Theodor Herzl, in his middle age.

Theodor Herzl (Hungarian: Herzl Tivadar, Hebrew: בנימין זאב הרצל‎ (Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl)) (May 2, 1860 – July 3, 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist who founded modern political Zionism. Image File history File links Theodore_Herzl. ... Image File history File links Theodore_Herzl. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... is the 122nd day of the year (123rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ...

Herzl was born in Pest (today the eastern half of Budapest, then a separate city) to a German-speaking family originally from Zemun (now in Serbia but then in Austria-Hungary). When Theodor was 18 his family moved to Vienna. There, he studied law, but he devoted himself almost exclusively to journalism and literature, working as a correspondent for the Neue Freie Presse in Paris, occasionally making special trips to London and Istanbul. Later, he became literary editor of Neue Freie Presse,and wrote several comedies and dramas for the Viennese stage. See Budapest (band) for the British melancholic post-grunge band. ... The German language (, ) is a West Germanic language and one of the worlds major languages. ... Location in Serbia General Information Mayor or municipality president Gordana Pop-Lazić Land area 153,56km² Population (2002 census) 145,751 (152,950 municipality) Population density (2002) 996 per km² Coordinates [1] Area code +381 11 Subdivisions 4 settlements in the municipality License plate code BG Time zone UTC+1... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... Journalism is a discipline of gathering, writing and reporting news, and broadly it includes the process of editing and presenting the news articles. ... For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... Die Presse is an Austrian newspaper based in Vienna, Austria. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...

As a young man, Herzl was engaged in a Burschenschaft association, which strove for German unity under the motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland"), and his early work did not focus on Jewish life. His work was of the feuilleton order, descriptive rather than political. Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about: Burschenschaft German Burschenschaften (abbreviated: B! , plural: B!B! ) are a special type of Studentenverbindungen (student fraternities). ... Feuilleton (a diminutive of French feuillet, the leaf of a book) was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers. ...

Zionist leader

Theodor Herzl

It is widely believed that Herzl was interested by the Dreyfus Affair, a notorious anti-Semitic incident in France in which a French Jewish army captain was falsely convicted of spying for Germany. Herzl had been covering the trial of Dreyfus for an Austro-Hungarian newspaper. He also witnessed mass rallies in Paris following the Dreyfus trial where many chanted "Death To The Jews!", and in June, 1895, he wrote in his diary: "In Paris, as I have said, I achieved a freer attitude toward anti-Semitism... Above all, I recognized the emptiness and futility of trying to 'combat' anti-Semitism." In Der Judenstaat he writes: Image File history File links Herzl. ... Image File history File links Herzl. ... The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal with anti-Semitic overtones which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Der Judenstaat (German for: The Jewish State) is a book written by Theodor Herzl and published in 1896 in Berlin and Vienna (by M. Breitensteins Verlags-Buchhandlung). ...

"The Jewish question persists wherever Jews live in appreciable numbers. Wherever it does not exist, it is brought in together with Jewish immigrants. We are naturally drawn into those places where we are not persecuted, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. this is the case, and will inevitably be so, everywhere, even in highly civilised countries - see, for instance, France - so long as the Jewish question is not solved on the political level. The unfortunate Jews are now carrying the seeds of anti-Semitism into England; they have already introduced it into America."^[1]

From April, 1896, when the English translation of his Der Judenstaat ("The State of the Jews") appeared, Herzl became the leading spokesman for Zionism. Der Judenstaat (German for: The Jewish State) is a book written by Theodor Herzl and published in 1896 in Berlin and Vienna (by M. Breitensteins Verlags-Buchhandlung). ...

A plaque marking the birthplace of Theodor Herzl, Dohány Street Synagogue, Budapest

Herzl complemented his writing with practical work to promote Zionism on the international stage. He visited Istanbul in April, 1896, and was hailed at Sofia, Bulgaria, by a Jewish delegation. In London, the Maccabees group received him coldly, but he was granted the mandate of leadership from the Zionists of the East End of London. Within six months this mandate had been approved throughout Zionist Jewry, and Herzl traveled constantly to draw attention to his cause. His supporters, at first few in number, worked night and day, inspired by Herzl's example. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1681x2340, 1009 KB) A plaque marking the birthplace of Theodor Herzl, Dohány Street Synagogue, Budapest. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1681x2340, 1009 KB) A plaque marking the birthplace of Theodor Herzl, Dohány Street Synagogue, Budapest. ... ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... This article is about the capital of Bulgaria. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ...

