NationMaster - Encyclopedia: The Netherlands in World War II

The Conspiracy of Julius Civilis, completed in 1661 by Rembrandt, the best-known painter of the Dutch Golden Age. ... Image File history File links Dutch_flag_and_hourglass. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... The Conspiracy of Julius Civilis, completed in 1661 by Rembrandt, the best-known painter of the Dutch Golden Age. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ... The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area, as well as Luxembourg and northern France from 1384 to 1477. ... The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, Nord) and a small part of Germany. ... This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spanish Empire The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt (1566â€“1648), was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish king. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius United Netherlands redirects here. ... Rembrandt The Nightwatch (1642) The Dutch Golden Age (1584-1702) was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. ... The term Batavian revolution refers to the political, social and cultural turmoil that marked the end of the Dutch Republic at the end of the 18th century. ... From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. ... The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume dHollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. ... The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire or the Napoleonic Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. ... Map of the kingdom United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815 - 1830) (1839) (Dutch: Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, French: Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas and German: Vereinigte KÃ¶nigreich der Niederlande) were the unofficial names used to refer to a new unified European state created during the Congress of Vienna in... Preamble to the War During the period between the first and second World Wars the Netherlands, like other countries, suffered from the effects of the Great Depression after the Stock market crash of 1929. ... Blue:Areas below sealevel or vunerable to flooding, either by sea or by rivers. ... The Dutch- speaking people have a long history, the Netherlands as a nation-state dates from 1568. ... The history of the Dutch language as separate from common West Germanic begins in the 6th century AD with the High German consonant shift and growing social and political power of the Franks. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Historically, many Dutch military terms have been influential and adopted by many other languages all over the world. ... The Dutch people have a history and tradition in inventing and discovery, Dutch scientists and engineers have made a remarkable contribute to human progress as a whole. ...

Prelude to the War

In World War I the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral, although the sympathies were clearly more on the German side than on the British. Relations with Germany had traditionally been better and the memory of the Second Boer War was fresh. After the end of the war the Kaiser Wilhelm II asked and was given asylum, much to the anger of both Britain and France. A further consequence of the neutrality was that the country had no involvement in the Treaty of Versailles. In fact, the Dutch economy suffered from the financial consequences of the reparation that Germany was made to pay. There was a large influx of children from Germany, Austria and even Hungary who came to stay with Dutch fosterparents as conditions in the hinterland worsened. Combatants Kingdom of the Netherlands Nazi Germany Commanders Henry G. Winkelman, Jan Joseph Godfried baron van Voorst tot Voorst Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Strength 9 divisions, 676 guns, 1 tank (inoperational), 124 aircraft Total: 350,000 men 22 divisions, 1,378 guns, 759 tanks, 1150 aircraft Total: 750... Combatants Allied Powers: France Italy Russia Serbia United Kingdom United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg Reinhard... Combatants United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand Orange Free State, South African Republic Commanders Frederick Roberts, Lord Kitchener Christiaan Rudolf de Wet, Paul Kruger Casualties 22,000 6,500 Civilians killed [mainly Boers]: 24,000+ The Second Boer War, also known as the South African War (outside of South Africa... Kaiser is the German title meaning Emperor. ... German Emperor Wilhelm (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht, Prince of Prussia 27 January 1859â€“4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (de: Deutscher Kaiser und KÃ¶nig von PreuÃŸen), ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... Power lines leading to a trash dump hover just overhead in El Carpio, a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica Under international law, a refugee is a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her... Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners For other treaties with this name, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and the German Empire. ...

During the period between the first and second World Wars the Netherlands, like other countries, suffered from the effects of the Great Depression after the Stock Market Crash of 1929. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn which started in 1929 (although its effects were not fully felt until late 1930) and lasted through most of the 1930s. ... The 1929 stock market crash devastated economies worldwide The Wall Street Crash refers to the stock market crash that occurred on October 29, 1929, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed, leading eventually to the Great Depression. ...

