Theobromine poisoning or chocolate poisoning is an adverse reaction to the alkaloid theobromine, found in chocolate, tea, cola beverages, and some other foods. Cacao beans contain about 1.2% theobromine by weight, while processed chocolate generally has smaller amounts. The amount found in highly refined chocolate candies (typically 40-60 milligrams per ounce) is much lower than that of dark chocolate or unsweetened baker's chocolate (over 400mg/oz). Oral (Russian: Уральск, Uralsk, also spelled Uralsk) is a city in western Kazakhstan, along the Ural (Zhayyq) River. ... The milligram (symbol mg) is an SI unit of mass. ... The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... In toxicology, the LD50 or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. ... An LD50 test being administered In toxicology, the LD50 or colloquially semilethal dose of a particular substance is a measure of how much constitutes a lethal dose. ... Trinomial name Felis silvestris catus (Linnaeus, 1758) This article is about the domestic cat. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora that has been domesticated for at least 24,800 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. ... Binomial name Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu(extinct) Homo sapiens sapiens Homo (genus). ... Feral mouse A mouse is a mammal that belongs to one of numerous species of small rodents in the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridæ (Old World Mice). ... Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and animals. ... Theobromine is a bitter alkaloid of the methylxanthine family, which also includes the similar compounds theophylline and caffeine. ... Chocolate comes in dark, milk, and white varieties with cocoa solids contributing to the brown coloration. ... A cup of hot tea A tea bush. ... Several different brands of cola. ... The word drink is primarily a verb, meaning to ingest liquids, see Drinking. ... The milligram (symbol mg) is an SI unit of mass. ... The ounce is the name for a number of different units of mass (oz), and also of two units of fluid volume (fl oz) and of one unit of force, the ounce-force (ozf). ...

The most common victims of theobromine poisoning are dogs (for which it can be fatal). Cats and especially kittens are yet more sensitive, and many other animals are also susceptible, including humans (for the average adult, as little as 4.5 ounces of dark chocolate can be toxic). The first signs of theobromine poisoning are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased urination. These can progress to cardiac arrhythmias, epileptic seizures, internal bleeding, heart attacks, and eventually death. Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora that has been domesticated for at least 24,800 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. ... FATAL (Originally short for Fantasy Adventure To Adult Lechery, but later changed to From Another Time, Another Land) is a tabletop role-playing game created by Byron Hall. ... Trinomial name Felis silvestris catus (Linnaeus, 1758) This article is about the domestic cat. ... A kitten. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... For a list of biologically injurious substances, including toxins and other materials, as well as their effects, see poison. ... Nausea (Greek Ναυτεία) is the sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit. ... Vomiting (or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ... Diarrhea (AmE) or diarrhoea (CwE) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent and watery or loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; lit. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A cardiac arrhythmia, also called cardiac dysrhythmia, is a disturbance in the regular rhythm of the heartbeat. ... Epilepsy (often referred to as a seizure disorder) is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. ... Internal bleeding is when bleeding occurs inside the body. ... A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ... Death is the cessation of physical life in a living organism or the state of the organism after that event. ...

Theobromine is especially toxic to horses, dogs, parrots, voles, and cats because they are unable to metabolize the chemical effectively. If they are fed chocolate, the theobromine will remain in their bloodstream for up to 20 hours. Medical treatment involves inducing vomiting within two hours of ingestion, or contacting a veterinarian. Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The Horse (Equus caballus) is a sizeable ungulate mammal, one of the seven modern species of the genus Equus. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora that has been domesticated for at least 24,800 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent evidence. ... Genera A parrot is any of the many birds belonging to the family Psittacidae. ... Genera Microtus Myodes Phenacomys Lagurus Arvicola A vole is a small rodent resembling a mouse but with a stouter body; a shorter, hairy tail; and smaller ears and eyes. ... Trinomial name Felis silvestris catus (Linnaeus, 1758) This article is about the domestic cat. ... Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος(metavallo), the Greek word for change), in the most general sense, is the ingestion and breakdown of complex compounds, coupled with the liberation of energy, and the consequent generation of waste... Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets). ... Look up veterinarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

A typical 20 kg dog will normally experience intestinal distress after eating less than 240 g of milk chocolate, but won't necessarily experience bradycardia or tachyarrythmia unless it eats at least a half a kilogram of milk chocolate. If it does not expel the chocolate from its system because of the fat and sugar content, then it would have a 50% chance of surviving after eating 5 kilograms. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, approximately 1.3 g of baker's chocolate per kilogram of a dog's body weight (0.02 oz/lb) is sufficient to cause symptoms of toxicity. For example, a typical 25 gram baker's chocolate bar would be enough to bring out symptoms in a 20 kg dog. Bradycardia, as applied in adult medicine, is defined as a heart rate of under 60 beats per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the rate drops below 50 beat/min [1]. It is also less commonly known as brachycardia. ...

References

• National Library of Medicine, Theobromine. (September 9, 2004)
• Merck & Co., Inc., Chocolate Poisoning: Introduction. (June 16, 2005)

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External links

• A Pet Owner's Guide to Poisons: Chocolate