The European Revolutions of 1848, in some countries known as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of revolutions triggered by the Revolution of 1848 in France, which erupted in February 1848 in Paris and soon spread to the rest of Europe. ... The poor French rural areas had grown fast, spilling population into the cities. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... // Preliminaries Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 was a hodgepodge of over 30 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... // The Italian states in 1848 As with Germany, there was no Italy at the time of the Revolutions of 1848, but a hodge-podge of states. ... Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1848 roku) was a military insurrection of the Polish people in the Grand Duchy of Poznań (or the Greater Poland region) against the occupying Prussian forces, during the Spring of Nations period. ... Pierre Joseph Proudhon, after the failures of 1848, quoted in The Age of Revolution and Reaction, Ten years after the Revolutions of 1848, little had visibly changed, and many historians consider the revolutions a bloody failure. ...

Observations of liberals

As 1848 began, liberals in France awaited the death of King Louis Philippe, expecting a new revolution after his death. As it happened, he did not die until 1850, after the expected post-mortem revolution had burned itself out. Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773–August 26, 1850) reigned as the Orléanist king of the French from 1830 to 1848. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

As a quid pro quo for the return of the Bourbons after the Battle of Waterloo, the people had been given a charter of liberties, now dubiously maintained. Even though France had a free press and trial by jury, only landholders were permitted to vote, which alienated the middle class from the ruling class. Quid Pro Quo is an upcoming film set to star Nick Stahl, Vera Farmiga and Anna Chlumsky. ... The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... Combatants France Anglo-Allied/Prussian Commanders Napoléon Bonaparte Duke of Wellington Gebhard von Blücher Strength 73,000 67,000 Anglo-Allied 60,000 Prussian (but only 25,000 engaged) Casualties 34,000 23,000 Map of the Waterloo campaign The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815... In the modern age, the free press has taken on multiple meanings. ... A jury trial is a trial in which the judge of the facts, as opposed to the judge of the law, is a jury, made up of citizens who are usually randomly selected and are generally not legal professionals. ...

Alexis de Tocqueville had observed, "We are sleeping on a volcano . . . A wind of revolution blows, the storm is on the horizon." Lacking the property qualifications to vote, the middle classes were about to erupt, tired of hearing Prime Minister Guizot say, "Get rich, then you can vote." Corruption stretched from the Prime Minister to small shopkeepers with dishonest weights. For other uses, see Tocqueville (disambiguation) Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (b. ... François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (October 4, 1787 -September 12, 1874) was a French historian, orator and statesman. ...

Economic and international influences

The French middle class watched the changes in Britain with interest. When Britain's Reform Act of 1832 extended enfranchisement to anybody paying £10 or more per month (previously the vote was restricted to landholders), France's free press took interest. While the working class was perhaps slightly better off than Britain's, nominal laws against child labor were routinely flouted, and unemployment threw skilled workers down to the proletariat level. The British Reform Act of 1832 (2 & 3 Will. ... Child labour or labourity is the term for the employment of children. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. ...

The year 1846 saw a financial crisis and bad harvests, and the following year saw an economic depression. A poor railroad system hindered aid efforts, and the Peasant rebellions that resulted were bloodily put down. Perhaps a third of Paris was on the dole. "Dangerous" writers proliferated such as Louis Blanc ("The right to work") and Pierre Joseph Proudhon ("Property is theft!", "God is evil"); secret societies such as the Saint-Simonians sprang up. 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Social welfare can mean: the welfare or well-being of a society. ... Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc (October 29, 1811 - December 6, 1882), was a French politician and historian. ... Pierre-Joseph Proudhon et ses enfants, Gustave Courbet, 1865. ... Property is theft! is a slogan coined by the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right of Government. ... A secret society is a social organization that requires its members to conceal certain activities—such as rites of initiation or club ceremonies—from outsiders. ... Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (October 17, 1760 – May 19, 1825), the founder of French socialism, was born in Paris. ...

The Events of February

A banquet was planned for Paris's 12th arrondissement on the restive Left Bank. It was, however, moved to the right bank with a price increase, first set for Sunday, February 20, 1848, then moved to the next Tuesday. This was so the working people, surrounded by walls, could not watch. The 12e arrondissement is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. ... The left bank of a river is the bank on the left when looking in the direction of flow towards the sea. ... The right bank of a river is the bank on the right when looking in the direction of flow towards the sea. ... February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

The planned crashing of this party was canceled. Law and order would prevail, though the students prepared for battle with firearms. Still, nothing happened that Tuesday. But revolution was inevitable.

In February, Prime Minister Guizot resigned, and soon after, King Louis Phillipe abdicated. Upon hearing the news of Guizot's resignation, a large crowd gathered outside the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. An officer ordered the crowd not to pass, but people in the front of the crowd were being pushed by the rear. The officer ordered his men to fix bayonets, probably wishing to avoid shooting. However, in what is widely regarded as an accident, a soldier discharged his musket, which resulted in the rest of the soldiers firing into the crowd. Fifty two people were killed. The US Marine Corps OKC-3S bayonet A bayonet is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle of a rifle or similar weapon. ...

Paris was soon a barricaded city. Omnibuses were turned into barricades, and thousands of trees were felled. Fires were set, and angry citizens began converging on the royal palace. King Louis Phillipe managed to escape to England. TheBus, established by Mayor Frank Fasi, is Honolulus only public transit system. ...