Prime minister Hendrikus Colijn pursued the policy of a strong guilder. This led to a strong currency, avoiding a possible hyperinflation such as had struck Germany in the early twenties, but also causing much poverty by unemployment according to some economists: the Great Depression was typified by deflation. The Vereniging Nederlands Fabrikaat (Dutch Product Association) tried to reverse the economic downfall with a campaign Koopt Nederlandsche waar, dan helpen wij elkaar (Buy Dutch goods, so we help each other). Hendrikus Colijn (1869â€“1944), was a successful Dutch soldier, businessman and politician. ... Guilder is the English name for the Dutch Gulden. ... Certain figures in this article use scientific notation for readability. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ... Deflation (economics) Deflation (data compression) Deflation is the removal of loose soil by eolian (wind) processes This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The poverty caused by the Great Depression helped the rise of some Nazism in the Netherlands. Anton Mussert founded the Nazist Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (National Socialist Movement or NSB). It got at most 8% of the votes, but was during the occupation made the only allowed political party in the Netherlands. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn which started in 1929 (although its effects were not fully felt until late 1930) and lasted through most of the 1930s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Anton Mussert Anton Adriaan Mussert (May 11, 1894-May 7, 1946) was a successful civil engineer who worked for the Dutch government. ... The Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB, National Socialist Movement) was a Nazi political party in the Netherlands during the 1930s and during the German occupation in World War II, when it was the only allowed political party. ...

Under the influence of the economic depression and the Broken Guns movement, the budget of the Ministry of War (today Ministry of Defence) was not allowed to increase much. Budget generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues. ...

The outbreak of the war

At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the Netherlands declared itself neutral once again as in World War I. In order to flank the French defences on the Maginot Line and to pre-empt a possible British invasion, on May 10, 1940 Germany invaded the Netherlands, starting the Battle of the Netherlands, and Belgium. Given the historically good relations with its much larger neighbour, the invasion came as big surprise to most Dutch, but the army had been warned by Hans Oster, a German officer. Combatants Kingdom of the Netherlands Nazi Germany Commanders Henry G. Winkelman, Jan Joseph Godfried baron van Voorst tot Voorst Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Strength 9 divisions, 676 guns, 1 tank (inoperational), 124 aircraft Total: 350,000 men 22 divisions, 1,378 guns, 759 tanks, 1150 aircraft Total: 750... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (5592x5060, 1008 KB) Uploaded by Dirk van der Made (user:DirkvdM). ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (5592x5060, 1008 KB) Uploaded by Dirk van der Made (user:DirkvdM). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Allied Powers: France Italy Russia Serbia United Kingdom United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg Reinhard... Flank is a word which might mean any of several different things: A flank is the side of either a horse or a military unit. ... The Maginot Line (IPA: [maÊ’ino], named after French minister of defence AndrÃ© Maginot) was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy in the wake of World War I. Generally the term... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Combatants Kingdom of the Netherlands Nazi Germany Commanders Henry G. Winkelman, Jan Joseph Godfried baron van Voorst tot Voorst Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Strength 9 divisions, 676 guns, 1 tank (inoperational), 124 aircraft Total: 350,000 men 22 divisions, 1,378 guns, 759 tanks, 1150 aircraft Total: 750... Hans Oster (August 9, 1887 â€“ April 9, 1945) was a career officer in the Wehrmacht and a dedicated opponent of Adolf Hitler and Nazism. ...

The poorly equipped Dutch army was quickly defeated by the Germans. At the Afsluitdijk, the Grebbeberg and Dordrecht the Dutch Army offered strong resistance. A German airborne landing at The Hague, intended to capture the Dutch royal family and the government, failed. The royal family and government escaped to Canada. Afsluitdijk The Afsluitdijk (Closure-dike) is a major dam in the Netherlands, constructed between 1927 and 1933 and running from Den Oever on Wieringen in North Holland province, to the village of Zurich (mun. ... This is about the Dutch city of Dordrecht. ... Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. ...

On May 14 the Germans demanded the surrender of the port of Rotterdam, threatening to bomb the city. Soon after the ultimatum it surrendered. However, bombers that had already been sent were not called back and the city was thus still heavily bombed, resulting in approximately 800 deaths and 78,000 homeless. This was supposedly caused by a communications difficulty. After this bombardment the Dutch army surrendered, but the battle continued in Zeeland for a few days, until the bombardment of Middelburg forced Zeeland to surrender as well. May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... Rotterdam Location Flag Country The Netherlands Province South Holland Population 588,718 (2006) Coordinates 51Â° 55 N.; 4Â° 30 E. Website www. ... Capital Middelburg Queens Commissioner drs. ... This is about the city in the Netherlands. ...

