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Others exist or existed in all parts of the world including Turkey (Kusköy "Village of the Birds"), France (the village of Aas in the Pyrenees), Mexico (the Zapotecs of Oaxaca), South America (Pirahã), Asia (the Chepang of Nepal), and New Guinea.
However, while drums may be used by griots singing praise songs or for inter-village communication, and other instruments may be used on the radio for station identification jingles, for regular conversation at a distance whistled speech is used.
The main advantage of whistling speech is that it allows to cover much larger distances (typically 1-2 km but up to 5 km) than ordinary speech, and this is assisted by the relief found in areas where whistled languages are used.
The urban threshold was dropped to 4,000 in the 1880 census and to 2,500 in the 1910 census.
Among the 100 largest cities and other urban places, the number of extended cities was 12 in 1970, 13 in 1980, and 22 in 1990.
As described in the section on Urban and Urban Place, the compilation in the 1930s of an historical series of population totals for all urban places (places of 2,500 or more population) since 1790 identified some corrections to urban places and their populations at earlier censuses.
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