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Encyclopedia > The Raven
For other uses, see The Raven (disambiguation).
"The Raven" depicts a mysterious raven's midnight visit to a mourning narrator, as illustrated by John Tenniel (1858).
"The Raven" depicts a mysterious raven's midnight visit to a mourning narrator, as illustrated by John Tenniel (1858).

"The Raven" is a narrative poem, first published in January 1845, by American writer and poet Edgar Allan Poe. Noted for its musicality, stylized language and supernatural atmosphere, it tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing his slow descent into madness. The lover, often identified as a student,[1][2] is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. The raven, sitting on a bust of Pallas, seems to further instigate his distress with its repeated word, "Nevermore." Throughout the poem, Poe makes allusions to folklore and various classical works. The title The Raven has been used in many creative works. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... 1889 Self-portrait Sir John Tenniel (February 28, 1820 – February 25, 1914) was an English illustrator. ... Narrative poetry is poetry that tells a story. ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, literary critic, essayist and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ... For other uses, see Supernatural (disambiguation). ... WPA poster by Kenneth Whitley, 1939 The talking animal or speaking animal term, in general, refers to any form of animal which can speak human languages. ... For other uses, see Raven (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Athena (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...


Poe claimed to have written the poem very logically and methodically. His intention was to create a poem that would appeal to both critical and popular tastes, as he explains in a follow-up essay, "The Philosophy of Composition". The poem was inspired in part by a talking raven in the novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty by Charles Dickens.[3] Poe borrows the complex rhythm and meter of Elizabeth Barrett's poem "Lady Geraldine's Courtship". The Philosophy of Composition is an essay written by Edgar Allan Poe that elaborates a theory about how good writers write when they write well. ... Dickens redirects here. ... Elizabeth Barrett Browning (March 6, 1806 – June 29, 1861) was one of the most respected poets of the Victorian era. ...


The first publication of "The Raven" on January 29, 1845, in the New York Evening Mirror made Poe widely popular in his day. The poem was soon heavily reprinted, parodied, and illustrated. Though some critics disagree about the value of the poem, it remains one of the most famous poems ever written.[4] is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The New-York Mirror was a newspaper published New York City under many variant titles, remembered by students of American literature for printing the first editions of poems by Edgar Allen Poe. ...

Contents

Synopsis

"Not the least obeisance made he", as illustrated by Gustave Doré (1884).
"Not the least obeisance made he", as illustrated by Gustave Doré (1884).

"The Raven" follows an unnamed narrator who sits reading "forgotten lore"[5] as a method to forget the loss of his love, Lenore. A "rapping at [his] chamber door"[5] reveals nothing, but excites his soul to "burning".[6] A similar rapping, slightly louder, is heard at his window. When he goes to investigate, a raven steps into his chamber. Paying no attention to the man, the raven perches on a bust of Pallas. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 405 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (550 × 813 pixel, file size: 106 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 405 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (550 × 813 pixel, file size: 106 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Doré photographed by Felix Nadar. ... The Narrator is the entity within a story that tells the story to the reader. ... Bust of Richard Bently by Roubiliac A bust is a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ... For other uses, see Athena (disambiguation). ...


Amused by the raven's comically serious disposition, the man demands that the bird tell him its name. The raven's only answer is "Nevermore."[6] The narrator is actually surprised that the raven can talk, though it will not say anything further. He remarks that his "friend" the raven will soon fly out of his life, just as "other friends have flown before"[6] along with his previous hopes. As if answering, the raven responds again with "Nevermore".[6] The narrator is convinced that this single word, possibly learned from a previous owner with bad luck, is all that the bird can say.[6]


Even so, the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven, determined to learn more about it. He thinks for a moment, not saying anything, but his mind wanders back to his lost Lenore. He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels. Confused by the association of the angels with the bird, the narrator becomes angry, calling the raven a "thing of evil" and a "prophet". As he yells at the raven it only responds, "Nevermore."[7] Finally, he asks the raven if Lenore is in heaven. When the raven responds with its typical "Nevermore", he shrieks and commands the raven to return to the "Plutonian shore",[7] though it never moves. Presumably at the time of the poem's recitation by the narrator, the raven "still is sitting"[7] on the bust of Pallas. The narrator's final admission is that his soul is trapped beneath the raven's shadow and shall be lifted "Nevermore".[7]