People were hoping to be liberated quickly by the Canadian Army, but after the evacuation from Dunkirk, where the Allies's armies barely escaped being surrounded, France surrendered. The new regime in Vichy began collaborating with the Germans. The government of Prime Minister Dirk Jan de Geer was invited to return as well. He wanted to accept this invitation but Queen Wilhelmina did not approve it. Location of Dunkirk in the arrondissement of Dunkirk Location within France Dunkirks seafront Map of Dunkirk courtesy of the Calgary Highlanders. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses of Vichy, see Vichy (disambiguation). ... Collaboration (co+labor+ation) refers abstractly to all processes wherein people work together â€”applying both to the work of individuals as well as larger collectives and societies. ... Jhr. ... Queen Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Orange-Nassau (August 31, 1880 - November 28, 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948 and Queen Mother (with the title of Princess) from 1948 to 1962. ...

The Dutch navy, merchant navy and the oil reserves of Dutch East Indies were of great importance to the British. After Japan forced Vichy France to give the japanese army the right to use the Haiphong base and several Indochina airports, Queen Wilhelmina was afraid the same thing would happen to the East Indies. She herself dismissed her Prime Minister and assigned another (Pieter Gerbrandy), who did want to continue fighting. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Ignacy Åukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-IndiÃ«) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ... Haiphong (Vietnamese: Háº£i PhÃ²ng, Chinese æµ·é˜², HÇŽifÃ¡ng) is the third most populous city in Vietnam. ... Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. ... Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (13 April 1885 â€“ 7 September 1961) Dutch politician, born near Sneek, in The Netherlands. ...

Gleichschaltung

The German policy in the Netherlands was called Gleichschaltung. Gleichschaltung means 'making equal' in English. This policy had two aims. One was that an end should be made to pillarization and the differences between the working class and the bourgeoisie. Another aim was that the Dutch nation was to be dissolved and become part of a Germanic or Aryan nation of lords, Herrenvolk. The German occupation authorities tried to change the society step by step, so the Dutch population would not be antagonised. The Gleichschaltung however was from the beginning opposed to by the Roman Catholic Church and some Socialist parties. All Roman Catholics were urged in 1941 by the Dutch bishops to leave those associations that had been Nazified. Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see Terminology, below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and maintained through... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... A mitre is used as a symbol of the bishops ministry. ...

This policy was a complete failure mainly due to the loss of the war and because of the economic recession. The national-socialist ideology was alien to the approach of different Dutch ideologies. Humanism was an important element in all of the main Dutch ideologies. German atrocities led to public resentment against the German occupation regime. Before 1943, the German position was so strong, that many Dutch citizens started to cooperate with the Germans, while the majority of the Dutch population was indifferent or remained silent. Dutch nationalism was very vivid which became apparent in 1943, when the Germans started to lose the war. The Germans lost nearly the complete control over the Dutch society, which formed one front against the Germans and against Dutch people associated or collaborating with the Germans.

German officials were divided on the matter if the Dutch were conquered foreigners or Aryan bloodbrothers. Most Germans regarded themselves as German nationalists, but the most important German officials, including the SS, Arthur Seyss-Inquart and Adolf Hitler regarded the Dutch as part of the Aryan Herrenvolk. Nevertheless, only a small portion of the Dutch people fought on the German side, but the allies could count on warm sympathies of the Dutch population, which was expressed by the railway strike of 1944 during Operation Market Garden. During the war the Dutch people could be described best as giving passive resistance mostly. Seyss-Inquart was so angry, that he stopped the transfer of food from the eastern Netherlands to the major cities in the west, thereby contributing to the hongerwinter. The German regime became extremely hard in 1944/1945 against the Dutch 'traitors.' Suspects of terrorism were shot on the side, while hundreds of bystanders were forced to watch on point blank for instance. SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... Arthur Seyss-Inquart Arthur Seyss-Inquart (born Arthur Zajtich, officially (German) Arthur SeyÃŸ-Inquart) (July 22, 1892 â€“ October 16, 1946) was a prominent Nazi official in Austria and for wartime Germany in Poland and the Netherlands. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland Germany Commanders Bernard Montgomery Gerd von Rundstedt Strength XXX Corps, 35,000 airborne 20,000 Casualties 17,000 casualties 8,000 casualties Operation Market Garden (September 17-September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation in World War II. Its tactical objectives were to... After the landing of the Allied Forces on D-Day, things grew worse in Nazi occupied Holland. ...