The Second Republic

After the revolution, the new provisional government, called the Second Republic, was wildly disorganized. After roughly a month, conservatives began to oppose the new government, using the rallying cry order, which the messy new republic admittedly lacked. The French Second Republic (often simply Second Republic) was the republican regime of France from February 25, 1848 to December 2, 1852. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ...

In the year 1848, 479 newspapers were founded. There was also a 54% decline in the number of businesses in Paris, as most of the wealthy had left; there was a corresponding decline in the luxury trade and credit was unobtainable. National workshops of the "Right to Work" were set up, which failed to prevent further social disorder. 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... External links The Rise of a Young Business Tycoon Business Articles Categories: ‪Business‬ | ‪Academic disciplines‬ | ‪School subjects‬ ... Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ...

The government set out to establish an economy and provide social services. New taxes were passed on the landed class, peasants, and small farmers, with the taxes intended to pay for social services for the unemployed in the cities. The taxes were widely ignored, and the new government lost the support of rural France. Hard-working rural farmers did not want to pay for unemployed city people and their new "Right to Work," which ballooned the population of Paris with far more job seekers than there were jobs. Some jobs were provided, such as building roads and re-planting trees, but it was clear the demands of government were far more pressing than the revolutionaries had foreseen. A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ... Landed property or landed estates is a real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without himself having to do the actual work at the estate. ...

The National Workshops and the "Right to Work" were later abandoned. Some enraged workers picked up guns, later leading to the "June Days Uprising." Before, workers and petit bourgeoisie had fought together, but now, lines were tighter. Petit-bourgeois or Anglicised petty bourgeois is a French term that reffered to the members of the lower middle social-classes. ...

Universal male suffrage was enacted on March 2, giving France nine million new voters. Like all other European nations, women did not have the right to vote.

Opposition to the Second Republic

But, as in 1830, the republican-socialist party had set up a rival government at the Hotel de Ville, including L. Blanc, A. Marrast, F. Flocon, and the workman Albert, which bid fair to involve discord and civil war. But this time the Palais Bourbon was not victorious over the Hotel de Ville. It had to consent to a fusion of the two bodies, in which, however, the predominating elements were the moderate republicans. It was doubtful what would eventually be the policy of the new government. One party, seeing that in spite of the changes in the last sixty years of all political institutions, the position of the people had not been improved, demanded a reform of society itself, the abolition of the privileged position of property, the only obstacle to equality, and as an emblem hoisted the red flag. The other party wished to maintain society on the basis of its ancient institutions, and rallied round the tricolore. 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Hôtel de Ville houses the office of the Mayor of Paris. ... Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc (October 29, 1811 - December 6, 1882), was a French politician and historian. ... Albert lOuvrier (Albert the Worker), born Alexandre Martin (27 April 1815 – 28 May 1895), was a French socialist statesman of the French Second Republic. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The Palais Bourbon, a palace located in Paris, France, is the seat of the French National Assembly, the lower legislative chamber of the French government. ... In sail boat racing a solid red flag is known as a Protest Flag. ... The term tricolore can refer to: the Flag of France (in French, le drapeau tricolore or, rarely, le tricolore) the Flag of Italy (in Italian: il tricolore) the Flag of Romania (in Romanian: tricolorul) the Flag of Russia (in Russian: триколор) a tricolour banner or flag which has three colours, usually...

The beginnings of counter-revolution

The coalition finally splintered as the "people's revolution" turned against the people it tried to liberate. A "people's banquet" was planned in late May; its planners were promptly arrested. The Assembly declared that National Workshops were to be dropped, and rumors of a worker rebellion (the June Days Uprising) later led to police action and the killing of more than 1,400 people. Many survivors were sent to the French colony of Algeria. To the French elite, the June Days uprising was something of a red scare. Others felt differently. Karl Marx saw the "June Days" uprising as strong evidence of a class conflict. Many of the participants were of the petite bourgeoisie (the owners of small properties: the merchants, the shopkeepers, etc.), outnumbering the worker classes (those who worked in mines and in factories and in stores for other people, qualified mainly by their ability to work rather than their expertise) about two to one. In contrast, some workers were represented disproportionate to their population in society. This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Marxs view of history, which came to be called the materialist interpretation of history (and which was developed further as the philosophy of dialectical materialism) is certainly influenced by Hegels claim that reality (and history) should be viewed dialectically, through a clash of opposing forces. ...

The end of the Revolutions in France

Politics continued to tilt to the right, and the era of revolution in France came to an end. Louis Napoleon's family name of Napoleon rallied support, and after sweeping the elections he returned to the old order, purging republicans and returning the "vile multitude" to its former place. Look up Politics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Politics (disambiguation) Democracy History of democracy List of democracy and elections-related topics List of years in politics List of politics by country articles Political corruption Political economy Political movement Political parties of the world Political party Political psychology Political sociology Political... ... Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution, and the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français) and King of... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ...

An attempted coup in 1851 was crushed. Cells of resistance surfaced, but were put down, and the Second Republic was over. Louis Napoleon took the title Emperor Napoleon III, and the Second Empire began. A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a smaller supposedly weaker body that just replaces the top power figures. ... The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. ...

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