Prospero, Ariel and sleeping Miranda from a painting by William Hamilton

Facsimile of the first page of The Tempest from the First Folio, published in 1623

The Tempest is a comedy that was written by William Shakespeare. It is generally dated to 1610-11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him,^[1] although some scholars have argued for an earlier dating.^[2] While listed as a comedy in its initial publication in the First Folio of 1623, many modern editors have relabelled the play a romance. It did not attract a significant amount of attention before the closing of the theatres in 1642, and after the Restoration it attained great popularity only in adapted versions.^[3] Theatre productions returned conclusively to the original Shakespearean text in the mid-nineteenth century.^[4] In the twentieth century, the play received a sweeping re-appraisal by critics and scholars, to the point that it is now considered one of Shakespeare's greatest works.^[5] í For other uses, see Tempest. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (543x764, 201 KB) William Hamilton: Prospero and Ariel (from Shakespeares The Tempest), 1797 Gallery: Alte Nationalgalerie Berlin, A III 589 File links The following pages link to this file: The Tempest (play) ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (543x764, 201 KB) William Hamilton: Prospero and Ariel (from Shakespeares The Tempest), 1797 Gallery: Alte Nationalgalerie Berlin, A III 589 File links The following pages link to this file: The Tempest (play) ... The title page of the First Folio with the famous engraved portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout The First Folio is the name given by modern scholars to the first published collection of William Shakespeares plays; its actual title is Mr. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A comedy is a dramatic performance of a light and amusing character, usually with a happy conclusion to its plot. ... The title page of the First Folio with the famous engraved portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout The First Folio is the name given by modern scholars to the first published collection of William Shakespeares plays; its actual title is Mr. ... The late romances, often simply called the romances, are a grouping of William Shakespeares later plays, including Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Cymbeline, The Winters Tale, and The Tempest. ...

Sources

Sylvester Jordain's "A Discovery of the Barmudas".

There is no obvious, single source for the plot of The Tempest. Instead, the play seems to have been created out of an amalgamation of sources.^[6] Since source scholarship began in the eighteenth century, researchers have suggested that passages from Erasmus's Naufragium (The Shipwreck) (1523, English translation 1606) and Richard Eden's 1555 translation of Peter Martyr's De orbo novo, or Decades of the New Worlde Or West India (1530), influenced the composition of the play.^[7] However, most Shakespearean scholars see parallel imagery in a work by William Strachey, an eyewitness report of the real-life shipwreck of the Sea Venture in 1609 on the islands of Bermuda while sailing toward Virginia. A character in the play makes reference to the still-vexed Bermoothes. Strachey's report was written in 1610; although it was not printed until 1625, it circulated in manuscript and many critics think that Shakespeare may have taken the idea of the shipwreck and some images from it. Another Sea Venture survivor, Sylvester Jordain, also published an account, A Discovery of The Barmudas, so the event would have been widely known. However, literary scholar Kenneth Muir believed that even though "[t]here is little doubt that Shakespeare had read . . . William Strachey's True Reportory of the Wracke" and other accounts, "[t]he extent of the verbal echoes of [the Bermuda] pamphlets has, I think, been exaggerated. There is hardly a shipwreck in history or fiction which does not mention splitting, in which the ship is not lightened of its cargo, in which the passengers do not give themselves up for lost, in which north winds are not sharp, and in which no one gets to shore by clinging to wreckage," and goes on to say that "Strachey's account of the shipwreck is blended with memories of St Paul's--in which too not a hair perished--and with Erasmus' colloquy."^[8] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (977x1449, 642 KB) Cover of Sylvester Jordains A Discovery of the Barmudas, a first-hand narrative of the loss of the Sea Venture, the flagship of the Virginia Company, on the reefs of Bermuda, and the adventures of its survivors. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (977x1449, 642 KB) Cover of Sylvester Jordains A Discovery of the Barmudas, a first-hand narrative of the loss of the Sea Venture, the flagship of the Virginia Company, on the reefs of Bermuda, and the adventures of its survivors. ... Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 – July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ... Frontispiece of De orbo novo Peter Martyr dAnghiera (in Italian, Pietro Martire Danghiera; in Spanish Pedro Mártir De Anghiera, Latin, Petrus Martyr Anglerius or ab Angleria) (February 2, 1457-October 1526) was an Italian-born historian of Spain and of the discoveries of her representatives during the... William Strachey (1572-1621) was an English writer and barrister, whose writings are among the primary sources for the history the English colonization of North America, and as one of the only narratives describing Powhatan society. ... The coat of arms of Bermuda features a representation of the wreck of the Sea Venture The Sea Venture was a 17th-century English sailing ship, the wrecking of which in Bermuda is widely thought to have been the inspiration for Shakespeares The Tempest. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... // Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... St. ...

The overall form of the play is modelled heavily on traditional Italian commedia dell'arte performances, which sometimes featured a magus and his daughter, their supernatural attendants, and a number of rustics. The commedia often featured a clown-figure known as "Arlecchino" (or his predecessor, "Zanni") and his partner "Brighella," who bear a striking resemblance to Stephano and Trinculo; a lecherous Neapolitan hunch-back named "Pulcinella," who corresponds to Caliban; and the clever and beautiful "Isabella," whose wealthy and manipulative father, "Pantalone," constantly seeks a suitor for her, thus mirroring the relationship between Miranda and Prospero.^[9] Commedia redirects here. ... The Three Wise Men are given the names Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthasar in this Romanesque mosaic from the Basilica of St Apollinarius in Ravenna, Italy. ... Arlecchino (also known as Harlequin in English, Arlequin in French) is the most popular of the zanni or comic servant characters from the Italian Commedia dellArte. ... Zanni (from the Italian, dialectal nickname for Giovanni) was the archetype of the comic servant characters of the Commedia dellarte. ... Brighella, from the 16th century. ... Pulcinella, often called Punch in English, is a classical character that originated in the Commedia dellarte of the 17th century and became a stock character in Neapolitan puppetry. ... Pantalone, year 1550, by Maurice Sand Pantalone (French: Pantaloon) is a stock character that is classified as one of the vecchi (old men) in Commedia dellarte. ...

In addition, one of Gonzalo's speeches is derived from On Cannibals, an essay by Montaigne that praises the society of the Caribbean natives "It is a nation ...that hath no kinde of traffike, no knowledge of letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrate, nor of politike superioritie; no use of service of riches, or of poverty; no contracts, no successions, no dividences, no ocupation but idle; no respect of kinred, but common, no apparrell but naturall, no manuring of lands, no use of wine corne, or mettle. The very words that import lying, falsehood, treason, dissimulation, covetousnes, envie, detraction, and pardon, were never heard of amongst them."^[10][11] and much of Prospero's renunciative speech is taken word for word from a speech by Medea in Ovid's Metamorphoses.^[12] Essays is the title of a book written by Michel de Montaigne that was first published in 1580. ... Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (February 28, 1533 - September 13, 1592) was an influential French Renaissance writer, generally considered to be the inventor of the personal essay. ... West Indies redirects here. ... This article is about the Greek mythological figure. ... For other uses, see Ovid (disambiguation). ... // Cover of George Sandyss 1632 edition of Ovids Metamorphosis Englished The Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid is a poem in fifteen books that describes the creation and history of the world in terms according to Greek and Roman points of view. ...

Date and Text

The Tempest is generally accepted to be the last play written solely by Shakespeare,^[13] although some scholars point out that it is impossible to determine if it was written before, after, or at the same time as The Winter's Tale,^[14] while other scholars have argued for an earlier dating. Generally dated to 1610-11, the play was entered into the Stationers' Register by Edward Blount on November 8, 1623. It was one of sixteen Shakespearean plays Blount registered on that date. Florizel and Perdita by Charles Robert Leslie. ... The Stationers Register was a journal maintained by the Stationers Company of London. ... Edward Blount (or Blunt) (b. ...

Compared to many of Shakespeare's other plays, The Tempest has relatively few textual problems. The text as we have it has a simple history: it was published in the First Folio in December 1623. In that volume, The Tempest is the first play in the section of Comedies, and therefore the opening play of the collection. This printing includes more stage directions than any of Shakespeare's other plays, although these directions seem to have been written more for a reader than for an actor. This leads scholars to infer that the editors of the First Folio, John Heminges and Henry Condell, added the directions to the folio to aid the reader, and that they were not necessarily Shakespeare's original intent. Scholars have also wondered about the Masque in Act 4, which seems to have been added as an afterthought, possibly in honor of the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick in 1613. However, other scholars see this as unlikely, arguing that to take the Masque out of the play creates more problems than it solves.^[15] The title page of the First Folio with the famous engraved portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout The First Folio is the name given by modern scholars to the first published collection of William Shakespeares plays; its actual title is Mr. ... John Heminges was an actor in the Kings Men, the playing company for which William Shakespeare wrote. ... Henry Condell was an actor in the Kings Men, the playing company for which William Shakespeare wrote. ... Elisabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was the eldest daughter to James VI of Scotland and his Queen consort Anne of Denmark. ...