Persecution of Jews

Shortly after the invasion the Persecution of Jews began. The Germans established a government with the Austrian Arthur Seyss-Inquart as leader. They also established a "Jewish Board". Mainly this was a way of organising the identification and deportation of Jews more efficiently. A substantial number of people from the diamond business organised this 'Board' and the Jews were told they were safe, as long as they all came to register themselves. Download high resolution version (720x2520, 385 KB)Statue of Anne Frank outside Westerkerk, Amsterdam . ... Download high resolution version (720x2520, 385 KB)Statue of Anne Frank outside Westerkerk, Amsterdam . ... Annelies Marie Anne Frank (June 12, 1929 â€“ February/March, 1945) was a German-born Jewish refugee who died in Bergen-Belsen. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Arthur Seyss-Inquart Arthur Seyss-Inquart (born Arthur Zajtich, officially (German) Arthur SeyÃŸ-Inquart) (July 22, 1892 â€“ October 16, 1946) was a prominent Nazi official in Austria and for wartime Germany in Poland and the Netherlands. ...

Only a few disagreed, mainly because it 'would jeopardise the Jewish community'. The Dutch people did not offer much resistance at that time either. When the Germans had gathered enough information they broke all promises and started deporting the Jews. In 1942 a transit camp was built near Westerbork by converting an existing internment camp for immigrants; at Vught and Amersfoort German concentration camps were built as well. At the end of the war only 30,000 of the 140,000 Dutch Jews survived. Two of the victims were Anne Frank, and Etty Hillesum who became famous years later because of the diaries they produced in the years up to their executions. 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... This article is about the concentration camp. ... Coat of arms Vught is a municipality and a town in the southern Netherlands. ... Amersfoort is a municipality and the second largest city of the province of Utrecht in central Netherlands. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Annelies Marie Anne Frank (June 12, 1929 â€“ February/March, 1945) was a German-born Jewish refugee who died in Bergen-Belsen. ... Ester Etty Hillesum (b. ...

Some Dutch people reacted with a strike (the February strike in 1941) as a protest against the deportations. Although the strike did not accomplish much, it was a major setback for Seyss-Inquart because he had planned to both deport the Jews and to win the Dutch for the Nazi cause. At the same time the Roman Catholic Church of the Netherlands publicly condemned, by a letter read at all Sunday parish Masses, the deportation of Jews. From then on the Nazis treated the Dutch more strictly. Notable socialist leaders were imprisoned, and Roman Catholic priests like Titus Brandsma deported to concentration camps. The 1941 February strike, also known as The Strike of February 1941, was a general strike organized during World War II in The Netherlands against the anti-Jewish measures made by the Nazis. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see Terminology, below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and maintained through... The Sun Sunday is traditionally the first day of the Judaeo-Christian seven-day week, between Saturday and Monday, and the second day of the weekend in some cultures. ... A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... Blessed Anno Sjoerd Titus Brandsma (Bolsward, February 23, 1881 â€“ Dachau July 26, 1942) was a Dutch Carmelite priest and professor of philosophy. ...

That it was so easy for the Germans to round up the Jews was partly caused by the fact that the Dutch had registered their population in much detail, including information about their religion. To this day, this is used as an argument in the Netherlands that such detailed registration is a bad idea.

There has been some criticism of Dutch Railways (NS) for helping the deportations by not going on strike. But there was little knowledge of what exactly was going to happen to the Jews and the trains were essential in other terrains. As an example of how much they were needed the later 'Hunger Winter' (see below) can be given. Another organisation later accused of assisting the deportation is the Dutch police: most Jews were in fact apprehended by them and not by actual Germans. // Introduction Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) is the main public transport railway company in the Netherlands. ...

Oppression and resistance

An Arbeitseinsatz was imposed on the Netherlands, which obliged every man between 18 and 45 to work in the German factories, which were bombed regularly by the western Allies. Those who refused to work in German factories were forced to go underground. As food and many other goods were taken out of the Netherlands, rationing (with ration cards) became a way of controlling the population. Any Dutch that violated German laws, such as hiding or hiding another, automatically lost their food. Hiding Jews was even more dangerous as it was punishable by death ^[1]- one third of the people who hid Jews did not survive the war. Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. ... Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services: it restricts how much people are allowed to buy or consume. ...