Analysis

Poe wrote the poem as a narrative, without intentionally creating an allegory or falling into didacticism.[8] The main theme of the poem is one of undying devotion.[9] The narrator has a perverse conflict between desire to forget and desire to remember. In fact, he seems to get some pleasure from focusing on loss.[10] The narrator assumes that the word "Nevermore" is the raven's "only stock and store", and yet he continues to ask it questions, knowing what the answer will be. His questions, then, are purposely self-deprecating and further incite his feelings of loss.[11] Poe leaves it unclear if the raven actually knows what it is saying or if it really intends to cause a reaction in the poem's narrator.[12] Allegory of Music by Filippino Lippi. ... It has been suggested that Didactics be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the literary device. ...


Allusions

The raven perches on a bust of Pallas, a symbol of wisdom meant to imply the narrator is a scholar.
The raven perches on a bust of Pallas, a symbol of wisdom meant to imply the narrator is a scholar.

Poe says that the narrator is a young scholar.[13] Though this is not explicitly stated in the poem, it is mentioned in "The Philosophy of Composition". It is also suggested by the speaker reading books as well as by the wisdom-representative bust of Pallas.[14] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 554 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1821 × 1971 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 554 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1821 × 1971 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Athena (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Student (disambiguation). ...


During December he is reading "many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore".[5] Similar to the studies suggested in Poe's short story "Ligeia", this lore may be about the occult or black magic. This is emphasized in the author's choice to set the poem in December, a month when the forces of darkness are believed to be especially active. The use of the "devil bird" of the raven also suggests this.[15] This devil image is emphasized by the narrator's belief that the raven is "from the Night's Plutonian shore", or a messenger from the afterlife, referring to Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld[16] (also known as Hades in Greek mythology). Ligeia is a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe. ... For other uses, see Occult (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Black magic (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pluto (disambiguation). ... Roman mythology can be considered as two parts. ... For other uses, see Underworld (disambiguation). ... Hades, Greek god of the underworld, enthroned, with his bird-headed staff, on a red-figure Apulian vase made in the 4th century BC. For other uses, see Hades (disambiguation). ... The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. ...


Poe chose a raven as the central symbol in the story because he wanted a "non-reasoning" creature capable of speech. He decided on a raven, which he considered "equally capable of speech" as a parrot, because it matched his intended tone.[17] Poe said the raven is meant to symbolize Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance.[18] He was also inspired by Grip, the raven in Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty by Charles Dickens.[19] One scene in particular bears a resemblance to "The Raven": at the end of the fifth chapter of Dickens's novel, Grip makes a noise and someone says, "What was that – him tapping at the door?" The response is, "'Tis someone knocking softly at the shutter."[20] Dickens's raven could speak many words and had many comic turns, including the popping of a champagne cork, but Poe emphasized the bird's more dramatic qualities. Poe had written a review of Barnaby Rudge for Graham's Magazine saying, among other things, that the raven should have served a more symbolic, prophetic purpose.[21] The similarity did not go unnoticed: James Russel Lowell in his "A Fable for Critics" wrote the verse, "Here comes Poe with his raven, like Barnaby Rudge / Three-fifths of him genius and two-fifths sheer fudge."[22] Dickens redirects here. ... James Russell Lowell (b. ...


Poe may also have been drawing upon various references to ravens in mythology and folklore. In Norse mythology Odin possessed two ravens named Hugin and Munin representing thought and memory, just as Poe's raven.[23] The raven also gets a reputation as a bird of ill omen in the book of Genesis.[24] According to Hebrew folklore, Noah sends a white raven to check conditions while on the ark. It learns that the floodwaters are beginning to dissipate, but it does not immediately return with the news. It is punished by being turned black and being forced to forever feed on carrion. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, a raven also begins as white before Apollo punishes it by turning it black for delivering a message of a lover's unfaithfulness. The raven's role as a messenger in Poe's poem may draw from those stories.[25] For other uses, see Mythology (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Norse, Viking or Scandinavian mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian peoples, including those who settled on Iceland, where most of the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... For other meanings of Odin,Woden or Wotan see Odin (disambiguation), Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). ... Huginn and Muninn sit on Odins shoulders in this illustration from an 18th century Icelandic manuscript. ... For other uses, see Genesis (disambiguation). ... The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... This article is about the biblical Noah. ... Look up ark in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An American Black Vulture feeding on squirrel carrion For other uses, see Carrion (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ovid (disambiguation) Publius Ovidius Naso (March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD) was a Roman poet known to the English-speaking world as Ovid who wrote on topics of love, abandoned women and mythological transformations. ... Disambiguation: This article is about the poem Metamorphoses written by the poet Ovid. ... For other uses, see Apollo (disambiguation). ...


