| Thiomersal |
 | | IUPAC name | Ethyl(2-mercaptobenzoato-(2-)-O,S)
mercurate(1-) sodium | | Identifiers | | CAS number | 54-64-8 | | Properties | | Molecular formula | C9H9HgNaO2S | | Molar mass | 404.81 g/mol | | Appearance | White or slightly yellow powder | | Density | 500 kg/m³ | | Melting point | 232 - 233 °C (decomposition) Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x666, 36 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Thiomersal ...
IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ...
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...
General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 200. ...
For sodium in the diet, see Edible salt. ...
General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Standard atomic weight 32. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ...
The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
| | Solubility in water | 1000 g/l (20 °C) | | Hazards | | R-phrases | R26/27/28R33R50/53 | | S-phrases | S13S28S36S45S60S61 | Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references | Thiomersal (INN) (C9H9HgNaO2S), formerly and still commonly known in the United States as thimerosal, is an organomercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent. Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ...
S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ...
In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ...
An International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as designated by the World Health Organization. ...
Organomercury refers to the group of organometallic compounds containing mercury. ...
An antiseptic solution of Povidone-iodine applied to an abrasion Antiseptics (Greek αντί, against, and σηπτικός, putrefactive) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. ...
An antifungal drug is medication used to treat fungal infections such as athletes foot, ringworm and candidiasis (thrush), as well as serious systemic infections like cryptococcal meningitis. ...
It was developed and registered under the trade name Merthiolate in 1929 by the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company, and has been used as a preservative in vaccines, immune globulin preparations, skin test antigens, antivenins, ophthalmic and nasal products, and tattoo inks. Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Eli Lilly and Company (NYSE: LLY) is a global pharmaceutical company and one of the worlds largest corporations. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ...
An allergy is an abnormal, acquired sensitivity to a given substance, including pollen, drugs, or numerous environmental triggers. ...
Antivenin (or antivenom, or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings. ...
This article is about the branch of medicine. ...
For other uses, see Tattoo (disambiguation). ...
The compound is being phased out from most childhood vaccinations. Packaging the vaccines in single-dose vials eliminates the need for bacteriostatics such as thiomersal. Bacteriostatic antibiotics hamper the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacteria protein production, interfering with bacteria DNA production interfering with bacteria cellular metabolism Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit growth and repoduction of the bacteria, though do not kill it, while bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria. ...
Stability Stable. May degrade in sunlight. Incompatible with strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, iodine, heavy metal salts. For the record label, see Iodine Recordings. ...
A heavy metal is any of a number of higher atomic weight elements, which has the properties of a metallic substance at room temperature. ...
Toxicology Thiomersal is harmful by inhalation and ingestion, lethal between 50 and 1000 times[citation needed][1] the usual intake (hazard symbol T+).[2] It is a neoplastigen and a teratogen. Thiomersal is also dangerous for the environment (hazard symbol N). The skull and crossbones, a common symbol for poison. ...
// Teratogenesis is a medical term from the Greek, literally meaning monster-birth, which derives from teratology, the study of the frequency, causation, and development of congenital malformations—misleadingly called birth defects. ...
Thiomersal causes susceptible bacteria to autolyze (break down their own cells with self-produced enzymes) via an unknown mechanism.[citation needed] In the body, it is metabolized to ethylmercury (C2H5Hg+) and thiosalicylic acid.[3] In chemistry, autolysis is the production of a substance which catalyses the reaction it was made in, or catalyzes its own transformation into another compound. ...
Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
Ethylmercury (sometimes ethyl mercury) is a cation that forms organomercury compounds such as ethylmercury chloride and ethylmercury urea. ...