The Atlantic Wall, a gigantic coastal defence line built by the Germans along the entire European coast from South France to Denmark and Norway stretched into the Netherlands too. Some towns, like Scheveningen, were evacuated because of this. In the Hague 3200 houses were demolished and 2594 were dismantled. 20,000 houses were cleared, and 65,000 people were forced to move. The Arbeitseinsatz also included forcing Dutch people to work on these projects, but a passive form of resistance took place here by working slowly or doing such a bad job that it had to be done again. German coast artillery in the Pas-de-Calais area, with laborers at work on casemate. ... Scheveningen pier Scheveningen is part of Den Haag, the Netherlands. ...

Due to the censorship, the radio and newspapers were only allowed to deliver the news approved by the Germans. Obviously this only reported the positive results of the German war effort. These news messages were not able to hide the unfavourable completely; after all, the German 'victories' in Russia kept coming closer to Germany. Listening to Radio Oranje (Radio Orange), Dutch-speaking broadcasts from London, was prohibited. London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ...

These measures of oppression stimulated the resistance movement. Illegal newspapers with the news from Radio Oranje were spread. Ration cards were stolen from the issuing authorities to feed people in hiding. A resistance movement is a non-military group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ...

In February 1943, the Amsterdam-based resistance cell CS-6 assassinated Lieutenant-General Hendrik A. Seyffardt, the figurehead of the SS-Freiwilligen-Legion Niederlande and a major Dutch collaborator with ties to the NSB. Such acts of resistance were met with increasing German brutality. After an assault on a German officer near Putten the entire male population of the town was deported to a concentration camp without trial. Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 743,905 (1 April 2006) Demonym Amsterdammer Coordinates Website www. ... SS-Freiwilligen Standarte Nordwest SS-Freiwilligen Verband Niederlande SS-Freiwilligen Legion Niederlande SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Brigade Nederland 4. ... Putten ( (helpÂ· info)) is a municipality and a town in the middle Netherlands. ...

In order for the resistance to do its work it was sometimes necessary to act as if they were collaborating with the Germans. After the war this led to problems if they could not prove they had been in the resistance - which was difficult because it was the nature of the job to keep it a secret.

Some even decided to keep their underground activities a secret after the war because they did not want to brag about what they had done. Such was the case in Valkenburg. This led to a problem for historians, who could not find any information on any resistance there, so they claimed there was none. Valkenburg aan de Geul is a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. ...

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (511x684, 80 KB)A Propaganda poster urging Netherlanders to join the SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Brigade Nederland. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (511x684, 80 KB)A Propaganda poster urging Netherlanders to join the SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Brigade Nederland. ... Waffen-SS recruitment poster; Volunteer to the Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS was the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel. ... SS-Freiwilligen Standarte Nordwest SS-Freiwilligen Verband Niederlande SS-Freiwilligen Legion Niederlande SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Brigade Nederland 4. ...

Dutch volunteers in the German armed forces

Not all Dutch offered active or passive resistance against the German occupation. Some Dutch chose to serve with the German armed forces.

On the other hand, a great number of Dutch men were forced to work in the German war industry, these men were often seen as traitors after the war even though they had not had any options during the war.

The NSB, a national socialist party, collaborated actively with the German occupants. In 1941, when Germany still seemed certain to win the war, about three percent of the adult male population was member of the NSB. There were also Dutch who voluntarily enlisted in the German army and the Waffen SS to take part in the so-called Crusade against Bolshevism or against communism in general. Some Dutch troops also saw action at Groningen in 1945. The Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB, National Socialist Movement) was a Nazi political party in the Netherlands during the 1930s and during the German occupation in World War II, when it was the only allowed political party. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Boroughs of Groningen Groningen is the capital city of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. ...

Between 20,000 and 25,000 Dutch served in the Heer and the Waffen-SS, the most notable formations being the 4.SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Brigade Nederland and the Landstorm Nederland. Apart from brief combat during Operation Market Garden, these units saw action exclusively on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union. Von Brauchitsch was the high army commander from 1938 to 1941 Heer (German: Heer ) is the german word for Army, though in English it refers to the Army branch of the Wermacht. ... SS-Freiwilligen Standarte Nordwest SS-Freiwilligen Verband Niederlande SS-Freiwilligen Legion Niederlande SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Brigade Nederland 4. ... SS-Grenadier-Regiment 1 Landwacht Niederlande SS-Grenadier-Regiment 1 Landstorm Nederland SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Brigade Landstorm Nederland 34. ... Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland Germany Commanders Bernard Montgomery Gerd von Rundstedt Strength XXX Corps, 35,000 airborne 20,000 Casualties 17,000 casualties 8,000 casualties Operation Market Garden (September 17-September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation in World War II. Its tactical objectives were to... The Eastern Front of World War II was the theatre of war covering the conflict in central and eastern Europe from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945. ...