In June of 1896, he met for the first time with the Sultan of Turkey, but the Sultan refused to cede Palestine to Zionists, saying, ""...if one day the Islamic State falls apart then you can have Palestine for free, but as long as I am alive I would rather have my flesh be cut up then cut out Palestine from the Muslim land."^{[citation needed]}"[1] Abdülhamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی , Turkish: ) (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... This article is about Zionism as a movement, not the History of Israel. ...

In 1897, at considerable personal expense, he founded Die Welt of Vienna and planned the First Zionist Congress in Basel. He was elected president, (a position he held until his death in 1904), and in 1898 he began a series of diplomatic initiatives intended to build support for a Jewish country. He was received by the German emperor on several occasions, was again granted an audience by the Ottoman emperor in Jerusalem, and attended The Hague Peace Conference, enjoying a warm reception by many other statesmen. For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... The World Zionist Organization [WZO] was founded as the Zionist Organization [ZO] on September 3, 1897, at the First Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland. ... For other uses, see Basel (disambiguation). ... German Emperor Wilhelm (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht, Prince of Prussia 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (de: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen), ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of international law. ...

In 1902–03 Herzl was invited to give evidence before the British Royal Commission on Alien Immigration. The appearance brought him into close contact with members of the British government, particularly with Joseph Chamberlain, then secretary of state for the colonies, through whom he negotiated with the Egyptian government for a charter for the settlement of the Jews in Al 'Arish, in the Sinai Peninsula, adjoining southern Palestine. The Rt. ... Al Arish Al `ArÄ«sh (alternate spelling El Arish) (Arabic: العريش ) is the capital and largest city (with 114,900 inhabitants as of 2002) of the Egyptian governorate of Shamal Sina, lying on the Mediterranean coast of the Sinai peninsula, 344 kilometers (214 miles) northeast of Cairo. ... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses, see Sinai (disambiguation). ...

On the failure of that scheme, which took him to Cairo, he received, through L. J. Greenberg, an offer (Aug., 1903) on the part of the British government to facilitate a large Jewish settlement, with autonomous government and under British suzerainty, in British East Africa. At the same time, the Zionist movement being threatened by the Russian government, he visited St. Petersburg and was received by Sergei Witte, then finance minister, and Viacheslav Plehve, minister of the interior, the latter of whom placed on record the attitude of his government toward the Zionist movement. On that occasion Herzl submitted proposals for the amelioration of the Jewish position in Russia. He published the Russian statement, and brought the British offer, commonly known as the "Uganda Project," before the Sixth Zionist Congress (Basel, August 1903), carrying the majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) with him on the question of investigating this offer, after the Russian delegation stormed out. For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... British East Africa was a British protectorate in East Africa, covering generally the area of present-day Kenya and lasting from 1890 to 1920, when it became the colony of Kenya. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Count Sergei Yulyevitch Witte (Russian: , Sergej Julevič Vitte) (June 29, 1849 – March 13, 1915), also known as Sergius Witte, was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. ... Viacheslav Konstantinovich Pléhve (1846 - July 15 (J), 1904) was the director of the tsarist Russian Police and later Minister of the Interior. ... The British Uganda Program was a plan to give a portion of British East Africa to the Jewish people as a homeland. ... For other uses, see Basel (disambiguation). ...

In 1905 after investigation the Congress decided to decline the British offer and firmly committed itself to a Jewish home land in the historic Land of Israel.

Death and burial

Honor guard stands beside Herzel coffin in Israel

Herzl did not live to see the rejection of the Uganda plan; he died in Edlach, Lower Austria in 1904 of heart failure at age 44. His will stipulated that he should have the poorest-class funeral without speeches or flowers and he added, "I wish to be buried in the vault beside my father, and to lie there till the Jewish people shall take my remains to Palestine".^[2] In 1949 his remains were moved from Vienna to be reburied on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. Map of Lower Austria showing districts and the four quarters (Waldviertel in green, Weinviertel in red, Mostviertel in yellow and Industrieviertel in blue) Lower Austria (de: Niederösterreich) is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... Yitzhak and Leah Rabins grave. ...