The 1610-11 dating of The Tempest has been challenged by numerous scholars, most recently by researchers Roger Stritmatter and Lynn Kositsky^[16]who argue that Strachey's narrative could not have furnished an inspiration for Shakespeare, claiming that Strachey's letter was not put into its extant form until after the Tempest had already been performed on Nov. 1, 1611. The notion of an early date for Tempest has in fact a long history in Shakespearean scholarship, going back to 19th century scholars such as Hunter^[17] and Elze^[18], who both critiqued the widespread belief that the play depended on the Strachey letter.

Characters

Ferdinand Lured by Ariel by John Everett Millais, 1851

Main article: List of Characters in The Tempest

• Prospero, the Duke of Milan and the story's protagonist
• Miranda, daughter of Prospero, often called "a wonder"
• Ariel, an airy spirit
• Caliban, deformed slave of Prospero and son of Sycorax
• Alonso, King of Naples
• Sebastian, Alonso's brother
• Antonio, Prospero's brother, the usurping Duke of Milan
• Ferdinand, Alonso's son
• Gonzalo, an honest, optimistic old councillor who gave Prospero food, water, and books prior to Prospero and Miranda being cast off
• Adrian and Francisco, lords
• Trinculo, a jester
• Stephano, a drunken butler
• Boatswain
• Master of the ship
• Sycorax, (an unseen character) Witch and mother of Caliban
• Iris, Ceres and Juno, spirits

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 456 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (648 × 852 pixel, file size: 165 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel, by Millais The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 456 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (648 × 852 pixel, file size: 165 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel, by Millais The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and... Sir John Everett Millais Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, PRA (June 8, 1829 – August 13, 1896) was a British painter and illustrator and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. ... Prospero and Miranda by William Maw Egley Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Prospero Prospero is the protagonist in The Tempest, a play by William Shakespeare. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Ariel taking on an illusionary form, at Prosperos command Ariel (IPA: [ɛəriəl]) is a fictional sprite who appears in William Shakespeares play The Tempest. ... // While he is referred to as a mooncalf, a freckled whelp, he is the only human inhabitant of an island that is otherwise not honourd with a human shape“ (Prospero, I.2. ... The bosun aboard a modern merchant ship stands cargo watch as freight is lowered into an open hatch. ... In William Shakespeares play The Tempest, Sycorax is an unseen character described as a witch and a necromancer. ... Iris, by Luca Giordano In Greek mythology, Iris is the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. ... In Roman mythology, Ceres was the goddess of growing plants (particularly cereals) and of motherly love. ... Vatican statue of Juno Sospita This article is about a figure in mythology. ...

Synopsis

Prospero and Miranda from a painting by William Maw Egley; Circa 1850

The sorcerer Prospero, rightful Duke of Milan, and his daughter, Miranda, have been stranded for twelve years on an island, after Prospero's jealous brother Antonio—helped by Alonso, the King of Naples—deposed him and set him adrift with the three-year-old Miranda. Prospero secretly sought the help of Gonzalo and their small and shoddy boat had secretly been upgraded to be more than sea worthy, it had been supplied with plenty of food and water, it had an excellent library and contained surviving material in case the boat capsized. Possessed of magic powers due to his great learning and prodigious library, Prospero is reluctantly served by a spirit, Ariel, whom he had rescued from imprisonment in a tree. Ariel was trapped therein by the Algerian witch Sycorax, who had been exiled to the island years before and died prior to Prospero's arrival; Prospero maintains Ariel's loyalty by repeatedly promising to release the "airy spirit" from servitude, but continually defers that promise to a future date, namely at the end of the play. The witch's son Caliban, a deformed monster and the only non-spiritual inhabitant before the arrival of Prospero, was initially adopted and raised by the Milanese sorcerer. He taught Prospero how to survive on the island, while Prospero and Miranda taught Caliban religion and their own language. Following Caliban's attempted rape of Miranda, he had been compelled by Prospero to serve as the sorcerer's slave, carrying wood and gathering pig nuts. In slavery Caliban has come to view Prospero as a usurper, and grown to resent the magician and his daughter, feeling that they have betrayed his trust. Prospero and Miranda in turn view Caliban with contempt and disgust. Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Prospero ... Image File history File links File links The following pages link to this file: Prospero ... Prospero and Miranda by William Maw Egley; Circa 1850 William Maw Egley (London, 1826 – 20 Feb 1916). ... The Sorceress by John William Waterhouse Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events, objects, people, and physical phenomena) through mystical, paranormal or supernatural means. ... Prospero and Miranda by William Maw Egley Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Prospero Prospero is the protagonist in The Tempest, a play by William Shakespeare. ... For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Julio Pérez Ferrero Library - Cúcuta, Colombia A modern-style library in Chambéry A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, and services: it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. ... A team at the 2005 ISAF Team Racing World Championship narrowly avoids capsizing. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In William Shakespeares play The Tempest, Sycorax is an unseen character described as a witch and a necromancer. ... // While he is referred to as a mooncalf, a freckled whelp, he is the only human inhabitant of an island that is otherwise not honourd with a human shape“ (Prospero, I.2. ...

The play opens as Prospero, having divined that his brother, Antonio, is on a ship passing close by the island (having returned from the nuptials of Alonso's daughter Claribel with the King of Tunis), has raised a storm (the tempest of the title) which causes the ship to run aground. Also on the ship are Antonio's friend and fellow conspirator, King Alonso, Alonso's brother Sebastian, Alonso's royal advisor Gonzalo, and Alonso's son, Ferdinand. Prospero, by his spells, contrives to separate the survivors of the wreck into several groups and Alonso and Ferdinand are separated, and believe one another dead.

Miranda by John William Waterhouse

Three plots then alternate through the play. In one, Caliban falls in with Stephano and Trinculo, two drunken crew members, whom he believes to have come from the moon, and drunkenly attempts to raise a rebellion against Prospero (which ultimately fails). In another, Prospero works to establish a romantic relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda; the two fall immediately in love, but Prospero worries that "too light winning [may] make the prize light", and so compels Ferdinand to become his servant so that his affection for Miranda will be confirmed. He also decides that after his plan to exact vengeance on his betrayers has come to fruition, he will break and bury his staff, and "drown" his book of magic. In the third subplot, Antonio and Sebastian conspire to kill Alonso and his advisor Gonzalo, so that Sebastian can become King. They are thwarted by Ariel, at Prospero's command. Ariel appears to the three "men of sin" as a harpy, reprimanding them for their betrayal of Prospero. Alonso, Sebastian and Antonio are deeply affected while Gonzalo is unruffled. Prospero manipulates the course of his enemies' path through the island, drawing them closer and closer to him. In the conclusion, all the main characters are brought together before Prospero, who forgives Alonso (as well as his own brother's betrayal, and warns Antonio and Sebastian about further attempts at betrayal) and finally uses his magic to ensure that everyone returns to Italy. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 565 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 706 pixel, file size: 91 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Miranda - The Tempest by John William Waterhouse. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 565 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 706 pixel, file size: 91 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Miranda - The Tempest by John William Waterhouse. ... John William Waterhouse. ... Trinculo can refer to: Trinculo, a character in William Shakespeares play The Tempest. ... Harpy (from Latin: Harpyia, Greek: Άρπυια, Harpuia, pl. ...

Ariel (as his final task for Prospero) is charged to prepare the proper sailing weather to guide Alonso and his entourage back to the Royal fleet and then to Naples. Ariel is set free to the elements. Prospero pardons Caliban who is sent to prepare Prospero’s cell, to which Alonso and his party are invited for a final night before their departure. Prospero indicates he intends to entertain them with the story of his life on the island. In his epilogue, Prospero invites the audience to set him free from the island by their applause.