Poe also mentions the Balm of Gilead, a reference to the Book of Jeremiah in the Bible: "Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered?"[26] In that context, the Balm of Gilead is a resin used for medicinal purposes (suggesting, perhaps, that the narrator needs to be healed after the loss of Lenore). He also refers to "Aidenn", another word for the Garden of Eden, though Poe uses it to ask if Lenore has been accepted into Heaven. At another point, the narrator imagines that seraphim (a type of angel) have entered the room. The narrator depreciates the angels' presence, because he fears they will take away his nepenthe, a drug mentioned in Homer's Odyssey to induce forgetfulness. He wants to swallow his nepenthe because he is trying to dispel Lenore from his memory. Balsam of Mecca (or balsam of Gilead or balm of Gilead) is a resinous gum of the tree Commiphora gileadensis (syn. ... The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah (יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirməyāhū in Hebrew), is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaisms Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianitys Old Testament. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Garden of Eden (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Heaven (disambiguation). ... 六翼天使 Seraphim(六翼天使) is a Taiwanese symphonic metal band similar to Nightwish and Therion. ... This article is about the supernatural being. ... For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Odyssey (disambiguation). ...


Poetic structure

The poem is made up of 18 stanzas of six lines each. Generally, the meter is a trochaic octameter: the lines are built based on a series of paired "feet" or syllables which alternate stressed and unstressed, with eight "feet" to each line.[27] The first line, for example (with / representing stressed syllables and x representing unstressed): Trochaic octameter is a poetic meter that has eight trochaic metrical feet per line. ...

Syllabic structure of a verse[28]
Stress / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
Syllable Once up- on a mid- night drear- y, while I pon- dered weak and wear- y

Poe, however, claimed the poem was a combination of octameter acatalectic, heptameter catalectic, and tetrameter catalectic.[29] The rhyme scheme is ABCBBB and makes heavy use of internal rhyme ("dreary" and "weary"; "Once upon" and "while I pon-") and alliteration ("Doubting, dreaming dreams...").[30] 20th century American poet Daniel Hoffman suggested that the poem's structure and meter is so formulaic that it is artificial, though its mesmeric quality overrides that.[31] Octameter in poetry is a line of eight metrical feet. ... An acatalectic line of verse is one having the metrically complete number of syllables in the final foot. ... Heptameter is one or more lines of verse containing seven metrical feet (usually fourteen or twenty-one syllables). ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... In poetry, a tetrameter is a line of four metrical feet: And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea (Anapaest tetrameter) (Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib) You who are bent and bald and blind (Iambic tetrameter, except for the first foot which is a trochee) (W... A rhyme scheme is like the pattern of rhyming like lines in a poem or in like lyrics for music. ... In poetry, internal rhyme, or middle rhyme, is rhyme which occurs within a single line of verse. ... Alliteration is a literary device in which the same sound appears at the beginning of two or more consecutive words. ... Daniel Gerard Hoffman (b. ...


Poe based the structure of "The Raven" on the complicated rhyme and rhythm of Elizabeth Barrett's poem "Lady Geraldine's Courtship". Poe had reviewed Barrett's work in the January 1845 issue of the Broadway Journal and said that "her poetic inspiration is the highest - we can conceive of nothing more august. Her sense of Art is pure in itself." About "Lady Geraldine's Courtship", he said, "I have never read a poem combining so much of the fiercest passion with so much of the most delicate imagination."[32] Elizabeth Barrett Browning (March 6, 1806 – June 29, 1861) was one of the most respected poets of the Victorian era. ... The Broadway Journal was a New York City-based periodical founded by Charles Frederick Briggs and John Bisco in 1844. ...


Publication history

Édouard Manet's illustration of the poem was one of many made after initial publication.
Édouard Manet's illustration of the poem was one of many made after initial publication.

