in Leningrad) is a Russian actor, famous for playing Master in The Master and Margarita. ... Anna Kovalchuk (born 1977 in Neustrelitz, East Germany) is a Russian actress. ... Oleg Valerianovich Basilashvili (Russian: ); September 26, 1934 is a well-known Russian film and theatre actor, as well as political figure in the former Soviet Union and in the new Russia. ... Woland is a charakter from the book The Master and Margarita by the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov Categories: Stub ... Pilate redirects here. ... Valentin Gaft as Voland in 1994 screen adaptation of The Master and Margarita Valentin Iosifovich Gaft (Russian: ; born 2 September 1935 in Moscow) is a Russian and Soviet actor, Peoples Artist of Russia(1984). ...

On August 25 2006, Andrew Lloyd Webber announced that he aims to turn the novel into "a stage musical or, more probably, an opera".^[12] Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948) is a highly successful English composer of musical theatre, and also the elder brother of cellist Julian Lloyd Webber. ...

In October 2006 it was staged by Grinnell College, directed by Veniamin Smekhov. Grinnell students celebrate the end of the semester outside Gates Residence Hall in May 2006. ...

In 2006 almost 5 hour long adaptation was staged by Georgian director Avtandil Varsimashvili.

In 2007, National Academy of Theatre, Ballet and Opera of Ukraine premiered "The Master and Margarita", a ballet-phantasmagoria in two acts with music by Shostakovich, Berlioz, Bach, et al. Choreography and staging by David Avdysh (Russia), set design by Simon Pastukh (USA) and costume design by Galina Solovyova (USA). Phantasmagoria has many meanings. ...

According to rumours,^{[attribution needed]} at different times Elem Klimov, Vladimir Naumov and Roman Polanski have also thought about making "Master and Margarita" adaptations. Elem Germanovich Klimov (Russian: ; Stalingrad, current Volgograd, 9 July 1933 – 26 October 2003) was a Soviet Russian film director. ... Vladimir Naumovich Naumov (born 6 December 1927, Leningrad, Soviet Union) was a Russian film director and writer. ... Roman Polanski (born August 18, 1933) is an Academy Award-winning film director, writer, actor, and producer. ...

References and footnotes

• G. Lukacs, Studies in European Realism, (Merlin, 1973)
• G. Lukacs, The Meaning of Contemporary Realism, (Merlin, 1974)

1. ^ Spaso House U.S. Embassy Moscow website
2. ^ Master: Russian Editions. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
3. ^ Yahoo! News. "Russian writer's museum sacked by critic of 'Satanic' work", 2006-12-25. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. 
4. ^ Sarvas, Mark. The Elegant Variation: A Literary Weblog. Retrieved on 2006-10-25.
5. ^ Moss, Kevin. Published English Translations. Retrieved on 2006-10-25.
6. ^ KislovodskKislovodsk
7. ^ Weeks, Laura D. (1996). Master and Margarita: A Critical Companion. Northwestern University Press, 244. ISBN 0-8101-1212-4. 
8. ^ IMDb. Pilatus und andere - Ein Film für Karfreitag. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
9. ^ The Master and Margarita at the Internet Movie Database
10. ^ The Master and Margarita at the Internet Movie Database
11. ^ IMDB entry for the 1994 version. Retrieved on 2006-08-10.
12. ^ Andrew Lloyd Webber (2006-08-25). Revealed: My next project!. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Yahoo! News is an Internet-based news aggregator provided by Yahoo!. It features Top Stories, U.S. National, World, Business, Entertainment, Science, Health, Weather, Most Popular, News Photos, Op/Ed, and Local news. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) [1] is an online database of information about actors, movies, television shows, television stars and video games. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948) is a highly successful English composer of musical theatre, and also the elder brother of cellist Julian Lloyd Webber. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 237th day of the year (238th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• (English) (French) (Dutch) (Russian) Master and Margarita Amateur site, devoted solely to Bulgakov's Master and Margarita
• Bulgakov and The Master and Margarita: Useful introduction with lots of illustrative material
• Complete online texts: The full text in Russian, and in two English versions, Glenny and Pevear & Volokhonsky
• The Master and Margarita: Excerpts in three languages
• Russians Await a Cult Novel's Film Debut With Eagerness and Skepticism: at The New York Times
• Master and Margarita at the Internet Movie Database