Analysis and Criticism

Genre

The story draws heavily from the tradition of the Romance, which featured a fictitious narrative set far away from ordinary life. Romances were typically based around themes such as the supernatural, wandering, exploration and discovery. Romances were often set in coastal regions, and typically featured exotic, fantastical locations; they featured themes of transgression and redemption, loss and retrieval, exile and reunion. As a result, while The Tempest was originally listed as a comedy in the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays, subsequent editors have chosen to give it the more specific label of Shakespearean romance. Like the other romances, the play was influenced by the then-new genre of tragicomedy, introduced by John Fletcher in the first decade of the seventeenth century and developed in the Beaumont and Fletcher collaborations, as well as by the explosion of development in the courtly masque being conducted by Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones at the same time.^[19] As a literary genre, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic prose and verse narrative current in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. ... The title page of the First Folio with the famous engraved portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout The First Folio is the name given by modern scholars to the first published collection of William Shakespeares plays; its actual title is Mr. ... The late romances, often simply called the romances, are a grouping of William Shakespeares later plays, including Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Cymbeline, The Winters Tale, and The Tempest. ... Tragicomedy refers to fictional works that blend aspects of the genres of tragedy and comedy. ... John Fletcher (1579-1625) was a Jacobean playwright. ... Beaumont and Fletcher were the English dramatists Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, who collaborated in their writing during the reign of James I. It is still uncertain how many plays were their joint work. ... Costume for a Knight, by Inigo Jones: the plumed helmet, the heroic torso in armour and other conventions were still employed for opera seria in the 18th century. ... For other persons of the same name, see Ben Johnson (disambiguation). ... Inigo Jones, by Sir Anthony van Dyck Inigo Jones (July 15, 1573–June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant English architect. ...

Dramatic structure

The Tempest differs from Shakespeare's other plays in its observation of a stricter, more organized neo-classical style. The clearest indication of this is Shakespeare's respect for the three unities in the play: the Unities of Time, Place, and Action. The play's events unfold in real time before the audience, Prospero even declaring at the end of the play that everything has happened in mere hours. All action is unified into one basic plot: Prospero's struggle to regain his dukedom; it is also confined to one place: Prospero's Island. Shakespeare's other plays rarely respected the three unities, taking place in separate locations miles apart and over several days or even years.^[20] One author notes: "Why Shakespeare observed the three unities in The Tempest is not known. In most of his other plays, events occur on several days and characters visit numerous settings. Some scholars have suggested that, because The Tempest contains so much fantasy, Shakespeare may have wanted to observe the unities to help audiences suspend their disbelief. Others have pointed to criticism that Shakespeare received for ignoring the unities; they say he may have wanted to prove once and for all that he could follow rules if he felt like it."^[21] Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... The three unities or classical unities are rules for drama derived from a mistaken interpretation of a particular passage in Aristotles Poetics. ... The three unities or classical unities are rules for drama derived from a mistaken interpretation of a particular passage in Aristotles Poetics. ...

The entire play is set on a fictional Island, which most scholars now agree is meant to be located in the Mediterranean Sea. However, another reading of the play with a large following states that the play is meant to take place in the New World, as parts of it read like records of Spanish conquest in the Americas. Still others argue that the Island can represent any land that has been colonized.^[22]

Themes and motifs

The theatre

Priscilla Horton as Ariel, 1838

The Tempest is overtly concerned with its own nature as a play, frequently drawing links between Prospero's Art and theatrical illusion. The shipwreck was a "spectacle" "performed" by Ariel; Antonio and Sebastian are "cast" in a "troop" to "act"; Miranda's eyelids are "fringed curtains". Prospero is even made to refer to the Globe Theatre when claiming the whole world is an illusion: "the great globe... shall dissolve... like this insubstantial pageant". Ariel frequently disguises himself as figures from Classical mythology, for example a nymph, a harpy and Ceres, acting as the latter in a masque and anti-masque that Prospero creates.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Horton as Ariel in The Tempest, 1838 Priscilla Horton, later Priscilla German Reed (2 January 1818 - 18 March 1895), was a popular singer and actress, known for her role as Ariel in W. C. Macreadys production of The Tempest in 1838 and fairy burlesques at Covent Garden Theatre. ... This article is about the original Globe Theatre of Shakespeare and the modern reconstruction in London known as Shakespeares Globe Theatre. ... Classical or Greco-Roman mythology usually refers to the mythology, and the associated polytheistic rituals and practices, of Classical Antiquity. ... In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of female nature entities, either bound to a particular location or landform or joining the retinue of a god or goddess. ... Harpy (from Latin: Harpyia, Greek: Άρπυια, Harpuia, pl. ... In Roman mythology, Ceres was the goddess of growing plants (particularly cereals) and of motherly love. ... Costume for a Knight, by Inigo Jones: the plumed helmet, the heroic torso in armour and other conventions were still employed for opera seria in the 18th century. ... Anti-masque (also spelled antimasque) is a comic or grotesque dance presented before or between the acts of a certain dramatic composition known as a masque. ...

Early critics saw this constant allusion to the theatre as an indication that Prospero was meant to represent Shakespeare; the character's renunciation of magic thus signalling Shakespeare's farewell to the stage. This theory has fallen into disfavour;^{[citation needed]} but certainly The Tempest is interested in the way that, like Prospero's "Art", the theatre can be both an immoral occupation and yet morally transformative for its audience.^{[citation needed]} Serge Sudeikins poster for the Bat Theatre (1922). ...

Oil sketch of Emma Hart, later Lady Hamilton, as Miranda, by George Romney

Emma Hamilton, in one of dozens of portraits by George Romney, at the height of her beauty in the 1780s Emma, Lady Hamilton (born 1761); baptized April 26, 1765 – January 16, 1815) is best remembered as the mistress of Lord Nelson. ... There have been two notable figures named George Romney: George Romney (1734-1802) - English portrait painter. ...

Magic

Magic was a controversial subject in Shakespeare's day. In Italy in 1600, Giordano Bruno was burnt at the stake for his occult studies, and John Dee, an Englishman and student of supernatural phenomena, died in disgrace in 1608. Outside the Catholic world, in Protestant England, where Shakespeare wrote "The Tempest," magic was also taboo. While not emulating his great aunt, the Bloody Queen Mary, it must be remembered that King James I - under whose rule "The Tempest" was written - both had a Catholic wife and oversaw the translation of the King James Bible. Yet, not all magic was considered evil.^[23] Several scientists took what they called a more "rational" approach to the study of the supernatural, determined to discover the workings behind unusual phenomena. Henricus Cornelius Agrippa was one such scientist, who published in De Occulta Philosophia his observations of "divine" magic. Agrippa's work influenced Dr. John Dee, an Englishman. Both Agrippa and Dee describe a kind of magic similar to Prospero's—one that is based on 16th-century science, rationality, and divinity, rather than the occult. When King James took the throne, Dee found himself under attack for his beliefs, but was able to defend himself successfully by explaining the divine nature of his profession.^[24] Giordano Bruno Giordano Bruno (1548, Nola – February 17, 1600, Rome) was an Italian philosopher, priest, cosmologist, and occultist. ... For the American college basketball coach, see John Dee (basketball coach). ...

Shakespeare is also careful to make the distinction that Prospero is a rational, and not an occultist, magician. He does this by providing a contrast to him in Sycorax. Sycorax is said to have worshiped the devil and been full of "earthy and abhored commands". She was unable to control Ariel, who was "too delicate" for such dark tasks. Prospero's rational goodness enables him to control Ariel where Sycorax can only trap him in a tree. Sycorax's magic is frequently described as destructive and terrible, where Prospero's is said to be wondrous and beautiful. Prospero seeks to set things right in his world through his magic, and once that is done, he renounces it, setting Ariel free.^[25]

Other interpretations

Postcolonialist

In Shakespeare's day, most of the planet was still being "discovered", and stories were coming back from distant islands, with myths about the Cannibals of the Caribbean, faraway Edens, and distant Tropical Utopias. With the character Caliban (whose name is roughly anagrammatic to Cannibal), Shakespeare may be offering an in-depth discussion into the morality of colonialism. Different views are discussed, with examples including Gonzalo's Utopia, Prospero's enslavement of Caliban, and Caliban's subsequent resentment. Caliban is also shown as one of the most natural characters in the play, being very much in touch with the natural world (and modern audiences have come to view him as far nobler than his two Old World friends, Stephano and Trinculo, although the original intent of the author may have been different). There is evidence that Shakespeare drew on Montaigne's essay Of Cannibals, which discusses the values of societies insulated from European influences, while writing The Tempest.^[26] For other uses, see Garden of Eden (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Utopia (disambiguation). ... // While he is referred to as a mooncalf, a freckled whelp, he is the only human inhabitant of an island that is otherwise not honourd with a human shape“ (Prospero, I.2. ... Cannibalism is the act or practice of eating members of the same species, e. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Prospero and Miranda by William Maw Egley Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Prospero Prospero is the protagonist in The Tempest, a play by William Shakespeare. ... For other uses, see Old World (disambiguation). ... Stephano is the name of a drunkard from William Shakespeares The Tempest. ... Trinculo can refer to: Trinculo, a character in William Shakespeares play The Tempest. ... Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (February 28, 1533 - September 13, 1592) was an influential French Renaissance writer, generally considered to be the inventor of the personal essay. ... Essays is the title of a book written by Michel de Montaigne that was first published in 1580. ...

