Although he never won an Oscar for any of his movie performances, the comedian Bob Hope received two honorary Oscars for his contributions to cinema. The Academy Awards (a.k.a. "The Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States. The Awards are granted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, a professional honorary organization which as of 2003 had a voting membership of 5816. Actors (with a membership of 1311) make up the largest voting bloc. The most recent awards were the 76th Academy Awards.
Academy Awards are nicknamed "Oscars", after the nickname of the statuette (the name alledgedly came about when Academy librarian Margaret Herrick saw the statuette on a table and said: "It looks just like my uncle Oscar!"). The awards were first given at a banquet in the Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel on May 16, 1929 but there was little suspense since the winners of the awards had already been announced three months earlier on February 18. To qualify, a film had to open in Los Angeles during the twelve months ending on July 31 of the preceding year. The 1934 and later awards have all been based on openings in the previous calendar year. The 1932-33 awards were based on a 17-month qualifying period. The "opened in Los Angeles" clause allowed Charlie Chaplin to win his only voted Oscar for Limelight which was made in 1952, but did not open until 1972 (rules have subsequently changed to disallow awards for films more than two years old).
The awards night itself is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers (who usually loan them to the stars to gain publicity). The awards ceremony is televised around the world.
The members of each branch determine the nominees in their respective category, after which the entire membership votes for the winner in all categories. The ballot itself contains just the title of a work, and not the artist associated with said work (which may explain why Eminem won Best Song in 2003 over more seemingly Academy-friendly nominees).
Less subjectively, it is clear that movie studios spend large amounts of money on campaigning for their films. Miramax has been the most widely-discussed (and arguably successful) studio that uses this technique. An award can give a film a huge boost at the box office, and make an artist an industry "power player" overnight. In the past few decades, the advent of VHS tape and DVDs have given Academy Awards a new level of importance, as the attachment of a win (or even nomination) in a prominent category can dramatically increase sales and rentals. The Academy has made much of cracking down on these campaigns, but the results have been mixed. Such influence is nothing new; for example, it is widely believed William Randolph Hearst ran a campaign to ensure that Citizen Kane -- a film regarded by many as the greatest of all time -- did not receive any Academy Award nominations. The film ended up receiving only one trophy, despite nominations in nine categories.
Academy Award rules are reviewed annually. Recent rule changes include the following:
- For 2003, the category names for the writing awards were simplified. The “Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published” category was renamed the “Adapted Screenplay” category. The category of “Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen” was renamed “Original Screenplay.”
- For 2002, a new category, Best Animated Feature, was established.
- As of 2001, a film cannot appear on the Internet before its theatrical release and be eligible for an Oscar.
- In 2000 (and again in 2003), rules were tightened to restrict Best Picture nominations and awards to producers who actually functioned as producers. Up to three producers are allowed per film. The 1998 Best Picture Oscar went to five producers for Shakespeare in Love.
The greatest number of Academy Awards won by a film is 11, this distinction is shared by 3 films: Ben-Hur, Titanic, and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
The "Academy Award of Merit" is given in many categories, including the following:
Special Awards, which are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole, include:
See also
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