Thermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park

A thermophile is an organism – a type of extremophile – which thrives at relatively high temperatures, above 45 °C. Many thermophiles are archaea. <> </>< /><>://.///.</> < />:://.///.< />< />> Conker: Live & Reloaded is a video game for Microsofts Xbox console, expected to be released on March 15, 2005 as a re-make of the Nintendo 64 game Conkers Bad Fur Day. ... This article is about a character in a video game. ... Image File history File links Aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park Image by NPS Photo - http://www. ... Image File history File links Aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park Image by NPS Photo - http://www. ... Grand Prismatic Spring. ... “Yellowstone” redirects here. ... An extremophile is an organism, usually unicellular, which thrives in or requires extreme conditions that would exceed optimal conditions for growth and reproduction in the majority of mesophilic terrestrial organisms. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... Phyla Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota ARMAN The Archaea (), or archaebacteria, are a major group of microorganisms. ...

Thermophiles are found in various geothermally heated regions of the Earth such as hot springs like those in Yellowstone National Park (see image) and deep sea hydrothermal vents, as well as decaying plant matter such as leat logs and compost. Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... “Yellowstone” redirects here. ... The term deep sea refers to those areas of oceans to which little or no light penetrates (the aphotic zone). ... A hydrothermal vent A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planets surface from which geothermally heated water issues. ...

As a prerequisite for their survival, thermophiles contain enzymes that can function at high temperature. Some of these enzymes are used in molecular biology (for example heat-stable DNA polymerases for polymerase chain reaction), and in washing agents. Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... 3D structure of the DNA-binding helix-hairpin-helix motifs in human DNA polymerase beta A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that assists in DNA replication. ... “PCR” redirects here. ...

Thermophiles are classified into obligate and facultative thermophiles: obligate thermophiles (also called extreme thermophiles) require such high temperatures for growth, while facultative thermophiles (also called moderate thermophiles) can thrive at high temperatures but also at lower temperatures (below 50 °C). Hyperthermophiles are particularly extreme thermophiles for which the optimal temperatures are above 80 °C. Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments - that is, hotter than around 60°C. The optimal temperatures are between 80°C and 110°C; in fact, the recently-discovered Strain 121 [1...

Importance of enzymes from thermophiles

The enzymes isolated from some extremophiles have proven to be of great use in the biotechnology industry, able to function under conditions that would denature enzymes taken from most "normal" organisms. Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... The structure of insulin Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Irreversible egg protein denaturation and loss of solubility, caused by the high temperature (while cooking it) Denaturation is the alteration of a protein or nucleic acids shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it will no...

The most commonly used DNA polymerase for the polymerase chain reaction technique is Taq DNA polymerase, originally isolated from Thermus aquaticus, a bacterial species found in surface aquatic locations such as Yellowstone National Park hot springs. For a few PCR applications, the lack of proofreading by Taq DNA polymerase is a problem. ITaq DNA polymerase A polymerase (EC 2. ... Taq polymerase (Taq Pol, or simply Taq) is a thermostable polymerase used in polymerase chain reaction to check for the presence or absence of a gene by amplifying a DNA fragment. ... Binomial name Thermophilus aquaticus Brock & Freeze, 1969 Thermophilus aquaticus is a species of bacterium that can tolerate high temperatures; it is the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA Polymerase, one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain reaction. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... “Yellowstone” redirects here. ... Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57°F or... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Proofreading is reading a proof copy of text for the purpose of detecting errors. ...

The DNA polymerase from Thermococcus litoralis was shown to have a proofreading exonuclease activity. (Mattila et al, 1991)Thermococcus litoralis was isolated from a deep sea hydrothermal vent. This DNA polymerase is marketed as "Vent" polymerase. Exonucleases are enzymes that cleave nucleotides one at a time from an end of a polynucleotide chain. ... A black smoker in the Atlantic Ocean Black smokers are a type of hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. ...

Another heat stable polymerase comes from the organism Pyrococcus furiosus, (Pfu). This organism grows optimally at 100°C, making it a hyperthermophile. Binomial name Pyrococcus furiosus Erauso et al. ... Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments - that is, hotter than around 60°C. The optimal temperatures are between 80°C and 110°C; in fact, the recently-discovered Strain 121 [1...

Taq DNA polymerase is adequate for most PCR, but one study (Hamilton et al, 2001). reported that higher fidelity thermostable DNA polymerases such as Vent account for as much as 30% of DNA polymerase sales.

In addition, the study of proteins from thermophilic organisms has provided important insight into the mechanism of protein folding because these proteins must be stable at temperatures that would denature typical proteins. Therefore, understanding how thermophilic proteins have evolved to be stable can yield information about the functional modulation of folding landscapes. Protein folding is the process by which a protein assumes its characteristic functional shape or tertiary structure, also known as the native state. ...