Beginning in about 1950, with the publication of Psychology of Colonization by Octave Mannoni, The Tempest was viewed more and more through the lens of postcolonial theory. This new way of looking at the text explored the effect of the colonizer (Prospero) on the colonized (Ariel and Caliban). Though Ariel is often overlooked in these debates in favor of the more intriguing Caliban, he is still involved in many of the debates.^[27] The French writer Aimé Césaire, in his play Une Tempête sets The Tempest in Haiti, portraying Ariel as a mulatto who, unlike the more rebellious Caliban, feels that negotiation and partnership is the way to freedom from the colonizers. Fernandez Retamar sets his version of the play in Cuba, and portrays Ariel as a wealthy Cuban (in comparison to the lower-class Caliban) who also must choose between rebellion or negotiation.^[28] Although scholars have suggested that his dialogue with Caliban in Act two, Scene one, contains hints of a future alliance between the two when Prospero leaves, in general, Ariel is viewed by scholars as the good servant, in comparison with the conniving Caliban—a view which Shakespeare's audience would have shared.^[29] Ariel is used by some postcolonial writers as a symbol of their efforts to overcome the effects of colonization on their culture. Michelle Cliff, for example, a Jamaican author, has said that she tries to combine Caliban and Ariel within herself to create a way of writing that represents her culture better. Such use of Ariel in postcolonial thought is far from uncommon, as Ariel is even the namesake of a scholarly journal covering post-colonial criticism.^[30] Octave Mannoni (1899 – 1989) was a French psychoanalyst and author. ... Postcolonial theory is a literary theory or critical approach that deals with literature produced in countries that were once, or are now, colonies of other countries. ... Aimé Fernand David Césaire (25 June 1913 - 17 April 2008) was a French poet, author politician. ... Mulatto (Spanish mulato, small mule, person of mixed race, mulatto, from mulo, mule, from Old Spanish, from Latin mÅ«lus. ... Michelle Cliff (1946 - ) is a Jamaican-American author whose notable works include No Telephone To Heaven, Abeng, and Free Enterprise. ... Nature. ...

Feminist

The Tempest has only one visible female character in Miranda. Other women, such as Caliban's mother Sycorax, Miranda's mother, and Alonso's daughter Claribel, are only mentioned. Because of the small role women play in the story in comparison to other Shakespeare plays, The Tempest has not attracted much feminist criticism. Miranda is typically viewed as being completely deprived of freedom by her father. Her only duty in his eyes is to remain chaste. Ann Thompson argues that Miranda, in a manner typical of women in a colonial atmosphere, has completely internalized the patriarchal order of things, thinking of herself as a subordinate to her father.^[31] In William Shakespeares play The Tempest, Sycorax is an unseen character described as a witch and a necromancer. ...

The less-prominent women of the play are subordinated as well, as they are only described through the men of the play. Most of what is said about Sycorax, for example, is said by Prospero. Further, Stephen Orgel notes that Prospero has never met Sycorax—all he learned about her he learned from Ariel. According to Orgel, Prospero's suspicion of women makes him an unreliable source of information. Orgel suggests that he is skeptical of female virtue in general, citing his ambiguous remark about his wife's fidelity.^[32]

Afterlife

Stage history

Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum

The first recorded performance of The Tempest occurred on November 1, 1611, when the King's Men acted the play before James I and the English royal court at Whitehall Palace on Hallowmas night. It was also one of the eight Shakespearean plays acted at Court during the winter of 1612-13, as part of the festivities surrounding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V, the Elector of the Palatinate in the Rhineland.^[33] There is no public performance recorded prior to the Restoration; but in his preface to the 1667 Dryden/Davenant version (see below) Sir William Davenant states that The Tempest had been performed at the Blackfriars Theatre. Careful consideration of stage directions within the play supports this, strongly suggesting that the play was written with Blackfriars Theatre rather than the Globe Theatre in mind.^[34] is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Lord Chamberlains Men be merged into this article or section. ... James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. ... This article is about the Christian holiday. ... Elisabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was the eldest daughter to James VI of Scotland and his Queen consort Anne of Denmark. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A palatinate is a territory administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign, but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns overlordship. ... For other uses, see Restoration. ... William Davenant Sir William Davenant (February 28, 1606 - April 7, 1668), also spelled DAvenant, was an English poet and playwright. ... Blackfriars Theatre was the name of two separate theatres in the City of London, built on grounds previously belonging to a Dominican monastery. ... Blackfriars Theatre was the name of two separate theatres in the City of London, built on grounds previously belonging to a Dominican monastery. ... This article is about the original Globe Theatre of Shakespeare and the modern reconstruction in London known as Shakespeares Globe Theatre. ...

17th-19th century adaptations

Adaptations of the play, not Shakespeare's original, dominated the performance history of The Tempest from the restoration until the mid-nineteenth century.^[35]

All theatres were closed down by the puritan government during the Commonwealth. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, two patent companies (the King's Company and the Duke's Company) were established, and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them.^[36] Sir William Davenant's Duke's Company had the rights to perform Shakespeare's Tempest. However, the play was considered unsuitable for Restoration audiences, and in 1667 it was heavily cut and adapted by Davenant and John Dryden, and given the title The Tempest or, The Enchanted Island.^[37] Dryden and Davenant added characters and plotlines: Miranda has a sister, named Dorinda; and Caliban's mother is named Sycorax. As a parallel to Shakespeare's Miranda/Ferdinand plot, Prospero has a foster-son, Hippolito, who has never set eyes on a woman.^[38] Hippolito was a popular breeches role, a man played by a woman, popular with restoration theatre management for the opportunity to reveal actresses' legs.^[39] Scholar Michael Dobson has described Enchanted Island as "the most frequently revived play of the entire Restoration" and as establishing the importance of enhanced and additional roles for women.^[40] For the record label, see Puritan Records. ... The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. ... For other uses, see Restoration. ... The Kings Company was one of two enterprises granted the rights to mount theatrical productions in London at the start of the English Restoration. ... The Dukes Company was one of the two theatre companies (the other being the Kings Company) that were chartered by King Charles II at the start of the English Restoration era, when the London theatres re-opened after their eighteen-year closure (1642–60) during the English Civil... William Davenant Sir William Davenant (February 28, 1606 - April 7, 1668), also spelled DAvenant, was an English poet and playwright. ... John Dryden John Dryden (August 19 {August 9 O.S.}, 1631 - May 12 {May 1 O.S.}, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator and playwright, who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles... A breeches role (also pants role or trouser role) is a role in which an actress appears in male clothes (breeches being tight-fitting knee-length pants, the standard male garment at the time breeches roles were introduced). ...

In 1674, Thomas Shadwell re-adapted Dryden and Davenant's Enchanted Island as an opera: although in Restoration theatre "opera" did not have its modern meaning, instead referring to a play with added songs, closer in style to a modern musical comedy.^[41] Restoration playgoers appear to have regarded the Dryden/Davenant/Shadwell version as Shakespeare's: Samuel Pepys, for example, described it as "an old play of Shakespeares" in his diary.^[42] The opera was extremely popular, and Pepys considered it "full of so good variety, that I cannot be more pleased almost in a comedy"^[43] The Prospero in this version is very different from Shakespeare's: Eckhard Auberlen describes him as "...reduced to the status of a Polonius-like overbusy father, intent on protecting the chastity of his two sexually naive daughters while planning advantageous dynastic marriages for them."^[44] Enchanted Island was successful enough to provoke a parody, The Mock Tempest, written by Thomas Duffett for the King's Company in 1675. It opened with what appeared to be a tempest, but turned out to be a riot in a brothel.^[45] Thomas Shadwell Thomas Shadwell (c. ... Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for his diary. ... Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for his diary. ... Polonius is a character from William Shakespeares Hamlet. ... The Kings Company was one of two enterprises granted the rights to mount theatrical productions in London at the start of the English Restoration. ...

