The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (Путь «из варяг в греки» in Russian) was a trade route, which connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. A trade route is a commonly used path of travel for those (e. ... Scandinavia, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula. ... Kievan Rus′ (Russian: , Kievskaya Rus; Ukrainian: , Kyivs’ka Rus’) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the city of Kiev (Russian: Ки́ев, Kiev; Ukrainian: Ки́їв, Kyiv), from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ...

Route

The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as Birka, Hedeby and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea entering the Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River, into the Lake Ladoga. Then it went upstreams the Volkhov River past the town of Staraya Ladoga into the Lake Ilmen and over to the Lovat River. From there, the ships had to be portaged to the Dnieper River. A second route was along the Western Dvina between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the Kasplya River. Björkö around 1700, from Suecia antiqua et hodierna. ... Hedeby (Haithabu in Old Norse; Heidiba in Latin; in Germany the name Haithabu is frequently used) was a Danish settlement and trading centre on the southern Baltic Sea coast of the Jutland Peninsula at the head of a narrow, navigable inlet, the Schlei (Danish: Slien) in the province of Schleswig...   Gotland? is the largest island in the Baltic Sea. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainlands of Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and the Danish islands. ... The Baltic Sea The Gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland (to the north) and Estonia (to the south) all the way to the city of Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it. ... River Neva (Нева́) is a 74 km long Russian river flowing from the Lake Ladoga (Ладожское Озеро - Ladozhskoye Ozero) through the Carelian Isthmus (Карельский Перешеек - Karelskii Peresheyek) and the city of Saint Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург - Sankt Peterburg) to the Gulf of Finland (Финский Залив - Finskii Zaliv). ... Map of Scandinavia Lake Ladoga (Russian: Ладожское озеро, Finnish: Laatokka) is the largest lake in Europe, located in Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia (since WWII), near the border to Finland. ... Volkhov River (Волхов in Russian) is a river in the Novgorod Oblast and Leningrad Oblast in Russia. ... Staraya Ladoga (Russian: Старая Ладога) is a village near Lake Ladoga. ... Lake Ilmen (Russian: Озеро Ильмень), a lake in Novgorod Oblast of Russia. ... Ловать Length 530 km Elevation of the source  ? m Average discharge 105 m³/s Area watershed  ? km² Origin  Lake Lovatets Mouth  Lake Ilmen Basin countries Belarus,Russia Lovat River (Russian: река́ Ло́вать) is a river in Pskov and Novgorod Oblasts of Russia. ... For the Gentoo Linux package manager, see Portage (software). ... Length 2,290 km Elevation of the source -  m Average discharge 1670  m³/s Area watershed 516,300  km² Origin  Russia Mouth  Black Sea Basin countries Russia, Belarus, Ukraine The Dnieper River (also: Dnepr, Dnyapro or Dnipro) is a river (2,290 km length) which flows from Russia through Belarus... The Daugava or Western Dvina (Russian: За́падная Двина́, Belarusan: Дзьвіна́, Latvian: Daugava, German: Düna, Polish Dźwina) is a river rising in the Valdai Hills flowing through Russia and Belarus, to drain into the Gulf of Riga, an arm of the Baltic Sea at Riga, Latvia. ...

History

The route from the Varangians to the Greeks was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, but its effects were reported much earlier, in the early 9th century when the Byzantines noted newcomers in their regions, the Varangians. The Russian Primary Chronicle (Russian: Повесть временных лет, Povest vremennykh let, which is often translated in English as Tale of Bygone Years), is a history of the early East Slavic state, Kievan Rus, from around 850 to 1110. ... This earthenware dish was made in 9th century Iraq. ... Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ... The Varangians or Variags were Vikings who travelled eastwards from Sweden and Norway. ...

It was probably established in the late 8th - early 9th century as Varangian explorers searched for plunder but also for slaves and lucrative goods. The route gained significant importance in the 10th - first third of the 11th century. (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... This earthenware dish was made in 9th century Iraq. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ...

According to Constantine VII, the Krivichs and other tribes dependent on Kiev transported hollowed-out lad'yas, or sailboats (called однодерёвки, which could accommodate 30 to 40 people) to Smolensk, Lubech, Chernigov and other cities. Then, these sailboats were transported along the Dnieper to Kiev. There, they were sold to the Varangians who re-equipped them and loaded them with merchandise[1]. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos (the Purple-born) (905 – November 9, 959) was the son of Byzantine emperor Leo VI and nephew of Alexander III. He earned his nickname as the legitimate (or more accurately legitimized) son of Leo, as opposed to the others who claimed the throne during his lifetime. ... Kriwi  album cover The Krivichs (Кривичи́ in Russian, Крывічы́ in Belarusian or Krivichi), a tribe of Early East Slavs between the 6th and the 12th centuries, which inhabited the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper, Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipus and parts of the Neman basin. ... A monument to St. ... Traditional wooden cutter beating. ... A view of Smolensk in 1912 Smolensk (Russian: Смоленск;, Belarusian: Смаленск) is a city in western Russia, located on the Dniepr river at 54. ... Liubech, Lyubech or Lubech (Russian and Ukrainian: ) is a small ancient town connected with many important events since the times of Kievan Rus. It is currently a small settlement located in Ripky Raion, Chernihiv Oblast of Ukraine. ... Chernihiv (Чернігів in Ukrainian) is an ancient city in northern Ukraine, the central city of Chernihivska oblast. Some common historical spellings of the name are Polish: Czernichów, and Russian: Чернигов, Chernigov. ... The Varangians or Variags were Vikings who travelled eastwards from Sweden and Norway. ...