Poe first brought "The Raven" to his friend and former employer George Rex Graham of Graham's Magazine in Philadelphia. Graham declined the poem, which may not have been in its final version, though he gave Poe $15 as charity.[33] Poe then attempted to place the poem with The American Review, which paid him $9 for it.[34] Though it was first sold to The American Review, which printed it in February 1845, "The Raven" was first published in the Evening Mirror on January 29, 1845 as an "advance copy".[35] Following this publication the poem appeared in periodicals across the United States, including the New York Tribune (February 4, 1845), Broadway Journal (vol. 1, February 8, 1845), Southern Literary Messenger, (vol. 11, March, 1845), Literary Emporium (vol. 2, December, 1845), Saturday Courier, 16 (July 25, 1846), and the Richmond Examiner (September 25, 1849).[36] It has also appeared in numerous anthologies, starting with Poets and Poetry of America edited by Rufus Wilmot Griswold in 1847. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... “Manet” redirects here. ... George Rex Graham (1813-1894) was an entrepreneur and journalist from Philadelphia, most notable for the founding of Grahams Magazine. ... Fashion plate from an 1849 issue of Grahams Magazine. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The New York Tribune building - today the site of Pace Universitys building complex of One Pace Plaza in New York City The New York Tribune was established by Horace Greeley in 1841 and was long considered one of the leading newspapers in the United States. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Broadway Journal was a New York City-based periodical founded by Charles Frederick Briggs and John Bisco in 1844. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Southern Literary Messenger was a periodical published in Richmond, Virginia from 1834 until the end of the Civil War. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Rufus Wilmot Griswold (February 15, 1815 - August 12, 1857) was an American anthologist, editor and critic, famous for his enmity with Edgar Allan Poe. ...


Illustrators

Later publications of "The Raven" included artwork by well-known illustrators. Notably, in 1858 "The Raven" appeared in a British Poe anthology with illustrations by John Tenniel, the Alice in Wonderland illustrator (The Poetical Works of Edgar Allan Poe: With Original Memoir, London: Sampson Low). "The Raven" was published independently with lavish woodcuts by Gustave Doré in 1884 (New York: Harper & Brothers). Doré died before its publication.[37] In 1875 a French edition with English and French text was published with lithographs by the famed Impressionist Édouard Manet and translation by the Symbolist Stephane Mallarmé.[38] Many 20th-century artists and contemporary illustrators created artworks and illustrations based on "The Raven," including Edmund Dulac, István Orosz,[39][40] Ryan Price,[41] Odilon Redon and Gahan Wilson. 1889 Self-portrait Sir John Tenniel (February 28, 1820 – February 25, 1914) was an English illustrator. ... Alice in Wonderland redirects here. ... Four horsemen of the Apocalypse by Albrecht Dürer Ukiyo-e woodcut, Ishiyama Moon by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1889) Woodcut is a relief printing artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the surface... Doré photographed by Felix Nadar. ... Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface, as well as a method of manufacturing semiconductor and MEMS devices. ... “Manet” redirects here. ... Stéphane Mallarmé (March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) was a French poet and critic. ... Illustration to The Garden of Paradise Edmund Dulac (born Edmond Dulac 1882-1953), was a book illustrator prominent during the so called Golden Age of Illustration (the first quarter or so of the twentieth century). ... István Orosz (b. ... Self portrait, 1880, Musée dOrsay. ... Gahan Wilson (born February 18, 1930) is an author, cartoonist, and illustrator in the United States. ...