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related to traditional Judaism than his parents, yet two of his paternal grandfather's brothers and his maternal grandmother's brother exemplify complete estrangement and rejection of Judaism on the one hand, and utter loyalty and devotion to Judaism and Eretz Israel. Herzl's paternal grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl, reportedly attended the Sephardic Zionist Rabbi Judah Alkalai's synagogue in Semlin, Serbia, and the two frequently visited. Grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl "had his hands on" one of the first copies of Alkalay's 1857 work prescribing the "return of the Jews to the Holy Land and renewed glory of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars conclude that Herzl's own implementation of modem Zionism was undoubtedly influenced by that relationship.^[3] Herzl’s grandparents' graves in Semlin can still be visited.^[4] Alkalai himself, was witness of rebirth of Serbia from Otoman rule in early and mid 19th century and was inspired by Serbian uprising and re-creation of Serbia. Judah ben Solomon Chai Alkalai (1798–October 1878) was a Sephardic rabbi in Semlin and one of pioneers of modern Zionism. ... Location in Serbia General Information Mayor or municipality president Gordana Pop-Lazić Land area 153,56km² Population (2002 census) 145,751 (152,950 municipality) Population density (2002) 996 per km² Coordinates [1] Area code +381 11 Subdivisions 4 settlements in the municipality License plate code BG Time zone UTC+1... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ...

Jacob Herzl (1835-1902), Theodor's father, was a highly successful businessman. Herzl's mother, Jeanette (née Diamant) was a handsome and wise woman. She took pride in her son, but did not have a successful relationship with her daughter-in-law. Herzl had one sister, Pauline, a year older than he was, who died suddenly on February 7, 1878 of typhus.^[5] Theodor lived with his family in a house next to the Dohány Street Synagogue (formerly known as Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the inner city of the historical old town of Pest, in the eastern section of Budapest^[6][7]. The remains of Herzl's parents and sister were re-buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. ... Belváros (meaning inner city) in its narrow, historical sense forms the southern half of District 5 of Budapest and it is located in the very center of the city. ... Pest (pronounced pesht) is the eastern, mostly flat part of Budapest, comprising about two thirds of the capitals territory. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Yitzhak and Leah Rabins grave. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...

In 1889 he married Julie Naschauer, daughter of a wealthy Jewish businessman in Vienna. The marriage was unhappy, although three children were born to it. Herzl had a strong attachment to his mother, who was unable to get along with his wife. These difficulties were increased by the political activities of his later years, in which his wife took little interest.^[8]

All three children died tragically.

Pauline suffered from mental illness and drug addiction. She died in 1930 at the age of 40, apparently of a morphine overdose. Hans, a converted Catholic, committed suicide (gunshot) the day of sister Pauline's funeral.^[9] He was 39.

The youngest daughter, Trude Margarethe, (officially Margarethe, 1893-1943) married Richard Neumann. He lost his fortune in the economic depression. He was burdened by the steep costs of hospitalizing Trude, who was mentally ill, and was finding it difficult to raise the money required to send his son Stephan, 14, to a boarding school in London. After spending many years in hospitals, Trude was taken by the Nazis to Theresienstadt where she died. Her body was burned.^[9] Fortress plan, 1869 Terezín (German: Theresienstadt) is name of former military fortress and garrison town in Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. ...

Trude's son (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (1918-1946) was sent to England, 1937-1938, for his safety, as rabid Austrian anti-Semitism grew. In England, he read extensively about his grandfather. Stephan became an ardent Zionist. He was the only Herzl to be a Zionist. Anglicizing his name to Stephen Norman, during WWII, Norman enlisted in the British Army rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Artillery. In late 1945 and early 1946, he took the opportunity to visit the British Mandate of Palestine "to see what my grandfather had started." He wrote in his diary extensively about his trip. What impressed him the most was that there was a "look of freedom" in the faces of the children, not like the sallow look of those from the concentration camps of Europe. He wrote upon leaving Palestine, "My visit to Palestine is over... It is said that to go away is to die a little. And I know that when I went away from Erez Israel, I died a little. But sure, then, to return is somehow to be reborn. And I will return." Flag The approximate borders of the British Mandate circa 1922. ...