In the early eighteenth century, the Dryden/Davenant/Shadwell version dominated the stage. Ariel was (with two exceptions) played by a woman, and (invariably) by a graceful dancer and superb singer. Caliban was a comedian's role, played by actors "known for their awkward figures".^[46] In 1756, David Garrick staged another operatic version, a "three-act extravaganza" with music by John Christopher Smith.^[47] David Garrick by Thomas Gainsborough. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

The Tempest was one of the staples of the repertoire of Romantic Era theatres. John Philip Kemble produced an acting version which was closer to Shakespeare's original, but nevertheless retained Dorinda and Hippolito.^[48] Kemble was much-mocked for his insistence on archaic pronunciation of Shakespeare's texts, including "aitches" for "aches". It was said that spectators "packed the pit, just to enjoy hissing Kemble's delivery of 'I'll rack thee with old cramps, / Fill all they bones with aches'."^[49][50] The actor-managers of the Romantic Era established the fashion for opulence in sets and costumes which would dominate Shakespeare performances until the late nineteenth century: Kemble's Dorinda and Miranda, for example, were played "in white ornamented with spotted furs".^[51] Romantics redirects here. ... John Philip Kemble (February 1, 1757 - February 26, 1823), was an English actor. ...

18th-19th century performances

In 1757, a year after the debut of his operatic version, David Garrick produced a heavily-cut performance of Shakespeare's script at Drury Lane, and it was revived, profitably, throughout the century.^[52] However, it was not until William Charles Macready's influential production in 1838, that Shakespeare's text established its primacy over the adapted and operatic versions which had been popular for most of the previous two centuries.^[53] The performance was particularly admired for George Bennett's performance as Caliban, described as "maintaining in his mind, a stong resistance to that tyranny, which held him in the thraldom of slavery".^[54] David Garrick by Thomas Gainsborough. ... Currently home to Lord Of The Rings, the musical. ... William Charles Macready (March 3, 1793 - April 27, 1873), English actor, was born in London, and educated at Rugby. ...

The Victorian Era marked the height of the movement which would later be described as "pictorial": based on lavish sets and visual spectacle, heavily cut texts (making room for lengthy scene-changes), and elaborate stage effects.^[55] In Charles Kean's 1857 production of The Tempest, Ariel was several times seen to descend in a ball of fire.^[56] The 140 scene hands supposedly employed on this production were described by the Literary Gazette as "unseen ... but alas never unheard".^[57] Hans Christian Andersen also saw this production and described Ariel as "isolated by the electric ray", referring to the effect of a carbon arc directed at the actress playing the role.^[58] The next generation of producers, which included William Poel and Harley Granville-Barker, returned to a leaner and more text-based style.^[59] The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Charles John Kean (January 18, 1811 - January 22, 1868), was born at Waterford, Ireland, the son of the actor Edmund Kean. ... For other uses, see Hans Christian Andersen (disambiguation). ... William Poel (1852-1934) was an English actor and theatrical manager, known for his presentation of old plays. ... Harley Granville-Barker (November 25, 1877 – August 31, 1946) was a British actor, director, producer, critic and playwright. ...

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it became Caliban, not Prospero, who was perceived as the star act of the Tempest, and was the role which the actor-managers chose for themselves.^[60] Frank Benson researched the role by viewing monkeys and baboons at the zoo: on stage, he hung upside-down from a tree and gibbered.^[61] Frank Benson is the name of: Frank Weston Benson, an American impressionist artist F.R. Benson, a British actor-manager This human name article is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that might otherwise share the same title, which is a persons or persons name. ...

20th-21st century performances

Continuing the late-nineteenth-century tradition, in 1904 Herbert Beerbohm Tree wore fur and seaweed to play Caliban, with waist-length hair and apelike bearing, suggestive of a primitive part-animal part-human stage of evolution.^[62] This "missing-link" portrayal of Caliban became the norm in productions until Roger Livesey, in 1934, was the first actor to play the role with black makeup.^[63] In 1945 Canada Lee played the role at the Theatre Guild in New York, establishing a tradition of black actors taking the role, including Earle Hyman in 1960 and James Earl Jones in 1962.^[64] Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree (December 17, 1853 - July 2, 1917) was an English actor-manager. ... Canada Lee, born Lionel Cornelius Canegata, (March 3, 1907– May 9, 1952) was an American actor who pioneered roles for African Americans. ... The Theatre Guild was a theatrical society founded by Lawrence Langner in New York City in 1918, with the purpose of producing noncommercial american and foreign plays. ... Earle Hyman (born October 11, 1926) is an American actor. ... James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American Academy Award-nominated, Emmy- and Tony Award-winning actor of film and stage well known for his deep basso voice. ...

John Gielgud played Prospero numerous times, and called it his favorite role.^[65] Douglas Brode describes him as "universally heralded as... [the 20th] century's greatest stage Prospero".^[66] His first appearance in the role was in 1930: he wore a turban, later confessing that he intended to look like Dante.^[67] He played the role in three more stage productions, lastly at the Royal National Theatre in 1974.^{[citation needed]} Sir Arthur John Gielgud, OM, CH (14 April 1904 – 21 May 2000), known as Sir John Gielgud, was an English theatre and film actor. ... Dante redirects here. ... The Royal National Theatre from Waterloo Bridge The Royal National Theatre is a building complex and theatre company located on the South Bank in London, England immediately east of the southern end of Waterloo Bridge. ...

Peter Brook directed an experimental production at the Round House in 1968, in which the text was "almost wholly abandoned" in favour of mime. According to Margaret Croydon's review, Sycorax was "portrayed by an enormous woman able to expand her face and body to still larger proportions - a fantastic emblem of the grotesque ... [who] suddenly ... gives a horrendous yell, and Caliban, with black sweater over his head, emerges from between her legs: Evil is born."^[68] For the British politician, see Peter Brooke. ... The Roundhouse (under construction in 2005) The Roundhouse is an arts venue in London, England. ...

In spite of the existing tradition of a black actor playing Caliban opposite a white Prospero, colonial interpretations of the play did not find their way onto the stage until the 1970s.^[69] Performances in England directed by Jonathan Miller and by Clifford Williams explicitly portrayed Prospero as coloniser. Miller's production was described, by David Hirst, as depicting "the tragic and inevitable disintegration of a more primitive culture as the result of European invasion and colonisation."^[70][71] Miller developed this approach in his 1988 production at the Old Vic in London, starring Max von Sydow as Prospero. This used a mixed cast made up of white actors as the humans and black actors playing the spirits and creatures of the island. According to Michael Billington, "von Sydow's Prospero became a white overlord manipulating a mutinous black Caliban and a collaborative Ariel keenly mimicking the gestures of the island's invaders. The colonial metaphor was pushed through to its logical conclusion so that finally Ariel gathered up the pieces of Prospero's abandoned staff and, watched by awe-struck tribesmen, fitted them back together to hold his wand of office aloft before an immobilized Caliban. The Tempest suddenly acquired a new political dimension unforeseen by Shakespeare."^[72] This article is about the British physician, theatre and opera director, and television presenter; for other people named Jonathan Miller, see Jonathan Miller (disambiguation). ... Clifford Williams (1926 – 20 August 2005) was a Welsh theatre director and stage actor. ... The exterior of the Old Vic from the corner of Baylis Road and Waterloo Road. ...  , (born April 10, 1929) is an Academy-Award nominated Swedish actor, known in particular for his collaboration with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Psychoanalytic interpretations have proved more difficult to depict on stage.^[73] Gerald Freedman's American Shakespeare Theatre production in 1981 and Ron Daniels' RSC production in 1982 both attempted to depict Ariel and Caliban as opposing aspects of Prospero's psyche. However neither was regarded as wholly successful: Shakespeare Quarterly, reviewing Freedman's production, commented that "the allegorical meaning was not clear to an audience that had not been alerted to it in advance".^[74] Gerald Freedman (born June 25, 1927) is an American theatre director, librettist, and lyricist, and a college dean. ... Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is a British theatre company. ...

In 1988, John Wood played Prospero for the RSC, emphasising the character's human complexity. The Financial Times reviewer described him as "a demented stage manager on a theatrical island suspended between smouldering rage at his usurpation and unbridled glee at his alternative ethereal power".^[75] John Wood (born 1930) is an English actor. ... Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is a British theatre company. ... The Financial Times (FT) is a British international business newspaper. ...