Composition

Main article: The Philosophy of Composition

Poe capitalized on the success of "The Raven" by following it up with his essay "The Philosophy of Composition" (1846), in which he detailed the poem's creation. His description of its writing is probably exaggerated, though the essay serves as an important overview of Poe's literary theory.[42] He explains that every component of the poem is based on logic: the raven enters the chamber to avoid a storm (the "midnight dreary" in the "bleak December"), and its perch on a pallid white bust was to create visual contrast against the dark black bird. No aspect of the poem was an accident, he claims, but is based on total control by the author.[43] Even the term "Nevermore", he says, is used because of the effect created by the long vowel sounds (though Poe may have been inspired to use the word by the works of Lord Byron or Henry Wadsworth Longfellow[44]). Poe had toyed with the long o sound throughout many other poems: "no more" in "Silence", "evermore" in "The Conqueror Worm".[45] The topic itself, Poe says, was chosen because "the death... of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world". Told from "the lips... of a bereaved lover" is best suited to achieve the desired effect.[46] Beyond the poetics of it, the lost Lenore may have been inspired by events in Poe's own life as well, either to the early loss of his mother, Eliza Poe, or the long-illness endured by his wife, Virginia.[47] Ultimately, Poe considered "The Raven" an experiment to "suit at once the popular and critical taste", accessible to both the mainstream and high literary worlds.[48] It is unknown how long Poe worked on "The Raven"; speculation ranges from a single day to ten years. Poe recited a poem believed to be an early version with an alternate ending of "The Raven" in 1843 in Saratoga, New York.[49] An early draft may have featured an owl.[50] The Philosophy of Composition is an essay written by Edgar Allan Poe that elaborates a theory about how good writers write when they write well. ... The Philosophy of Composition is an essay written by Edgar Allan Poe that elaborates a theory about how good writers write when they write well. ... See also: 1845 in literature, other events of 1846, 1847 in literature, list of years in literature. ... Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. ... Lord Byron redirects here. ... Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet whose works include Paul Reveres Ride, A Psalm of Life, The Song of Hiawatha and Evangeline. He also wrote the first American translation of Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy and was one of the five members... This article lists all known poems by American author and critic Edgar Allan Poe, regardless of importance. ... The Conqueror Worm is a poem by Edgar Allan Poe about human mortality and the inevitability of death. ... Eliza Arnold Poe (1787-1811) was a British-born American actress and the mother of the American author Edgar Allan Poe. ... Virginia Eliza Sissy Clemm Poe (August 22, 1822 – January 30, 1847), born Virginia Eliza Clemm, was the wife of Edgar Allan Poe. ... Saratoga is a town located in Saratoga County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 5,141. ... This article is about the state. ...


Critical reception and impact

In part due to its dual printing, "The Raven" made Edgar Allan Poe a household name almost immediately;[51] people began to identify poem with poet, earning Poe the nickname "The Raven".[52] The poem was soon widely reprinted, imitated, and parodied.[53] The New World said, "Everyone reads the Poem and praises it... justly, we think, for it seems to us full of originality and power." The Pennsylvania Inquirer reprinted it with the heading "A Beautiful Poem".[54] Elizabeth Barrett wrote to Poe, "Your 'Raven' has produced a sensation, a fit o' horror, here in England. Some of my friends are taken by the fear of it and some by the music. I hear of persons haunted by 'Nevermore'."[55] Poe's popularity resulted in invitations to recite "The Raven" and to lecture – in public and at private social gatherings. At one literary salon, a guest noted, "to hear [Poe] repeat the Raven... is an event in one's life."[56] It was recalled, "He would turn down the lamps till the room was almost dark, then standing in the center of the apartment he would recite... in the most melodious of voices... So marvelous was his power as a reader that the auditors would be afraid to draw breath lest the enchanted spell be broken."[57] Parodies sprung up especially in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia and included "The Craven" by "Poh!", "The Gazelle", "The Whippoorwill", and "The Turkey".[58] Though it made Poe popular in his day, it did not bring him significant financial success.[59] In contemporary usage, a parody (or lampoon) is a work that imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself, the subject of the work, the author or fictional voice of the parody, or another subject. ... The Philadelphia Inquirer is one of a two Knight Ridder newspaper duopoly daily for the Philadelphia area. ... A Salon of Ladies by Abraham Bosse A salon is a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring hostess or host, partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through conversation and readings, often consciously following Horaces definition of the... Binomial name Wilson, 1812 The Whip-poor-will or whippoorwill, Caprimulgus vociferus, is a medium-sized (22-27 cm) nightjar, a type of nocturnal bird. ...


"The Raven" was also praised by fellow writers William Gilmore Simms and Margaret Fuller,[60] though it was denounced by William Butler Yeats, who called it "insincere and vulgar... its execution a rhythmical trick".[61] Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "I see nothing in it."[62] An anonymous writer going by "Outis" suggested in the Evening Mirror that "The Raven" was plagiarized from a poem called "The Bird of the Dream" by an unnamed author. The writer showed 18 similarities between the poems as a response to Poe's accusations of plagiarism against Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It has been suggested Outis was really Cornelius Conway Felton, if not Poe himself.[63] After Poe's death, frequent critic of Poe Thomas Holley Chivers said "The Raven" was plagiarized from one of his poems.[64] William Gilmore Simms William Gilmore Simms (April 17, 1806 – June, 1870) was a southern American poet, novelist and historian whose novels achieved great prominence during the 19th century, with Edgar Allan Poe pronouncing him the best novelist America had ever produced. ... Margaret Fuller, by Marchioness Ossoli. ... William Butler Yeats, 1933. ... Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to mid-19th century. ... Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early nineteenth century. ... For other uses, see Plagiarism (disambiguation). ... Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet whose works include Paul Reveres Ride, A Psalm of Life, The Song of Hiawatha and Evangeline. He also wrote the first American translation of Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy and was one of the five members... Cornelius Conway Felton (November 6, 1807 - February 26, 1862) was an American educator. ... Thomas Holley Chivers (October 18, 1807 – December 18, 1858) was an American poet from Georgia. ...