Discharged in Britain he took a minor position with a British Economic and Scientific mission in Washington, D.C. Autumn, 1946, he learned that his family had been exterminated. He became deeply depressed over the fate of his family and the seeming eternal and continuing suffering of the Jewish survivors of the Holocaust languishing in European Displaced persons camp. Unable to endure the suffering any further, he jumped from the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge in Washington, D.C. to his death. Norman was buried by the Jewish Agency in Washington, D.C. His tombstone reads simply, Stephen Theodore Norman, Captain Royal Artillery British Army, Grandson of Theodore Herzl, April 21, 1918 - November 26, 1946.^[10] Norman was the only member of Herzl's family to have been to Palestine. He loved the land and the people. A major, overdue Zionist effort is underway to return the last descendent and only Zionist in Herzl's family to be reburied with his family on Mt. Herzl on December 5, 2007.^[11][12][13] For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... A displaced persons camp is in principle any temporary facility for displaced persons but in common usage refers to camps for individuals displaced as a result of World War II, particularly refugees from Eastern Europe. ... -1... The Jewish Agency for Israel also known as The Jewish Agency (or sochnut in Hebrew), was previously called the Jewish Agency for Palestine (during the British Mandate of Palestine) is an Israeli organisation that advocates for Israel and is composed mainly, but not entirely, of Jewish people. ...

Judenstaat and Altneuland

Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State, 1896) written in German, was the book that announced the advent of Zionism to the world. It is a pamphlet-length political program. Der Judenstaat (German for: The Jewish State) is a book written by Theodor Herzl and published in 1896 in Berlin and Vienna (by M. Breitensteins Verlags-Buchhandlung). ...

His last literary work, Altneuland (in Eng. The Old New Land), is devoted to Zionism. The author occupied his free time for three years in writing what he believed might be accomplished by 1923. It is less a novel, though the form is that of romance, than a serious forecasting of what can be done when one generation shall have passed. The keynotes of the story are the love for Zion, the insistence upon the fact that the changes in life suggested are not utopian, but are to be brought about simply by grouping all the best efforts and ideals of every race and nation; and each such effort is quoted and referred to in such a manner as to show that Altneuland ("Old-New land"), though blossoming through the skill of the Jew, will in reality be the product of the benevolent efforts of all the members of the human family. The Old New Land (or Altneuland in the original German) is a utopian novel published by Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, in 1902. ... Zion (Hebrew: צִיּוֹן, tziyyon; Tiberian vocalization: tsiyyôn; transliterated Zion or Sion) is a term that most often designates the Land of Israel and its capital Jerusalem. ...

Herzl envisioned a Jewish state which combined both a modern Jewish culture with the best of the European heritage. Thus a Palace of Peace would be built in Jerusalem, arbitrating international disputes—but at the same time the Temple would be rebuilt, but on modern principles. He did not envision the Jewish inhabitants of the state being religious, but there is much respect for religion in the public sphere. Many languages are spoken—Hebrew is not the main tongue. Proponents of a Jewish cultural rebirth, such as Ahad Ha'am were critical of Altneuland. Asher Ginsberg (1856 - 1927), also known by the pen name Ahad Haam (Hebrew: one of the people, compare with L.L. Zamenhofs Unuel), was one of the great pre-state Zionist thinkers. ...

In Altneuland Herzl did not foresee any conflict between Jews and Arabs. The one Arab character in Altneuland, Reshid Bey, who is one of the leaders of the "New Society", is very grateful to his Jewish neighbors for improving the economic condition of Palestine and sees no cause for conflict. All non-Jews have equal rights, and an attempt by a fanatical rabbi to disenfranchise the non-Jewish citizens of their rights fails in the election which is the center of the main political plot of the novel.