Sam Mendes directed a 1993 RSC production in which Simon Russell Beale's Ariel was openly resentful of the control exercised by Alec McCowen's Prospero. Controversially, in the early performances of the run, Ariel spat at Prospero, once granted his freedom.^[76] An entirely different effect was achieved by George C. Wolfe in the outdoor New York Shakespeare Festival production of 1995, where the casting of Aunjanue Ellis as Ariel opposite Patrick Stewart's Prospero charged the production with erotic tensions.^[77] Late twentieth-century productions have gradually increased the focus placed on sexual (and sometimes homosexual) tensions between the characters, including Prospero/Miranda, Prospero/Ariel, Miranda/Caliban, Miranda/Ferdinand and even Caliban/Trinculo.^[78] Samuel Alexander Mendes CBE (born 1 August 1965) is an English stage and film director. ... Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is a British theatre company. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Alec McCowen (born May 26, 1925) is an English actor, best known for classical roles including Shakespeare. ... George C. Wolfe (September 23, 1954 - ) is an African-American playwright and director of theater and film. ... New York Shakespeare Festival is the traditional name of a sequence of shows organized by the Public Theater in New York City, most often being held at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park. ... Aunjanue L. Ellis (born on 21 February 1969) is an American actress known for her roles in Ray and in Undercover Brother as the catfighting Sistah Girl. ... This article is about the actor. ...

The Tempest was performed at the Globe Theatre in 2000 with Vanessa Redgrave as Prospero, playing the role as neither male nor female, but with "authority, humanity and humour... a watchful parent to both Miranda and Ariel."^[79] While the audience respected Prospero, Jasper Britton's Caliban "was their man" (in Peter Thomson's words), in spite of the fact that he spat fish at the groundlings, and singled some of them out for humiliating encounters.^[80] This article is about the original Globe Theatre of Shakespeare and the modern reconstruction in London known as Shakespeares Globe Theatre. ... Vanessa Redgrave, CBE (born 30 January 1937) is an Academy Award winning English actress and member of the Redgrave family, one of the enduring theatrical dynasties. ... Jasper Britton born December 11th 1962 is a half-English half-Danish actor, most famous for his work as a classical stage actor. ...

BBC Radio has aired over 300 Shakespeare performances in its history, and The Tempest is the most popular of them, having been produced 21 times.^[81] BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927. ...

20th-21st century adaptations

In 1916, Percy MacKaye presented a community masque, Caliban by the Yellow Sands, at the Lewisohn Stadium in New York. Amidst a huge cast of dancers and masquers, the pageant centers on the rebellious nature of Caliban but ends with his plea for more knowledge ("I yearn to build, to be thine Artist / And 'stablish this thine Earth among the stars- / Beautiful!") followed by Shakespeare, as a character, reciting Prospero's "Our revels now are ended" speech.^[82][83] Percy MacKaye (1875 - 1956), was a U.S. dramatist and poet. ... Lewisohn Stadium was an amphitheater and athletic facility built on the campus of the City College of New York, and opened in 1915. ...

The most successful twentieth-century musical adaptation of The Tempest is Michael Tippett's 1971 opera The Knot Garden, in which the central character, the psychoanalyst Mangus, pretends to be Prospero and uses situations from Shakespeare's play in his therapy sessions.^[84] Sir Michael Kemp Tippett, OM (2 January 1905 – 8 January 1998) was one of the foremost English composers of the 20th century. ... The Knot Garden is an opera in three acts by Michael Tippett to an original English libretto by the composer. ...

Japanese theatre styles have been applied to The Tempest. In 1988 and again in 1992 Yukio Ninagawa brought his version of The Tempest to the UK. It was staged as a rehearsal of a Noh drama, with a traditional Noh theatre at the back of the stage, but also using elements which were at odds with Noh conventions.^[85] In 1992, Minoru Fujita presented a Bunraku (Japanese puppet) version in Osaka and at the Tokyo Globe.^[86] Yukio Ninagawa (蜷川幸雄 Ninagawa Yukio, born October 15, 1935) is a Japanese theatre director, particularly known for his Japanese language productions of Shakespeare plays and Greek tragedies. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Bunraku ), also known as Ningyō jōruri (), is a form of traditional Japanese puppet theater, founded in Osaka in 1684. ... For other uses, see Osaka (disambiguation). ...

In 2006, a new musical version of The Tempest, with book and lyrics using Shakespeare's original words, premiered at the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York City. The Tempest Musical featured songs by Daniel Neiden and a book adapted from the original play by Ryan Knowles and Daniel Neiden, based on a concept by Tony-award winner Thomas Meehan (writer).^{[citation needed]} Cherry Lane Theatre entrance The Cherry Lane Theatre, located at 38 Commerce Street in the borough of Manhattan, is New York Citys oldest, continuously running off-Broadway theater. ... Thomas Meehan is a Tony award-winning author. ...

Screen versions

See also Shakespeare on screen (The Tempest).

The Tempest first appeared on the screen in 1905. Charles Urban filmed the opening storm sequence of Herbert Beerbohm Tree's version at Her Majesty's Theatre for a 2½-minute flicker, on which individual frames were hand-tinted to give the impression of colour film, long before its invention.^[87] In 1908, Percy Stowe directed a Tempest running a little over ten minutes. Much of its action takes place on Prospero's island before the storm which opens Shakespeare's play.^[88] At least two further silent versions, one of them by Edwin Thanhouser, are known to have existed, but have been lost.^[89] The plot was adapted for the Western Yellow Sky, directed by William A. Wellman, in 1946.^[90] It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... Charles Urban (April 15, 1867 - August 29, 1942) was an Anglo-American film producer and distributor, and one of the most significant figures in UK cinema before the First World War. ... Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree (December 17, 1853 - July 2, 1917) was an English actor-manager. ... A perfomance at Opera House, Haymarket, predecessor of Her Majestys Theatre in circa 1808. ... Edwin Thanhouser (November 11, 1865 - March 21, 1956) founded the Thanhouser Company in 1909 in New Rochelle, New York. ... Yellow Sky is a 1948 American western movie directed by William A. Wellman. ... William Augustus Wellman (29 February 1896 – 9 December 1975) was an American movie director, noted for directing the film which received the first Academy Award for Best Picture, Wings (1927). ...

The 1956 science fiction film Forbidden Planet set the story on the planet Altair-IV. Professor Morbius (Walter Pidgeon) and his daughter Altaira (Anne Francis) are the Prospero and Miranda figures. Ariel is represented by the helpful Robbie the Robot, but Caliban is represented by the dangerous and invisible "monster from the id": a projection of Morbius' psyche.^[91] Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... This article is about the 1956 film. ... Walter Pidgeon Walter Pidgeon (September 23, 1897 – September 25, 1984) was a Canadian actor. ... Anne Francis Anne Francis (born September 16, 1930, in Ossining, New York) is an American actress, famous for her role in the science fiction film classic Forbidden Planet (1956) and as private detective Honey West in the television series Honey West (1965-1966). ...

In the opinion of Douglas Brode, there has only been one screen "performance" of The Tempest since the silent era: he describes all other versions as "variations".^[92] That one performance is the Hallmark Hall of Fame version from 1960, directed by George Schaefer, and starring Maurice Evans, Lee Remick and Roddy McDowall.^[93] Critic Virginia Vaughan praised it as "light as a soufflé, but ... substantial enough for the main course."^[94] Contrary to Brode's opinion, two full-text performances have been screened, one for the "BBC Television Shakespeare" series, starring Michael Hordern as Prospero (UK, 1979) and another for the "Shakespeare Collection" (also known as the "Quantum Leap") series, starring Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. as Prospero (USA, 1983).^{[citation needed]}
Hallmark Hall of Fame is a long running anthology program on American television. ... Maurice Evans (born June 3, 1901 in Dorset; died March 12, 1989 in East Sussex) was a British-born actor who became a US citizen in 1941. ... Lee Remick Lee Remick (December 14, 1935 - July 2, 1991), was an American actress admired for her versality and her great beauty. ... Roderick Andrew Anthony Jude McDowall (September 17, 1928 – October 3, 1998) was an English/American actor. ... The BBC Television Shakespeare was a set of television adaptations of the plays of Shakespeare, produced by the BBC between 1978 and 1985. ... Sir Michael Hordern (October 3, 1911-May 2, 1995) was a British actor, knighted in 1983 for his services to the theatre. ... Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. ...