"The Raven" has influenced many modern works, including Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita in 1955, Bernard Malamud's "The Jewbird" in 1963 and Ray Bradbury's "The Parrot Who Knew Papa" in 1976.[65] The poem is additionally referenced throughout popular culture in films, television, music and more. Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Набо́ков, pronounced ) (April 22 [O.S. April 10] 1899, Saint Petersburg – July 2, 1977, Montreux) was a Russian-American, Academy Award nominated author. ... Lolita (1955) is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov. ... Bernard Malamud (April 26, 1914 – March 18, 1986) was an American writer, allegorist, and a well-known Jewish-American author. ... Ray Douglas Bradbury (born August 22, 1920) is an American literary, fantasy, horror, science fiction, and mystery writer best known for The Martian Chronicles, a 1950 book which has been described both as a short story collection and a novel, and his 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451. ... This article discusses the use of Edgar Allan Poes famous poem in popular culture. ...


See also

Edgar Allan Poe Portal

File links The following pages link to this file: The Raven Categories: Édouard Manet ... This article discusses the use of Edgar Allan Poes famous poem in popular culture. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Raven in mythology. ... Lenore is a poem by the American author, Edgar Allan Poe. ...

Notes

  1. ^ Meyers, 163
  2. ^ Silverman, 239
  3. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 192
  4. ^ Silverman, 237
  5. ^ a b c Poe, 773
  6. ^ a b c d e Poe, 774
  7. ^ a b c d Poe, 775
  8. ^ Silverman, 239
  9. ^ Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe" in Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Harold Bloom, ed. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 21 ISBN 0791061736
  10. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 194
  11. ^ Hoffman, 74
  12. ^ Hirsch, 195-6
  13. ^ Sova, 208
  14. ^ Meyers, 163
  15. ^ Granger, 53–54
  16. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 194
  17. ^ Hirsch, 195
  18. ^ Silverman, 240
  19. ^ Meyers, 162
  20. ^ RE: Cremains / Ravens. Pro Exlibris archives. Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
  21. ^ RE: Cremains / Ravens. Pro Exlibris archives. Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
  22. ^ Cornelius, Kay. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe" in Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, Harold Bloom, ed. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. p. 20 ISBN 0791061736
  23. ^ Adams, 53
  24. ^ Hirsch, 195
  25. ^ Adams, 53
  26. ^ Jeremiah 8:22
  27. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 192
  28. ^ Poe, 773
  29. ^ Sova, 208
  30. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 192–3
  31. ^ Hoffman, 76
  32. ^ Meyers, 160
  33. ^ Hoffman, 79
  34. ^ Ostrom, 5
  35. ^ Sova, 208
  36. ^ The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore (April 27, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
  37. ^ Scholnick, Robert J. "In Defense of Beauty: Stedman and the Recognition of Poe in America, 1880-1910," collected in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1990. p. 262. ISBN 0961644923
  38. ^ Digital Gallery for Édouard Manet illustrations - Le corbeau. New York Public Library Digital Gallery. Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
  39. ^ Orosz, István. The poet in the mirror. Gallery Diabolus. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. - Anamorphic illustration for "The Raven"
  40. ^ Orosz, István. The poet in the mirror. Gallery Diabolus. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. - the same illustration with a chrome-plated brass cylinder
  41. ^ Price, Ryan. Illustrations by Ryan Price. Ingram Gallery. Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
  42. ^ Krutch, 98
  43. ^ Silverman, 295–6
  44. ^ Forsythe, 439–52
  45. ^ Meyers, 163
  46. ^ Silverman, 239
  47. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 194
  48. ^ Silverman, 239
  49. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 192
  50. ^ Weiss, 185
  51. ^ Hoffman, 80
  52. ^ Silverman, 238
  53. ^ Hoffman, 80
  54. ^ Silverman, 237
  55. ^ Krutch, 153
  56. ^ Silverman, 279
  57. ^ Krutch, 154
  58. ^ Silverman, 238
  59. ^ Krutch, 155
  60. ^ Meyers, 184
  61. ^ Silverman, 239
  62. ^ Silverman, 265
  63. ^ Moss, 169
  64. ^ Moss, 101
  65. ^ Kopley & Hayes, 196