Some thermophilic organisms

• Pyrococcus furiosus
• Thermus aquaticus
• Thermus thermophilus
• Chloroflexus aurantiacus (photosynthetic bacterium)
• Thermococcus litoralis (see extremophiles)
• Pyrodictium abyssi (archaea)
• Bacillus stearothermophilus
• Thermobifida fusca (bacterium often found in decaying plant matter)

The Pompeii worm survives the scalding temperatures surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents thanks to a symbiotic relationship with thermophilic bacteria. Binomial name Pyrococcus furiosus Erauso et al. ... Binomial name Thermus thermophilus Thermus thermophilus is a gram negative eubacterium used in a range of biotechnological applications, including as a model organism for genetic manipulation and systems biology. ... Thermophilic Organisms Chloroflexus aurantiacus is a photosynthetic bacterium isolated from hot springs, belonging to the green non_sulfur bacteria. ... The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ... An extremophile is an organism, usually unicellular, which thrives in or requires extreme conditions that would exceed optimal conditions for growth and reproduction in the majority of mesophilic terrestrial organisms. ... Bacillus stearothermophilus is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. ... Binomial name Alvinella pompejana The Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) is a deep-sea polychaete worm found only at hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean. ... For other uses, see Symbiosis (disambiguation). ...

Extreme Thermophiles

Thermophiles are heat-loving (hence the name), with an optimum growth temperature of 50 °C or more, a maximum of up to 70 °C or more, and a minimum of about 20 °C, but these are only approximate. Some extreme thermophiles (hyperthermophiles) require a very high temperature (80 °C to 105 °C) for growth. Their membranes and proteins are unusually stable at these extremely high temperatures. Thus many important biotechnological process utilize thermophilic enzymes because of their ability to withstand intense heat. Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments - that is, hotter than around 60°C. The optimal temperatures are between 80°C and 110°C; in fact, the recently-discovered Strain 121 [1...

Many of the hyperthermophiles Archea require elemental sulfur for growth. Some are anaerobes that use the sulfur as an electron acceptor during respiration instead of oxygen. Some are lithotrophs that oxidize sulfur to sulfuric acid as an energy source, thus requiring the microorganism to be adapted to very low pH (i.e. it is an acidophile as well as thermophile). These organisms are inhabitants of hot, sulfur-rich environments usually associated with volcanism, such as hot springs, geysers and fumaroles. In these places, especially in Yellowstone National Park, we find a zonation of microorganisms according to their temperature optima. Often these organisma are coloured, due to the presence of photosynthetic pigments. Acidophilic describes the tendency of a inorganic particle or organism to acidic conditions or acids. ...

Books Examining Thermophiles

"The Microbes of Yellowstone" by Sheehan Kathy B, Patterson David J, Dicks Brett Leigh, and Henson Joan M. The Globe Pequot Press (2006)

Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures by Brock Thomas D. Springer-Verlag (1978).

See also

• hyperthermophile
• Anaerobic digestion
• mesophile
• Psychrophile
• Aerobic Thermophillic Digestion

Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments - that is, hotter than around 60°C. The optimal temperatures are between 80°C and 110°C; in fact, the recently-discovered Strain 121 [1... Two-stage, low-solids, UASB anaerobic digesters as part of a mechanical biological treatment system, with sequencing batch reactor Anaerobic digestion (AD) is where the naturally occurring processes of anaerobic degradation is harnessed and contained. ... A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between 25 and 40 °C (68 and 113 °F). ... Psychrophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures. ...

References

• Mattila P, Korpela J, Tenkanen T, Pitkanen K. (1991) "Fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase--an extremely heat stable enzyme with proofreading activity" in Nucleic Acids Res. Sep 25;19(18):4967-73
• Hamilton SC, Farchaus JW, Davis MC (2001) "DNA polymerases as engines for biotechnology" by . in Biotechniques, 31:370-6, 378-80, 382-3
• Zierenberg Robert A., Adams Michael W. W., and Arp Alissa J. (2000) "Life in extreme environments: Hydrothermal vents" in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 November; 97(24): 1296112962.
• Thermophilic Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures by Brock, Thomas D. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978.