Claire Davenport as Sycorax breastfeeds her adult son Caliban, played by Jack Birkett, in Derek Jarman's film version of The Tempest.

In 1980, Derek Jarman produced a homoerotic Tempest which used Shakespeare's language, but was most notable for its deviations from Shakespeare. One scene shows a corpulent and naked Sycorax (Claire Davenport) breastfeeding her adult son Caliban (Jack Birkett). The film reaches its climax with Elisabeth Welch belting out Stormy Weather.^[95] The central performances were Toyah Willcox' Miranda and Heathcote Williams' Prospero, a "dark brooding figure who takes pleasure in exploiting both his servants"^[96] Claire Davenport (April 24, 1933 - March 4, 2002) was a British actress. ... In William Shakespeares play The Tempest, Sycorax is an unseen character described as a witch and a necromancer. ... Derek Jarman Derek Jarman (January 31, 1942 – February 19, 1994) was an English film director, stage designer, artist, and writer. ... Derek Jarman Derek Jarman (January 31, 1942 – February 19, 1994) was an English film director, stage designer, artist, and writer. ... The Tempest is a 1979 fantasy/extravaganza film adaptation of William Shakespeares eponymous play. ... Claire Davenport (April 24, 1933 - March 4, 2002) was a British actress. ... Stormy Weather is a 1933 song written by Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler. ... Toyah Ann Willcox (born 18 May 1958 in Kings Heath, Birmingham) is an English actress and singer. ... Heathcote Williams (b. ...

Paul Mazursky's 1982 modern-language adaptation of The Tempest, with Phillip (Prospero) as a disillusioned New York architect who retreats to a lonely Greek island with his daughter Miranda, dealt frankly with the sexual tensions of the characters' isolated existence. The Caliban character, the goatherd Kalibanos, asks Phillip which of them is going to have sex with Miranda.^[97] John Cassavetes played Phillip, Raul Julia Kalibanos, and Molly Ringwald Miranda. Susan Sarandon plays the Ariel character, Phillip's frequently-bored girlfriend Aretha. The film has been criticised as "overlong and rambling", but also praised for its good humour, especially in a sequence in which Kalibanos' and his goats dance to Kander and Ebb's New York, New York.^[98] Paul Mazursky (born April 25, 1930) is an American actor and film director. ... John Nicholas Cassavetes (December 9, 1929–February 3, 1989) was a Greek American actor, screenwriter, and director. ... Raúl Rafael Juliá y Arcelay [IPA: raul rafael xulia i aɾselai] (better known as Raúl Juliá) (March 9, 1940 – October 24, 1994) was a Golden Globe award winning actor from Puerto Rico who lived and worked for many years in the United States. ... Molly Kathleen Ringwald (born February 18, 1968) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. ... Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. ... Kander and Ebb is the songwriting team of composer John Kander, born March 18, 1927 and lyricist Fred Ebb (April 8, 1933 - September 11, 2004). ... Theme from New York, New York (or New York, New York) is the theme song from the Martin Scorsese film New York, New York (1977), where it was introduced by Liza Minnelli. ...

John Gielgud has written that playing Prospero in a film of The Tempest was his life's amibition. Over the years, he approached Alain Resnais, Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa, and Orson Welles to direct.^[99][100] Eventually, the project was taken on by Peter Greenaway, who directed Prospero's Books (1991) featuring, in Laurie Rozakis' words, "an 87-year-old John Gielgud and an impressive amount of nudity".^[101] Prospero is reimagined as the author of The Tempest, speaking the lines of the other characters, as well as his own.^[102] Although the film was acknowledged as innovative in its use of Quantel Paintbox to create visual tableux, resulting in "unprecedented visual complexity",^[103] critical responses to the film were frequently negative: John Simon called it "contemptible and pretentious".^[104] Sir Arthur John Gielgud, OM, CH (14 April 1904 – 21 May 2000), known as Sir John Gielgud, was an English theatre and film actor. ... Alain Resnais (born June 3, 1922 ) is a French film director whose early works are often grouped within the New Wave or Nouvelle Vague film movement. ...   (IPA: in Swedish; usually IPA: in English) (July 14, 1918 – July 30, 2007) was a Swedish film, stage, and opera director. ... Kurosawa redirects here. ... George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an Academy Award-winning American director, writer, actor and producer for film, stage, radio and television. ... Peter Greenaway, CBE (born 5 April 1942) is a Welsh-born English [1] film director. ... Prosperos Books (1991) is a movie written and directed by Peter Greenaway adapting the Shakespeare play The Tempest. ... The Quantel Paintbox is a dedicated computer system for performing real time manipulation of video, and creating graphics. ...

Closer to the spirit of Shakespeare's original, in the view of critics such as Brode, is Leon Garfield's abridgement of the play for S4C's 1992 Shakespeare: The Animated Tales series. The 29-minute production, directed by Stanislav Sokolov and featuring Timothy West as the voice of Prospero, used stop-motion puppets to capture the fairy-tale quality of the play. ^[105] Disney's animated feature Pocahontas has been described as a "politically corrected" Tempest.^[106] Another "offbeat variation" (in Brode's words) was produced for NBC in 1998: Jack Bender's The Tempest featured Peter Fonda as Gideon Prosper, a Southern slave-owner forced off his plantation by his brother shortly before the Civil War. A magician who has learned his art from one of his slaves, Prosper uses his magic to protect his teenage daughter and to assist the Union Army.^[107] Leon Garfield (14 July 1921, Brighton, Sussex, England – 2 June 1996) was a British writer of fiction. ... S4C (Sianel Pedwar Cymru, which is Welsh for Channel Four Wales) is a television channel in Wales. ... Stanislav Mihaylovich Sokolov (Russian: , born May 18th, 1947) is a Russian stop-motion animation director. ... Timothy West CBE (born October 20, 1934) is a British film, stage and television actor. ... Stop motion is an animation technique which makes things that are static appear to be moving. ... Pocahontas is the thirty-third animated feature in the Disney animated features canon. ... This article is about the television network. ... Jack Bender is an American film and television and also an actor. ... Peter Henry Fonda (born February 23, 1940) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

Music

See also the sections on stage adaptations, above.

Two settings of songs from The Tempest have survived which may have been used in performances during Shakespeare's lifetime. These are Full Fathom Five and Where The Bee Sucks There Suck I from the 1659 Cheerful Ayres or Ballads, in which they are attributed to Robert Johnson, the lutenist to James I.^[108] It has been common, throughout the history of the play, for the producers to commission contemporary settings of those two songs, and of Come Unto These Yellow Sands.^[109] The Tempest has proved more popular as a subject for composers than most of Shakespeare's plays. Scholar Julie Sanders ascribes this to the "perceived 'musicality' or lyricism" of the play.^[110] Ballet sequences have often been used in performances the play, since Restoration times.^[111] Tchaikovsky wrote an orchestral work, The Tempest (Tchaikovsky), based on the play. Sibelius wrote a suite for The Tempest, for a lavish 1926 production at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen. He represented individual characters through instrumentation choices: particularly admired was his use of harps and percussion to represent Prospero, said to capture the "resonant ambiguity of the character".^[112] The Tempest also influenced music in the "folk and "hippie" traditions: for example, versions Full Fathom Five were recorded by Marianne Faithfull for Come My Way in 1965 and by Pete Seeger for Dangerous Songs!? in 1966.^[113] Robert Johnson II (c. ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary... Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский, sometimes transliterated as Piotr, Anglicised as Peter Ilich), (May 7, 1840 – November 6, 1893 (N.S.); April 25, 1840 – October 25, 1893 (O.S.)) was a Russian composer of the Romantic era. ... The Tempest, Symphonic Fantasia after Shakespeare Op. ... Sibelius redirects here. ... Royal Danish Theatre and Hans Christian Andersen ... Folk song redirects here. ... For the British TV show, see Hippies (TV series). ... Marianne Evelyn Gabriel Faithfull[1][2](born 29 December 1946) is an English singer, songwriter, actress and diarist whose career spans over four decades. ... Peter Seeger (born May 3, 1919), better known as Pete Seeger, is a folk singer, political activist, and a key figure in the mid-20th century American folk music revival. ...

Full Fathom Five and The Cloud-Capp'd Towers are two of the Three Shakespeare Songs set to music by the British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. He wrote the pieces for a cappella SATB choir in 1951 by for the British Federation of Music Festivals, and they remain a popular part of British choral repertoire today.^{[citation needed]} This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A statue of Ralph Vaughan Williams in Dorking. ...