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

  • Adams, John F. "Classical Raven Lore and Poe's Raven" in Poe Studies. Vol. V, no. 2, December 1972. Available online
  • Forsythe, Robert. "Poe's 'Nevermore': A Note," as collected in American Literature 7. January, 1936.
  • Granger, Byrd Howell. "Marginalia - Devil Lore in 'The Raven'" from Poe Studies vol. V, no. 2, December 1972 Available online
  • Hirsch, David H. "The Raven and the Nightingale" as collected in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0961644923
  • Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. ISBN 0807123218
  • Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. "Two verse masterworks: 'The Raven' and 'Ulalume'," collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521797276
  • Krutch, Joseph Wood. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926.
  • Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York City: Cooper Square Press, 1992. ISBN 0815410387
  • Moss, Sidney P. Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu. Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.
  • Ostrom, John Ward. "Edgar A. Poe: His Income as Literary Entrepreneur," collected in Poe Studies Vol. 5, no. 1. June 1982.
  • Poe, Edgar Allan. Edgar Allan Poe: Complete Tales & Poems. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002. ISBN 0785814531
  • Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0060923318
  • Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001. ISBN 081604161X
  • Weiss, Susan Archer. The Home Life of Poe. New York: Broadway Publishing Company, 1907.

External links

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  • "The Raven" - Full text of the first printing, from the American Review, 1845
  • "The Raven" - Full text of the final authorized printing, from the Richmond Semi-Weekly Examiner, 1849

Commentary

Illustrated

Audio Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. ...

Video Garrison Keillor (born Gary Edward Keillor on August 7, 1942 in Anoka, Minnesota) is an American author, storyteller, humorist, columnist, musician, satirist, and radio personality. ... Librivox is a digital library of free public domain audio books, read by volunteers. ...

  • Video of Vincent Price giving a dramatic reading of "The Raven"
 v • d • e 
Works of Edgar Allan Poe
Poems
Poetry (1824) • O, Tempora! O, Mores! (1825) • Song (1827) • Imitation (1827) • Spirits of the Dead (1827) • A Dream (1827) • Stanzas (1827) (1827) • Tamerlane (1827) • The Lake (1827) • Evening Star (1827) • A Dream (1827) • To Margaret (1827) • The Happiest Day (1827) • To The River —— (1828) • Romance (1829) • Fairy-Land (1829) • To Science (1829) • To Isaac Lea (1829) • Al Aaraaf (1829) • An Acrostic (1829) • Elizabeth (1829) • To Helen (1831) • A Paean (1831) • The Sleeper (1831) • The City in the Sea (1831) • The Valley of Unrest (1831) • Israfel (1831) • The Coliseum (1833) • Enigma (1833) • Fanny (1833) • Serenade (1833) • Song of Triumph from Epimanes (1833) • Latin Hymn (1833) • To One in Paradise (1833) • Hymn (1835) • Politician (1835) • May Queen Ode (1836) • Spiritual Song (1836) • Bridal Ballad (1837) • To Zante (1837) • The Haunted Palace (1839) • Silence, a Sonnet (1839) • Lines on Joe Locke (1843) • The Conqueror Worm (1843) • Lenore (1843) • Eulalie (1843) • A Campaign Song (1844) • Dream-Land (1844) • Impromptu. To Kate Carol (1845) • To Frances (1845) • The Divine Right of Kings (1845) • Epigram for Wall Street (1845) • The Raven (1845) • A Valentine (1846) • Beloved Physician (1847) • An Enigma (1847) • Deep in Earth (1847) • Ulalume (1847) • Lines on Ale (1848) • To Marie Louise (1848) • Evangeline (1848) • A Dream Within A Dream (1849) • Eldorado (1849) • For Annie (1849) • The Bells (1849) • Annabel Lee (1849) • Alone (1875)
Tales
Other works