"Altneuland" was written primarily for the world, not for the Zionists. Herzl wanted to win over non-Jewish opinion for Zionism.^[14] In his diary he wrote that land in Palestine was to be gently expropriated from the Palestinian Arabs and they were to be worked across the border "unbemerkt" (surreptitiously), e.g. by refusing them employment.^[15] Herzl's draft of a charter for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Company (JOLC) gave the JOLC the right to obtain land in Palestine by giving its owners comparable land elsewhere in the Ottoman empire. According to Walid Khalidi this indicates Herzl's "bland assumption of the transfer of the Palestinian to make way for the immigrant colonist."^[16]

The name of Tel Aviv is the title given to the Hebrew translation of Altneuland by the translator, Nahum Sokolov. This name, which comes from Ezekiel 3:15, means tell—an ancient mound formed when a town is built on its own debris for thousands of years—of spring. The name was later applied to the new town built outside of Jaffa, which went on to become the second-largest city in Israel. Nearby is Herzlia, named in honor of Herzl. Tel-Aviv was founded on empty dunes north of the existing city of Jaffa. ... Nahum Sokolow (1859-1936) was a Zionist leader, author, translator, and a pioneer of Hebrew journalism. ... Book Of Ezekiel is rapper Freekey Zekeys debut album and debut on Diplomat Records/Asylum. ... Tell Mar Elias, North Jordan in 2005 Tell or tall (Arabic: ‎, tall, and Hebrew: , tel), meaning hill or mound, is an archaeological site in the form of an earthen mound that results from the accumulation and subsequent erosion of material deposited by human occupation over long periods of time. ... Jaffa (Hebrew יָפוֹ, Standard Hebrew Yafo, Tiberian Hebrew Yāp̄ô; Arabic يَافَا Yāfā; also Japho, Joppa), is an ancient city located in Israel. ... Herzliyya (הרצליה; also spelled Herzliyyah or Herzlia or Herzliya) is a city in Israel, on the central coastal strip in the south of the Sharon region, just north of Tel-Aviv (about 15 minutes drive), and part of the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area in the Tel-Aviv District. ...

Books written by Theodor Herzl

• The Jewish State (Der Judenstaat) (ISBN 1-59986-998-5)
• The Old New Land (Altneuland) (ISBN 1-55876-160-8)

The Jewish State was the book that Herzl wrote to explain the idea of a Jewish country which was later named Israel. Der Judenstaat (German for: The Jewish State) is a book written by Theodor Herzl and published in 1896 in Berlin and Vienna (by M. Breitensteins Verlags-Buchhandlung). ... The Old New Land (or Altneuland in the original German) is a utopian novel published by Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, in 1902. ...

Biographies of Theodor Herzl

• Herzl, King of the Jews: A Psychoanalytic Biography of Theodor Herzl by Avner Falk, University Press of America, 1993, ISBN 0-8191-8925-1
• Herzl by Amos Elon - published 1975 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-013126-X. Amos Elon has also written The Israelis: Founders and Sons, and Jerusalem: City of Mirrors. His biography of Herzl is also a portrait of Europe at the end of the 19th century.
• Alex Bein (1934) "Theodor Herzl; Biographie. mit 63 Bildern und einer Ahnentafel." (German)
  • Alex Bein, Maurice Samuel (translatior), (1941) "Theodore Herzl: A Biography of the Founder of the Modern Zionism"

Footnotes

July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 77th day of the year (78th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Gathering of Israel

On April 15th, 1887, Theodor Herzl became a famous writer. Herzl became a journalist. He was also a dramatist. It was understood that the major function was to create the political organizations needed to found a new country. They elected Herzl as President of the organization, set the dues rate, approved the design of the Jewish national flag, and agreed to meet once a year. It was at that first meeting that Herzl successfully declared, “If you will it, it is no fantasy.” Herzl spent the last few years of his life trying to build up the capital needed for establishing a nation and trying to convince the heads of European state to help the Jews. England refused to give the Jews permission to settle on Cyprus. In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army, was wrongly accused of disloyalty. Mobs shouted,”Death to the Jews,” in France, the home of the French Revolution and the liberation of the Jews. Herzl became certain that the Jews needed a country of their own. The Gathering of Israel, as foretold by numerous Old Testament prophets, refers to recovery or return of Israels Lost Tribes to the lands of their inheritance. ...

External links

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• About Israel - Herzl Now
• Works by Herzl in German at German-language Wikisource
• Works by Herzl in German from the eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria)
• "Altneuland"
• Herzl's Writing
• Zionism and the creation of modern Israel
• Biography of Theodor Herzl
• Herzl's Centenary and Award
• Herzel and Zionism English subtitled video
• What is Zionism