Several operatic or semi-operatic versions of The Tempest exist: in addition to the Dryden/Davenant and Garrick versions mentioned in "Adaptations" above, Frederic Reynolds produced an operatic version in 1821, with music by Sir Henry Bishop.^[114] Swiss composer Frank Martin produced Der Sturm in 1965; and American composer John Eaton, in 1985, produced a fusion of live jazz with pre-recorded electronic music, with a libretto by Andrew Porter.^[115] The soprano who sings the part of Ariel in Thomas Adès' 21st century opera is stretched at the lower end of the register, highlighting the androgyny of the role.^[116] For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... Frederic Reynolds (November 1, 1764 – April 16, 1841) was a British playwright and theatrical producer in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... Sir Henry Bishop was the composer of the melody of Home! Sweet Home!. Categories: Composers stubs ... CD cover of recordings of Martins cello and violin concertos. ... John Eaton, (30 March 1935 â€“ ) is an American composer. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... Thomas Adès (born in London, 1 March 1971) is a British composer. ... For other uses, see Androgyny (disambiguation). ...

Art

Painting

William Hogarth's painting of The Tempest c.1735

From the mid-eighteenth century, Shakespeare's plays, including The Tempest, began to appear as the subject of paintings.^[117] In around 1735, William Hogarth produced his painting A Scene from The Tempest, in the rococo style.^{[citation needed]} The painting is based upon Shakespeare's text, containing no representation of the stage, nor of the (Davenant-Dryden centred) stage tradition of the time.^[118] Henry Fuseli, in a painting commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery (1789) modelled his Prospero on Leonardo da Vinci.^[119] These two eighteenth century depictions of the play indicate that Prospero was regarded as its moral centre: viewers of Hogarth's and Fuseli's paintings would have accepted Prospero's wisdom and authority.^[120] Millais's Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (1851) is the most important Pre-Raphaelite painting based on the play.^{[citation needed]} In the late nineteenth century, artists tended to depict Caliban as a Darwinian "missing-link", with fish-like or ape-like features^[121], as evidenced in Noel Paton's Caliban.^{[citation needed]} William Hogarth (November 10, 1697 – October 26, 1764) was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited as a pioneer in western sequential art. ... William Hogarth (November 10, 1697 – October 26, 1764) was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited as a pioneer in western sequential art. ... Scene from Shakespeares The Tempest by Hogarth; Circa 1728 Scene from Shakespeares The Tempest is a painting by William Hogarth. ... Fuseli talking to Johann Jakob Bodmer, 1778-1781. ... Joshua Reynoldss Puck (1789) The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, together with an edition of Shakespeare and a folio of prints, was a project initiated by John Boydell in 1786 in London to foster the appreciation of Shakespeare and to build a school of English history painting. ... “Da Vinci” redirects here. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... Study for The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Joseph Noel Paton (born 1821) is a Scottish artist. ...

Illustrated editions

Charles Knight produced the Pictorial Edition of the Works of Shakespeare in eight volumes, from 1838-1843. The work attempted to translate the contents of the plays into pictorial form. This extended not just to the action, but also to images and metaphors: Gonzalo's line about "mountaineers dewlapped like bulls" is illustrated with a picture of a Swiss peasant with a goitre.^[122] In 1908, Edmund Dulac produced an edition of Shakespeare's Comedy of The Tempest with a scholarly plot summary and commentary by Arthur Quiller-Couch, lavishly bound and illustrated with 40 watercolour illustrations. The illustrations highlight the fairy-tale quality of the play, avoiding its dark side. Of the 40, only 12 are direct depictions of the action of the play: the others are based on action before the play begins, or on images such as "full fathom five thy father lies" or "sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not".^[123] Charles Knight (March 15, 1791 - March 9, 1873) was an English publisher and author. ... A goitre (BrE), or goiter (AmE) (Latin struma), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below Adams apple or larynx) due to an enlarged thyroid gland. ... Illustration to The Garden of Paradise Edmund Dulac (born Edmond Dulac 1882-1953), was a book illustrator prominent during the so called Golden Age of Illustration (the first quarter or so of the twentieth century). ... Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (November 21, 1863 - May 12, 1944) was a British writer, who published under the pen name of Q. Born in Cornwall, he was educated at Newton Abbot College, at Clifton College, and Trinity College, Oxford and later became a lecturer there. ...

Literature

Shelley was one of the earliest poets to be influenced by The Tempest. His With a Guitar, To Jane identifies Ariel with 'the Poet', personified.^[124] Following the publication of Darwin's ideas on evolution, writers began to question mankind's place in the world and its relationship with God. One writer who explored these ideas was Robert Browning, whose poem Caliban upon Setebos (1864) sets Shakespeare's character pondering theological and philosophical questions.^[125] The French philosopher Ernest Renan wrote a closet drama, Caliban: Suite de La Tempête, in 1878. A sequel to The Tempest, it features a female Ariel who follows Prospero back to Milan, and a Caliban who leads a coup against Propspero, after the success of which he actively imitates his former master's virtues.^[126] W. H. Auden's poem The Sea and the Mirror takes the form of a reflection by each of the supporting characters of The Tempest on their experiences. The poem takes a Freudian viewpoint, seeing Caliban as Prospero's libido.^[127] Caliban influenced numerous works of African literature in the 1970s, including pieces by Taban Lo Liyong in Uganda, Lemuel Johnson in Sierra Leone, Ngugi wa Thiong'o in Kenya, and David Wallace of Zambia's Do You Love Me, Master?.^[128] A similar phemonenon occurred in late 20th-century Canada, where several writers produced works inspired by Miranda, including The Diviners by Margaret Laurence, Prospero's Daughter by Constance Beresford-Howe and The Measure of Miranda by Sarah Murphy.^[129] Other writers have feminised Ariel (as in Marina Warner's novel Indigo) or Caliban (as in Suniti Namjoshi's sequence of poems Snaphots of Caliban).^[130] Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4, 1792 – July 8, 1822; pronounced ) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets of the English language. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Robert Browning (May 7, 1812 – December 12, 1889) was a British poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. ... Caliban upon Setebos is a poem written by the British poet Robert Browning. ... Ernest Renan (February 28, 1823–October 12, 1892) was a French philosopher and writer. ... A closet drama is a play that is not intended to be performed onstage, but read by a solitary reader or, sometimes, out loud in a small group. ... Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) IPA: ;[1], who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. ... The Sea and the Mirror: A Commentary on Shakespeares The Tempest, is a long poem by W. H. Auden, written 1942-44, and first published in 1944. ... Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... For other uses, see Libido (disambiguation). ... Taban lo Liyong (born 1939) is one of Africas well-known poets and writers of fiction and literary criticism. ... NgÅ©gÄ© wa Thiongo signs copies of his new book Wizard of the Crow. In London at the Congress Centre in central London. ... The Diviners is a 1974 novel by Margaret Laurence. ... Margaret Laurence (July 18, 1926–January 5, 1987) was a Canadian novelist. ... Marina Warner (born 21st November 1946) is a British writer, known as a novelist and short story writer, and also for many non-fiction books relating in various ways to feminism and myth. ... Indigo is a novel written by Marina Warner, published by Simon & Schuster in 1992 (ISBN 0671701568). ... Suniti Namjoshi is an Indian writer and poet, many of whose works explore issues of gender and sexual orientation. ...

References

Notes

is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... The Financial Times (FT) is a British international business newspaper. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Philip Madoc (born 5 July 1934 in Merthyr Tydfil) is a Welsh actor who has had many television and film roles. ... The British Film Institute (BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and...

Editions of The Tempest

Secondary sources

Further reading

• Gerald Graff and James Phelan, The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy, London, MacMillan, 2000
• Frances A. Yates, Shakespeare's Last Plays: A New Approach, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975
• Frances A. Yates, The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
• Shakespeare's The Tempest: The Wise Man as Hero
• The Theme of Natural Order in "The Tempest"
• Form and Disorder in The Tempest
• The Magic of Charity: A Background to Prospero

External links

Find more about The Tempest on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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• The Tempest - plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg
• The Tempest - scene indexed, online version of the play.
• The Tempest - HTML version of this title.
• The Tempest - Searchable, scene-indexed version of the play.
• Bermoothes in E. Cobham Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898).
• Lesson plans for The Tempest at Web English Teacher
• William Strachey's "True Reportory" original-spelling version at Virtual Jamestown.

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