The Nederland brigade distinguished itself on the Eastern Front during the Battle of Narva (1944), with several troopers receiving the Knight's Cross, Germany's highest award for bravery. Battle of Narva Conflict {{{conflict}}} Date {{{date}}} Place {{{place}}} Result {{{result}}} The Battle of Narva took place in the first half of 1944. ... The Iron Cross (German: Eisernes Kreuz) is a military decoration of Germany which was established by King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and first awarded on 10 March 1813. ...

The last year

After the Allied landing in Normandy in June 1944, the western Allies rapidly advanced in the direction of the Dutch border. Tuesday September 5 is known as Dolle dinsdag (Mad Tuesday) - the Dutch began celebrating, believing they were close to liberation. In September an Allied attempt capture the bridge over the Rhine at Arnhem (Operation Market Garden) failed, though a large salient encompassing regions to the south, including Nijmegen, were liberated and held until the spring of 1945. Much of the northern Netherlands remained in German hands until the Rhine crossings in late March, 1945. In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... Combatants United States United Kingdom Canada Free France Poland Germany Commanders Dwight Eisenhower (Supreme Allied Commander) Bernard Montgomery (land) Bertram Ramsay (sea) Trafford Leigh-Mallory (air) Gerd von Rundstedt (OB WEST) Erwin Rommel (absent) (Heeresgruppe B) Friedrich Dollmann () Strength 326,000 (by June 11) Unknown, probably some 1,000,000... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... Operation Market Garden was an Allied military operation in World War II, which took place in September 1944. ... Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland Germany Commanders Bernard Montgomery Gerd von Rundstedt Strength XXX Corps, 35,000 airborne 20,000 Casualties 17,000 casualties 8,000 casualties Operation Market Garden (September 17-September 25, 1944) was an Allied military operation in World War II. Its tactical objectives were to... Country Netherlands Province Gelderland Area 57. ...

Parts of the Netherlands in the south were not liberated by Market-Garden either, and at the start of October 1944, the Germans still occupied Walcheren and dominated the Scheldt Estuary and its approaches to the port of Antwerp. The crushing need for a large supply port forced the Battle of the Scheldt in which First Canadian Army fought on both sides of the estuary during the month to clear the waterways. Large battles were fought to clear the Breskens Pocket, Woensdrecht and the Zuid-Beveland Peninsula of German forces, primarily "stomach" units of the Wehrmacht as well as German paratroopers of Battle Group Chill. Satellite image of the Scheldt estuary Walcheren is a former island in the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands at the mouth of the Scheldt estuary. ... The Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cathedral of our Lady) at the Handschoenmarkt, in the old quarter of Antwerp is the largest cathedral in the Low Countries and home to several triptychs by Baroque painter Rubens. ... Combatants Canada United Kingdom Poland Belgium Norway Germany Commanders Guy Simonds (acting) (First Canadian Army) Gustav-Adolf von Zangen (German 15th Army) Strength ? ? Casualties 12,873 total; including 6,367 Canadian ? The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of military operations which took place in northern Belgium and south... The First Canadian Army was the senior Canadian operational formation in Europe during the Second World War. ... The Breskens Pocket was a pocket of fortified German resistance against the 1st. ... Woensdrecht is a municipality and a town in the southern Netherlands. ... The Scheldt delta, including Zuid-Beveland (2) Zuid-Beveland is a part of the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands north of the Westerschelde and south of the Oosterschelde. ...