Extreme Thermophiles

• [1]
• [2]

v • d • e Extremophile
Categories	Acidophile · Alkaliphile · Capnophile · Endolith · Halophile · Hyperthermophile · Hypolith · Lithoautotroph · Lithophile  · Oligotroph · Osmophile · Piezophile · Polyextremophile · Psychrophile · Thermophile · Xerophile
Notable extremophiles	Chloroflexus aurantiacus · Deinococcus radiodurans · Deinococcus-Thermus · Paralvinella sulfincola · Pompeii worm · Pyrococcus furiosus · Snottite · Strain 121 · Thermus aquaticus · Thermus thermophilus
Related articles	Archaea · Abiogenic petroleum origin · Acidithiobacillales · Acidobacteria · Archaeoglobaceae · Berkeley Pit · Crenarchaeota · Grylloblattidae · Halobacteria · An extremophile is an organism, usually unicellular, which thrives in or requires extreme conditions that would exceed optimal conditions for growth and reproduction in the majority of mesophilic terrestrial organisms. ... Acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 2. ... Alkaliphiles are microbes classified as extremophiles that thrive in alkaline environments with a pH of 9 to 11 such as soda lakes and carbonate-rich soils. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Endolith lifeform found inside an Antarctic rock An endolith or cryptoendolith is an organism (archaea, bacterium, or fungus) that lives inside rock, coral, animal shells, or in the pores between mineral grains. ... Halophiles are extremophiles that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt (at least 2 M, approximately ten times the salt level of ocean water). ... Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments - that is, hotter than around 60°C. The optimal temperatures are between 80°C and 110°C; in fact, the recently-discovered Strain 121 [1... In Arctic and Antarctic ecology, a hypolith is a photosynthetic organism that lives underneath rocks in climatically extreme deserts such as Cornwallis Island and Devon Island in the Canadian high Arctic. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Lithotroph. ... Lithophiles are micro-organisms that can live within the pore spaces of sedimentary and even igneous (if they are cracked—no natural space in igneous) rocks to depths of several kilometers. ... An oligotroph is an organisn that can live in a very low carbon concentration, one part per million! ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A piezophile is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as deep sea bacteria or archaea. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ... Psychrophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures. ... Xerophiles are extremophilic organisms that can grow and reproduce in conditions with a low availability of water, also known as water activity. ... Image File history File links Deinococcus_radiodurans. ... Thermophilic Organisms Chloroflexus aurantiacus is a photosynthetic bacterium isolated from hot springs, belonging to the green non_sulfur bacteria. ... Binomial name Brooks & Murray, 1981 Deinococcus radiodurans (strange berry that withstands radiation, formerly called Micrococcus radiodurans) is an extremophilic bacterium, and is the most radioresistant organism known. ... Orders & Genera Deinococcales     Deinococcus Thermales     Thermus     Meiothermus     Marinithermus     Oceanithermus     Vulcanithermus The Deinococcus-Thermus are a small group of bacteria comprised of cocci highly resistant to environmental hazards. ... Binomial name Paralvinella sulfincola Paralvinella sulfincola is a species of worm of the Alvinellidae family that thrives on undersea hot-water vents. ... Binomial name Alvinella pompejana The Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) is a deep-sea polychaete worm found only at hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean. ... Binomial name Pyrococcus furiosus Erauso et al. ... Snottites or Snotties are colonies of single-celled organisms that hang from the walls and ceilings of caves (similar to stalactites, but not hard). ... Strain 121 is a single-celled microbe, of the domain Archaea. ... Binomial name Thermophilus aquaticus Brock & Freeze, 1969 Thermophilus aquaticus is a species of bacterium that can tolerate high temperatures; it is the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA Polymerase, one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain reaction. ... Binomial name Thermus thermophilus Thermus thermophilus is a gram negative eubacterium used in a range of biotechnological applications, including as a model organism for genetic manipulation and systems biology. ... Phyla Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota ARMAN The Archaea (), or archaebacteria, are a major group of microorganisms. ... The theory of abiogenic petroleum origin holds that natural petroleum was formed from deep carbon deposits, perhaps dating to the formation of the Earth. ... Families & Genera Acidithiobacillaceae    Acidithiobacillus Thermithiobacillaceae    Thermithiobacillus The Acidithiobacillales are a recently recognized order of Proteobacteria with only two genera, placed in separate families. ... Genera Acidobacterium Geothrix Holophaga Acidobacteria form a newly devised division of Bacteria. ... Genera Archaeoglobus Ferroglobus Geoglobus The Archaeoglobaceae is a family within the Euryarchaeota. ... The Berkeley Pit in May 1984. ... Orders Caldisphaerales Cenarchaeales Desulfurococcales Sulfolobales Thermoproteales The Crenarchaeota are a major group of Archaea, containing many extremely thermophilic and psychrophilic organisms. ... Genera Galloisiana Grylloblatta Grylloblattella Grylloblattina Namkungia Grylloblattodea is a small order of extremophile and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains, consisting of a single family, Grylloblattidae. ... Genera Haloarcula Halobacterium Halobaculum Halococcus Haloferax Halogeometricum Halorubrum Haloterrigena Natrialba Natrinema Natronobacterium Natronococcus Natronomonas Natronorubrum The halobacteria are a family of archaea, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. ... Halobacterium · Hydrothermal vent · Methanopyrus · Radioresistance · Thermostability  · Thermotogae