Risk assessment There are hardly any studies on the toxicity of thiomersal in humans. However, many animal studies have been conducted which demonstrate the various toxicities of thiomersal. Many of these studies demonstrate that thiomersal has abortifacient properties in animals. For example, a 1975 study by Gassett et al. showed a dramatic increase in fetal death following intraocular and intraperitoneal application of thiomersal in rabbits and rats.[4] Itoi et al. showed a similar increase in fetal death in rabbits given thiomersal intraocularly in a 1972 study.[5] These findings of fetal death were matched in a 1987 study by Digar et al. involving chicken embryoes.[6] Similarly, a 1990 study by Batts et al. showed that thiomersal damages cilia function when applied topically to the trachea of sheep. This finding may indicate a potential mechanism for reproductive toxicity in women in regard to fallopian tube ciliary function.[7][8]
Official reports indicate that children can receive ethylmercury at levels higher than the US Evironmental Protection Agency's guidelines for methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Burbacher et al (2005) made a "Comparison of Blood and Brain Mercury Levels in Infant Monkeys Exposed to Methylmercury or Vaccines Containing Thimerosal" and found considerable differences. They write in the conclusion of their study: "The key findings of the present study are the differences in the disposition kinetics and demethylation rates of thimerosal and MeHg. Consequently, MeHg is not a suitable reference for risk assessment from exposure to thimerosal-derived Hg. Knowledge of the biotransformation of thimerosal, the chemical identity of the Hg-containing species in the blood and brain, and the neurotoxic potential of intact thimerosal and its various biotransformation products, including ethylmercury, is urgently needed to afford a meaningful interpretation of the potential developmental effects of immunization with thimerosal-containing vaccines in newborns and infants. This information is critical if we are to respond to public concerns regarding the safety of childhood immunizations."[9]
History Thiomersal was developed by Dr. Morris S. Kharasch, a chemist and Eli Lilly and Company fellow at the University of Maryland and then at the University of Chicago.[citation needed] Morris Selig Kharasch (1895-1957) was a pioneering organic chemist best known for his work with free radical additions and polymerizations. ...
A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ...
One of the worlds largest corporations, Eli Lilly and Company (NYSE: LLY) is a global pharmaceutical company with headquarters in Indianapolis,Indiana, USA. A Fortune 500 corporation, the company had revenues of $12. ...
The University of Maryland, College Park (also known as UM, UMD, or UMCP) is a public university located in the city of College Park, in Prince Georges County, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C., in the United States. ...
The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...
A patent for the alkyl mercuric sulfur compound, which was felt to have possibilities as an antiseptic and antibacterial product, was filed in the 1920s.[citation needed] Eli Lilly and Company registered the compound under the trade name Merthiolate in 1929. It was used to kill bacteria and prevent contamination in antiseptic ointments, creams, jellies, and sprays used by consumers and in hospitals. Thiomersal was used in many such products (e.g. nasal sprays, eye drops, contact lens solutions, immunoglobulins, and vaccines).
Thiomersal was first put in vaccines in 1931 by Eli Lilly Corporation and used as a preservative (bactericide) so multi-dose vials of vaccines could be used instead of single dose vials, which were more expensive.[10] A bacteriocide or bactericide is a substance that kills bacteria and, preferably, nothing else. ...
Products that may contain thiomersal include blood plasma components such as Rho(D) Immune Globulin, pit viper, coral snake and black widow spider antivenom[11] and vaccines in which it is not used as a preservative[12] may contain a trace of thiomersal from steps in manufacture.[1]. Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ...
Rho(D) Immune Globulin is a drug introduced under the tradename RhoGAM and MICRhoGAM which is used to prevent maternal sensitization to Rh D antigens on the surface of blood cells in a fetus (i. ...
Genera See text. ...
Species Over 65, see article. ...
Species Fabricius, 1775 Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 Walckenaer, 1837 Wikispecies has information related to: Latrodectus mactans The black widow spider () is a spider notorious for its neurotoxic venom. ...
Timeline - 1929 - Eli Lilly registers thimerosal under the trade name Merthiolate.
- Early-1930s - first added to vaccines as a bactericide.[10]
- 1980 - The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) begins a review of over-the-counter drug (OTC) products containing thimerosal.
- 1982 - FDA proposes a ban on thimerosal in OTC ointments, citing its possible toxicity and ineffectiveness.