By 31 October, resistance south of the Scheldt had collapsed, and the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, Scottish 52nd Lowland Division and British Special Service Brigade all made attacks on Walcheren Island. Strong German defenses made a landing very difficult and therefore the Allies bombed the dikes of Walcheren at Westkapelle, Vlissingen and Veere to flood the island. In spite of warning the people with pamphlets, 180 inhabitants of Westkappelle died. The coastal guns on Walcheren were silenced in the opening days of November and the Scheldt battle declared over; no German forces remained intact along the 64 mile path to Antwerp. List of military divisions — List of Canadian divisions in WWII Units of the Canadian 2nd Infantry Division were mobilized on 1 September 1939, even before the declaration of war, and the battalions were promptly fleshed out by volunteers. ... Westkapelle can refer to: Westkapelle (Belgium) - a place in the municipality of Knokke-Heist in Belgium Westkapelle (Netherlands) - a place in the municipality of Veere in the Netherlands This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Flushing (Dutch Vlissingen) is a municipality and a city in the southwestern Netherlands on the former island of Walcheren. ... Veere is a municipality and a city in the southwestern Netherlands, on Walcheren in the province of Zeeland. ...

The Dutch government did not want to use the old water line in 1940. It was still possible to create an island out of Holland by destroying dykes and flooding the polders, but this island contained the main cities. There were too many people to keep alive. However, Hitler ordered Festung Holland to be held at any price. The winter of 1944-1945 was very severe, and this lead to hunger journeys and people who starved to death (about 30,000), exhaustion, cold or disease. This winter is known as the Hongerwinter (Hungerwinter). The food situation was aggravated by a general railway strike ordered by the Dutch government in exile in expectation of a general German collapse near the end of 1944. Satellite image of Noordoostpolder, Netherlands (595. ... The main municipalities of the Randstad; note that the marked areas are not just the built-up areas but the whole municipalities The Randstad is an agglomeration in the Netherlands. ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... After the landing of the Allied Forces on D-Day, things grew worse in Nazi occupied Holland. ...

On the island of Texel 800 Georgians, part of the German army, rebelled on April 5, 1945. Their rebellion was crushed by the German army after two weeks of battle. 565 Georgians, 120 inhabitants of Texel and 800 Germans died. The 228 surviving Georgians were forcibly repatriated after the war. This article is about the Dutch island Texel. ... Texel island The Georgian Uprising of Texel (Dutch: Opstand der GeorgiÃ«rs) (April 5, 1945â€“May 20, 1945) was an insurrection by the 882nd infantry battalion of the Georgian Legion stationed on the German occupied Dutch island of Texel (pronounced Tessel). ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

After the capture of the Rhine bridge at Remagen, Canadian forces entered the Netherlands from the east, liberating the eastern and northern provinces. The western provinces, where the situation was worst, however, had to wait until the surrender of German forces in the Netherlands was negotiated on the eve of May 5, 1945 (three days before the general capitulation of Germany), in hotel De Wereld (The World) in Wageningen. Previously the Swedish Red Cross had been allowed to provide relief efforts, the most memorable ones employing Allied bombers dropping food over the German-occupied territories in Operation Manna. Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (Dutch Rijn, French Rhin, German Rhein, Italian: Reno, Romansch: Rein, ) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Remagen is a city in Germany in the Bundesland of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Wageningen is a municipality and a historical town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Operation Manna was an event which took place from 29 April to 7 May 1945, at the end of World War II, in which Lancaster bombers of the Royal Air Force dropped food into parts of the occupied Netherlands, with the acquiescence of the occupying German forces, to feed people...

After liberation, Dutch citizens began taking the law into their own hands as in other liberated countries such as France. Collaborators and moffenmeiden(Hun's girls) were abused and humiliated in public, usually by having their heads shaven and painted orange.

Dutch East Indies and the war against Japan

On January 10, 1942 the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Dutch navy ships in the Dutch East Indies joined the ABDA fleet (American-British-Dutch-Australian fleet) commanded by Dutch admiral Karel Doorman. On February 27 and 28 1942, Admiral Doorman was ordered to take the offensive against the Japanese. The ABDA fleet encountered the Japanese at the Battle of the Java Sea, Doorman then gave the order to attack. However the ABDA fleet was destroyed in the ensuing battle. The words in which Doorman is alleged to have given the order to attack were "Ik val aan, volg mij!" (I attack, follow me!), although he never literally said that (in reality the order was "All ships follow me"). January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-IndiÃ«) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ... The American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command, code name ABDACOM, was a short-lived, unified command for all Allied forces in South East Asia, during the Pacific War. ... Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman (April 23, 1889 â€“ February 28, 1942) was a Schout-bij-Nacht (the Dutch equivalent of a Rear Admiral) during World War II. He was originally a naval aviator in the Royal Netherlands Navy but quickly rose through the ranks to become Schout-bij-Nacht in... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Combatants United States Netherlands United Kingdom Australia Japan Commanders Karel Doormanâ€ Takeo Takagi Strength 5 cruisers 12 destroyers 4 cruisers 14 destroyers 10 transports Casualties 5 cruisers sunk 5 destroyers sunk 2,300 sailors killed 4 loaded troop transports sunk The Battle of the Java Sea was a major naval...