After passing the seven rapids (the Varangians would portage their ships around the biggest of these rapids that they called Aeifor (Old Norse: eiforr, "ever fierce") (Russian: Nenasytetsky) and a narrow, rocky spot called the Ford of Vrar (Russian: Krariyskaya crossing), where the Varangians were often attacked by the Pechenegs. The Varangians stopped at St Gregory Island (Khortitsa Island). Then, they equipped their ships with sails in the Dnieper estuary and continued to navigate along the western shore of the Black Sea all the way to Constantinople (Old Norse: Miklagard, Slavic: Czargrad). For other meanings, see Rapid (disambiguation). ... Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks, also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppes people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ... Estuaries and coastal waters are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing numerous ecological, economic, cultural, and aesthetic benefits and services. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... Map of Constantinople. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia. ... Tsargrad (Russian: Царьгра́д, also rendered as Czargrad and Tzargrad; see Tsar) is another name for the city of Constantinople, which is modern day Istanbul in Turkey. ...

The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was connected to other waterways of Eastern Europe, such as the Pripyat-Bug waterway leading to Western Europe, and the Volga waterway leading to the Caspian Sea. Another offshoot was along the Dnieper and the Usyazh-Buk River towards Lukoml and Polotsk. The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was used to transport different kinds of merchandise. Wine, spices, jewelry, glass, expensive fabrics, icons, and books came from the Byzantine Empire. Kiev used to trade bread, handmade goods, silver coins etc. Volhyn traded spinning wheels and other items. Certain kinds of weapon and handicrafts used to come from Scandinavia. Northern Rus' offered timber, fur, honey, wax. The Baltic tribes traded amber. The Pripyat River (Ukrainian: Припять, Prýpyat; Belarusian: Прыпяць, Prýpyats, Polish Prypeć) is a river in Eastern Europe, of approximately 440 miles (710 km). ... Bug at Wlodawa One of the two rivers called Bug (pronounced Boog), the Western Bug, or Buh (Belarusian: Захо́дні Буг; Russian: За́падный Буг; Ukrainian: Західний Буг, Zakhidnyi Buh), flows from central Ukraine to the west, forming part of the boundary between that nation and Poland, passes along the Polish-Belarusian... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... Caspian Sea viewed from orbit The Caspian Sea or Mazandaran Sea is a landlocked sea between Asia and Europe (European Russia). ... Polatsk (Belarusian: По́лацак, По́лацк; Polish: Połock, also spelt as Polacak; Russian: По́лоцк, also transliterated as Polotsk, Polotzk, Polock) is the most historic city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina river. ... A glass of red wine Wine is an alcoholic beverage that is made by fermenting grapes or grape juice. ... External links Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Spice Food Bacteria-Spice Survey Shows Why Some Cultures Like It Hot Citat: ...Garlic, onion, allspice and oregano, for example, were found to be the best all-around bacteria killers (they kill everything). ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... The materials definition of a glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when a suitably viscous molten material cools very rapidly, thereby not giving enough time for a regular crystal lattice to form. ... Cloth Fibre Channel fabric ... The Savior (1410s, by Andrei Rublev) An icon (from Greek , eikon, image) is an image, picture, or representation; it is a sign or likeness that stands for an object by signifying or representing it, or by analogy, as in semiotics; in computers an icon is a symbol on the monitor... Look up book in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... Breads are a group of staple foods prepared by baking, steaming, or frying dough consisting minimally of flour and water. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... Volhynia (Wołyń in Polish; Волинь, Volyn’ in Ukrainian; also called Volynia, Volyň in Czech) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Pripyat and Western Bug. ... A spinning wheel is a device for making thread or yarn from fibrous material such as wool or cotton. ... The bayonet, still used in war as both knife and spearpoint. ... Handicraft, also known as craftwork or simply craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools. ... Scandinavia, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula. ... Timber Timber is a term used to describe wood throughout its processing from the time it is planned for use in industrial products to the time it is used as a structural material or in other industrial product, such as wood pulp for paper production. ... A dogs fur usually consists of longer, stiffer, guard hairs—which can be straight, wiry, or wavy, and of various lengths— that hide a soft, short-haired undercoat. ... Honey honey comb A capped frame of honeycomb Honey is a sweet and viscous fluid produced by bees and other insects from the nectar of flowers. ... Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by bees (beeswax) and used by them in constructing their honeycombs. ... Amber pendants. ...

In the second half of the 11th century, Rus' strengthened its commercial ties with Western Europe, and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks gradually lost its significance and made way for the Pripyat-Bug, Western Dvina and other waterways. Kievan Rus′ (Russian: , Kievskaya Rus; Ukrainian: , Kyivs’ka Rus’) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the city of Kiev (Russian: Ки́ев, Kiev; Ukrainian: Ки́їв, Kyiv), from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ...

External link and primary source

• An English translation of Constantine VII's account