- Mid-1980s - used as a preservative in virtually all whole-cell DPT vaccines, which were routinely administered four times each to children before eighteen months of age, starting at two months.
- Late 1980s - Hib vaccines are recommended for administration to children at eighteen months. They contain thiomersal.
- 1991 - In the US, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices adds Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) to its recommendations for childhood immunization. Routine vaccination schedule recommendations are further amended to advise three doses of Hepatititis B vaccine for infants under six months of age, beginning on the day of birth; four doses of the Hib flu shot are recommended within an eighteen month period, beginning at age two. Thimerosal is used as a preservative in multi-dose vials of both vaccines.
- 1997 - The United States Congress passes the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act, requiring the study of mercury content in FDA-approved products. The review reveals the previously unrecognized levels of ethylmercury in vaccines.
- Late 1990s - Three of the vaccines included in vaccination schedules for children between six and eighteen months of age contain thiomersal.
- 1998 - Sixteen years after its proposal, the FDA bans thimerosal in all over-the-counter products.
- 1999 - The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) requests removal of thiomersal from all pediatric vaccines. US health officials announce that thimerosal will be phased out of vaccines. The CDC, AAP, and FDA assert the measure is purely precautionary, but still ask manufacturers to eliminate or reduce mercury in vaccines as quickly as possible.
- 2000 - CDC researcher Thomas Verstraeten's initial analysis of CDC Vaccine Safety Datalink records finds a relative risk of 2.48 for autism in children who receive thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs). In response, the 2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference is convened. The relative-risk figure reported by Verstraeten at the conference changes from 2.48 to 1.69.[1]
- 2001 - Citing insufficient evidence, the independent Institute of Medicine (IOM), is unable to prove or disprove any link between thiomersal and autism. However, they conclude that a causal connection between thiomersal and autism is "biologically plausible".[1]
- Safe Minds publishes "Autism: A Novel Form of Mercury Poisoning" in the journal Medical Hypotheses, publicizing the plausibility of a link between mercury and autistic spectrum disorders.
- 2002 - The CDC and FDA state that, although thiomersal was to be discontinued in some pediatric vaccines, they would not be recalling any unused stocks, as there was no proof that low doses of thiomersal are dangerous, and that the change was purely cautionary.
- 2002 - The US federal vaccine court begins legal proceedings for parents seeking compensation for alleged adverse effects of vaccines on their children.
- 2003 - Danish researchers publish one of the largest, most comprehensive studies discounting the possibility of a link between thimerosal and neurological disorders.
- 2003 - A report by the US House Committee on Government Reform rebukes health officials and pharmaceutical companies for failing to remove ethylmercury, "a potent neurotoxin" from medical products, and concludes: "Our public health agencies' failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self-protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical industry."
- 2003 - Verstraeten's revised analysis is published amidst an escalating thimerosal controversy; in response, Congressman Dave Weldon (R-Fla.) writes to CDC Director Julie Gerberding asking to open up the agency's Vaccine Safety Datalink database to independent researchers.
- 2004 - The Institute of Medicine, based on new information from epidemiological studies undertaken since its 2001 report, rejects the hypothetical causative link between thiomersal and autism.[1]
- 2004 - A joint statement by the AAP, the American Academy of Family Physicians, ACIP, and the Public Health Service maintains that "there remains no convincing evidence of harm caused by low levels of thimerosal in vaccines."
- 2006 - Some vaccines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) for children in developing countries contain the same amounts of thiomersal as vaccines used previously for American children. Current vaccination schedules[citation needed] give these in a shorter time period.[citation needed]
- 2006 - In the latest review by the WHO committee, the conclusion it previously reached was reaffirmed, that there is no evidence of toxicity in infants, children or adults exposed to thiomersal in vaccines.[13]
- 2007 - The US vaccine court convened, with Theresa and Michael Cedillo, the parents of 12-year-old Michelle Cedillo, asking the court to find that their child's autism was caused by common childhood vaccines.
Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ...
Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ...
“FDA†redirects here. ...
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to prescription drugs. ...
Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ...
The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ...
Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) consists of fifteen advisors to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), selected by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, to provide advice and guidance on the most effective means to prevent diseases through nation-wide vaccination campaigns. ...
Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule in the United States and elsewhere has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed and marketed. ...
For the band, see 1997 (band). ...
Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political...
For the band, see 1990s (band). ...
Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule in the United States and elsewhere has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed and marketed. ...
Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...
This article is about the year. ...
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization of pediatricians, physicians trained to deal with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. ...
Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...
The Vaccine Safety Datalink Project (VSD) was established, in 1990, by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for the study of adverse side effects of vaccines. ...
The 2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference was a meeting convened in June, 2000, by the Centers for Disease Control, held at the Simpsonwood [1] Methodist retreat and conference center in Norcross, Atlanta, Georgia. ...
Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...
The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n. ...
The Coalition for Safe Minds (Sensible Action For Ending Mercury-Induced Neurological Disorders) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to investigating the risks of exposure to mercury from medical products. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Also see: 2002 (number). ...
Vaccine court is the popular term which refers to the Autism Omnibus Proceedings of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. ...
Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended side-effect, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. ...
Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Committee on Government Reform is a House of Representatives committee that has existed in varying forms since 1816. ...
This is a list of pharmaceutical and biotech companies that are major manufacturers on global or national markets : Abbott Laboratories Able Laboratories Akzo Nobel Allergan Almirall Prodesfarma Alphapharm Altana (previously Byk Gulden) ALZA, part of Johnson & Johnson Amgen AstraZeneca, formed from the merger of Astra AB and Zeneca Group PLC...
// Thimerosal controversy In recent years, it has been suggested that thimerosal in childhood vaccines could contribute to or cause neurodevelopmental disorders in children (most notably autism, but also other disorders on the PDD spectrum, such as ADHD). ...
David Joseph Weldon, (known as Dave Weldon) (born August 31, 1953, Amityville, New York) is an American politician and physician. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ...
Julie Gerberding is the director of the Centers for Disease Control since July 2003. ...
The Vaccine Safety Datalink Project (VSD) was established, in 1990, by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for the study of adverse side effects of vaccines. ...
Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n. ...
The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) was founded in 1947 to promote the science and art of family medicine. ...
The United States Public Health Service was founded first by President John Adams as a loose network of hospitals to support the health of American seamen. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
“WHO†redirects here. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
Thiomersal and allergies Thiomersal is used in patch testing for people who have dermatitis, conjunctivitis and other potentially allergic reaction. A 2007 study in Norway found that 1.9% of adults had a positive patch test reaction to thiomersal.[14] A higher prevalence of contact allergy (up to 6.6%) was observed in German populations. It is usually clinically irrelevant;[15] thiomersal-sensitive individuals can receive intramuscular rather than subcutaneous immunization.[16] Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. ...
The subcutis is the layer of tissue directly underlying the cutis. ...
Thiomersal and autism -
Thiomersal, as a preservative ingredient in common childhood vaccines, is blamed for the development of autism in a current federal lawsuit in the United States. Since 1999, over 4800 American families have alleged a link between vaccines and autism, most implicating thiomersal.[17] Following US government action to evaluate levels of environmental toxins, including mercury, it has been claimed, particularly in the context of lawsuits, that thimerosal in childhood vaccines could contribute to, or cause, a range of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, most notably autism and related Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs), or other...
Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior, all exhibited before a child is three years old. ...
It has been suggested that civil trial be merged into this article or section. ...
When thiomersal was phased out as a preservative, autism levels were completely unaffected.[18]
In July 2007, President Bush threatened to veto an appropriations bill that would ban the use of childhood flu vaccines that contain thimerosal.[19] George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...
The Department of Health and Human Services Appropriations Act of 2008 or the HHS-Labor-Education Appropriations Bill (H.R. 3043) is a bill introduced in the House of Representatives during the 110th United States Congress by Rep. ...
References A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
Medical News Today is a web-based outlet for medical news headlines, targeted to both physicians and the general public. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
External links |
Feeds |
Contact