After Japanese troops had landed on Java, the Dutch surrendered on March 1 1942. Dutch soldiers were imprisoned in labour camps. Later all Dutch were captured and sent to camps, some were deported to Japan or set to work on the Thai-Burma Railway. Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... The Bridge over the river Kwai Map of the Death Railway The Death Railway (known also as Thai-Burma Railway or Burma Railway) was a railway built from Thailand to Burma (now Myanmar) by the Japanese during World War II to complete the route from Bangkok to Rangoon and support...

Dutch submarines escaped and resumed the fight on with the Allies. As a part of the Allied forces they were on the hunt for Japanese oil transports to Japan and troop and weapon transports from Japan headed for the other battlefields (including New Guinea).

Several Dutch army and navy pilots also escaped, and with Dutch aircraft purchased from the United States formed Royal Australian Air Force No. 18 Squadron (B-25 Mitchells) and No. 120 Squadron (P-40 Kittyhawks). These squadrons helped defend Australia from the Japanese and participated in the eventual liberation of the Netherlands East Indies. [1] The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the air force branch of the Australian Defence Force. ... The North American B-25 Mitchell (North American NA-62) was an American twin-engined medium bomber manufactured by North American Aviation. ... The Curtiss P-40 was a U.S. single-engine, single-seat, low-wing, all-metal fighter and ground attack aircraft which first flew in 1938, and was used in great numbers in World War II. When production ceased in November 1944, 13,738 P-40s had been produced; they...

Gradually, control of the Netherlands East Indies was wrested away from the Japanese. The largest Allied invasion took place in July 1945 with Australian landings on the island of Borneo, ostensibly to seize the strategic oilfields from the now cut-off Japanese forces. However, the Japanese had already begun independence negotiations with Indonesian nationalists such as Sukarno - and Indonesian forces had themselves taken over control of a sizable portion of Sumatra and Java. The Japanese surrender on August 15 1945 precipitated outright conflict between British, Dutch, Australian and American forces on one side and Indonesian forces on the other. 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Borneo (left) and Sulawesi. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 â€“ June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the third largest island of Indonesia after Borneo (of which Kalimantan belongs to Indonesia) and New Guinea. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ...

After the war

After the war some people who were thought to have collaborated with the Germans were lynched or punished without trial. Others were sentenced by the Ministry of Justice. Some proved to have been arrested unjustly, and were cleared of charges, sometimes after having been in custody for a long period of time.

There were plans to annex a sizable portion of Germany, either without or with German population — which in the latter case would have to be 'Dutchified' — doubling the Netherlands in surface. This plan was dropped after an allied refusal. But a plan that was executed to some extent was Black Tulip, the deportation of all holders of German passports in the Netherlands. In the end several thousand Germans were deported. Operation Black Tulip was a plan in 1945 by Dutch minister of Justice Kolfschoten to evict all Germans from the Netherlands. ...

The bank credits of killed Jewish Dutch are still subjects of trials more than half a century later.

The end of the war also meant the final loss of the Netherlands East Indies from Dutch control. Following the surrender of the Japanese in the Netherlands East Indies, Indonesian nationalists fought a four year Indonesian war of independence against Dutch and British Commonwealth forces, eventually leading to the Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia. Many Dutch and Indonesians emigrated or returned to the Netherlands at this time, resulting in a lasting Indonesian influence in Dutch culture and cuisine. This article describes the events that led to Indonesian independence from the Netherlands in the late 1940s. ... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, almost all of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ...

World War II has left many trails on the Dutch society. On May 4 the Dutch commemorate the people who died during the war. Among the living there are many who still have emotional problems due to the war, the first generation as well as the second. In the year 2000 the government still granted 24,000 people a yearly payment (among them are victims from later wars too, for example the war in Korea). May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Korea (Korean: ì¡°ì„ or í•œêµ, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ...

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