In philosophy, a theory of everything or TOE is an ultimate, all-encompassing explanation of nature or reality.^[1][2][3] Adopting the term from physics, where the search for a theory of everything is ongoing, philosophers have discussed the viability of the concept and analyzed its properties and implications.^[1][2][3] Among the questions to be addressed by a philosophical theory of everything are: "Why is reality understandable?" "Why are the laws of nature as they are?" "Why is there anything at all?"^[1] “Natural” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Reality (disambiguation). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Properties and impasse of self-substantiation

In "The Price of an Ultimate Theory",^[2] originally published in 2000, Nicholas Rescher specifies what he sees as the principal properties of a TOE and describes an apparent impasse on the road to such a theory. First, he takes as a presupposition the principle of sufficient reason, which in his formulation states that every fact t has an explanation t'': Nicholas Rescher (born July 15, 1928 in Hagen, Germany) is an American philosopher, affiliated for many years with the University of Pittsburgh, where he is currently University Professor of Philosophy and Chairman of the Center for the Philosophy of Science. ... The principle of sufficient reason states that anything that happens does so for a definite reason. ...

Principle of sufficient reason:

where E predicates explanation, so that t' E t denotes "t' explains t". Next, he asserts that the most direct and natural construction of a TOE T* would confer upon it two crucial features: comprehensiveness and finality. Comprehensiveness says that wherever there is a fact t, T* affords its explanation:

Comprehensiveness:

Finality says that as an "ultimate theory", T* has no deeper explanation:

Finality:

so that the only conceivable explanation of T* is T* itself. Rescher notes that it is obviously problematic to deploy a theory for its own explanation; at the heart of the traditional conception of explanatory adequacy, he says, is a principle of noncircularity stating that no fact can explain itself:

Noncircularity:

The impasse is then that the two critical aspects of a TOE, comprehensiveness and finality, conflict with the fundamental principle of noncircularity. A comprehensive theory which explains everything must explain itself, and a final theory which has no deeper explanation must, by the principle of sufficient reason, have some explanation; consequently it too must be self-explanatory. Rescher concludes that any TOE theorist committed to comprehensiveness and finality is bound to regard noncircularity as "something that has to be jettisoned." But how, he asks, can a theory adequately substantiate itself?

Ways forward

Rescher's proposal in "The Price of an Ultimate Theory" is to dualize the concept of explanation so that a fact can be explained either derivationally, by the premises which lead to it, or systemically, by the consequences which follow from it. With derivational explanation, a fact t is explained when it is subsumed by some prior, more fundamental fact t'. With systemic explanation, t is explained when it is a "best fit" for its consequences, where fitness is measured by uniformity, simplicity, connectedness, and other criteria conducive to systemic integration. Rescher concludes that while a theory of everything cannot be explained derivationally (since no deeper explanation can subsume it), it can be explained systemically by its capacity to integrate its consequences.

In his 1996 book The Conscious Mind,^[4] David Chalmers argues that a theory of everything must explain consciousness, that consciousness does not logically supervene on the physical, and that therefore a fundamental theory in physics would not be a theory of everything. A truly final theory, he argues, needs not just physical properties and laws, but phenomenal or protophenomenal properties and psychophysical laws explaining the relationship between physical processes and conscious experience. He concludes that "[o]nce we have a fundamental theory of consciousness to accompany a fundamental theory in physics, we may truly have a theory of everything." Developing such a theory will not be straightforward, he says, but "it ought to be possible in principle." David John Chalmers (born April 20, 1966) is a philosopher in the area of philosophy of mind. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... In philosophy, supervenience is a well-defined relation between higher-level (e. ... A phenomenon (plural: phenomena) is an observable event, particularly something special (literally something that can be seen from the Greek word phainomenon = observable). ... Psychophysics is the branch of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception. ...

In "Prolegomena to Any Future Philosophy",^[3] a 2002 essay in the Journal of Evolution and Technology, Mark Alan Walker discusses modern responses to the question of how to reconcile "the apparent finitude of humans" with what he calls "the traditional telos of philosophy—the attempt to unite thought and Being, to arrive at absolute knowledge, at a final theory of everything." He contrasts two ways of closing this "gap between the ambitions of philosophy, and the abilities of human philosophers": a "deflationary" approach in which philosophy is "scaled down into something more human" and the attempt to achieve a theory of everything is abandoned, and an "inflationary", transhumanist approach in which philosophers are "scaled up" by advanced technology into "super-intelligent beings" better able to pursue such a theory. The Journal of Evolution and Technology is a peer-reviewed electronic journal publishing contemporary research into future science and philosophy, published by the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. ... Mark Alan Walker Ph. ... Transhumanism is an emergent school of speculative philosophy analysing or favouring the use of science and technology, especially neurotechnology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology, to overcome human limitations and improve the human condition. ...

Criticism

In "Holistic Explanation and the Idea of a Grand Unified Theory",^[1] originally presented as a lecture in 1998, Rescher identifies two negative reactions to the idea of a unified, overarching theory: reductionism and rejectionism. Reductionism holds that large-scale philosophical issues can be meaningfully addressed only when divided into lesser components, while rejectionism holds that questions about such issues are illegitimate and unanswerable. Against reductionism, Rescher argues that explaining individual parts does not explain the coordinating structure of the whole, so that a collectivized approach is required. Against rejectionism, he argues that the question of the "reason why" behind existence is pressing, important, and not obviously meaningless.

See also

• Theory of everything (physics)
• 42

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Look up forty-two in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

References

• Chalmers, David John (1997). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195117891. 
• Rescher, Nicholas (2006a). "Holistic Explanation and the Idea of a Grand Unified Theory". Collected Papers IX: Studies in Metaphilosophy.
• Rescher, Nicholas (2006b). "The Price of an Ultimate Theory". Collected Papers IX: Studies in Metaphilosophy.
• Walker, Mark Alan (March 2002). "Prolegomena to Any Future Philosophy". Journal of Evolution and Technology Vol. 10.

David John Chalmers (born April 20, 1966) is a philosopher in the area of philosophy of mind. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ...

Notes