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Following US government action to evaluate levels of environmental toxins, including mercury, it has been claimed, particularly in the context of lawsuits, that thimerosal in childhood vaccines could contribute to, or cause, a range of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, most notably autism and related Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs), or other cognitive disorders, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).^[1] Critics of vaccines containing thimerosal argue that the ethylmercury-based preservative may cause serious side effects, especially when administered to young children who have relatively undeveloped immune and neurological systems that may be seriously affected.^[2] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ... The study of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic development and throughout life. ... Autism is classified by the World Health Organization and American Psychological Association as a developmental disability that results from a disorder of the human central nervous system. ... DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. ... This article is about anti-vaccinationists; for issues related to vaccination, see vaccination, vaccine controversy. ... Ethylmercury (sometimes ethyl mercury) is a cation that forms organomercury compounds such as ethylmercury chloride and ethylmercury urea. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... The Human Nervous System The nervous system of a human coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. ...

There is concern on both sides of the debate in regards to motivating factors. Those who denounce thimerosal suspect that government agencies and pharmaceutical companies are denying a connection for fear of financial liability and the creation of mistrust in vaccinations.^[3][4][5] Those who deny a connection between thimerosal and neurological disorders have charged thimerosal's critics as being medically and scientifically unqualified,^[6][7] emotionally distraught, or interested in pursuing litigation.

Basis for concerns

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act of 1997 called for a review and risk assessment of all mercury-containing food and drugs.^[8] Vaccine manufacturers responded to FDA requests for December 1998 and April 1999 to provide detailed information about the thimerosal content of their preparations. From the early 1970s until present day, the number of vaccines regularly received by children in the US before the age of four has risen from two or three to up to twenty-two. FDA logo The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics in the United States. ...

Through its Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), the FDA studied the results and found regularly vaccinated young children were injected with up to 187.5 μg of ethylmercury by the time they were six months old. When trying to assess whether this dosage was likely to cause damage, the CBER could not find guidelines for ethylmercury. The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) is one of five main centers for the United Statess Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). ... The microgram (symbol µg, sometimes mcg) is an SI unit of mass. ... Ethylmercury (sometimes ethyl mercury) is a cation that forms organomercury compounds such as ethylmercury chloride and ethylmercury urea. ...

The FDA recognized that some children who receive thimerosal-containing vaccines may have, over time, exceeded federal guidelines for bolus (single-dose) mercury exposure, based on methylmercury (but not ethylmercury) studies. The United States Public Health Service (PHS), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and vaccine manufacturers agreed that thimerosal-containing vaccines should be removed as soon as possible because of the potential risk of adverse effects from mercury exposure.^[9] Similar conclusions were reached by the European Medicines Agency.^[10] The United States Public Health Service was founded first by President John Adams as a loose network of hospitals to support the health of American seamen. ... The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization of pediatricians. ... The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) is a European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products. ...

In June of 1999, Dr. Neal A. Halsey, director of the Johns Hopkins University Institute for Vaccine Safety, Former Chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics and a vocal supporter of the vaccination policy, was apprised of the results of the CBER study.^[11] Dr. Halsey enlisted Dr. Walter Orenstein, the director of the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) National Immunization Program for advice. Along with leaders of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the group advised a cautious stance by informing physicians about the findings.^[12] Negotiations within the AAP resulted in a press release calling for a delay of Hepatitis B vaccines under certain circumstances.^[13] The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...

Due to the concerns that were raised, the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) asked the National Academy of Science's (NAS) Institute of Medicine (IOM) to establish an independent expert committee to review hypotheses about existing and emerging immunization safety concerns. In 2001 the IOM committee concluded that the hypothesis was biologically plausible; however, the evidence was inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between thimerosal exposures from childhood vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders.^{[14][15][16][17]} The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for medical research. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n. ... A committee is a (relatively) small group that can serve one of several functions: Governance: in organizations too large for all the members to participate in decisions affecting the organization as a whole, a committee (such as a Board of Directors) is given the power to make decisions. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A report prepared by staff of the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness, Committee on Government Reform, United States House of Representatives was published in Congressional Record of May 21, 2003, detailing the results of its own investigation. It concluded: The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. ...

"...However, the Committee, upon a thorough review of the scientific literature and internal documents from government and industry, did find evidence that thimerosal did pose a risk.

Thimerosal used as a preservative in vaccines in [sic] likely related to the autism epidemic. This epidemic in all probability may have been prevented or curtailed had the FDA not been asleep at the switch regarding the lack of safety data regarding injected thimerosal and the sharp rise of infant exposure to this known neurotoxin. Our public health agencies’ failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self-protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical industry"^[18]

The IOM panel reconvened in 2004 and concluded the evidence that was presented favored a rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism; and that hypotheses generated to date concerning a biological mechanism for such causality are theoretical only. The IOM went on to recommend the termination of additional research into the subject, stating clearly that, "Further research to find the cause of autism should be directed toward other lines of inquiry". The IOM committee chair stated, "Available funding for autism research should be channeled to the most promising areas, of which the link with vaccines does not appear to be one."^[19][20] The number of reported cases of autism has increased dramatically over the past decade. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Termination as a technical term has different meanings. ...

Some advocacy groups felt the IOM's 2004 decision was premature.^[21][22]

The conservative Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons (vol 11, no 1, Spring 2006) published a study indicating a corresponding downward trend for neurological disorders in children matching the decline of Thimerosal use in vaccines,^[23]. This article was followed by an article by Mark and David Geier in The Medical Science Monitor "An assessment of downward trends in neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States following removal of thimerosal from childhood vaccines".^[24] The Association of American Physicians and Surgeons is a conservative association of physicians, medical professionals and students, patients and others[1] founded in 1943[2]. According to the AAPSs website the organization is dedicated to the highest ethical standards of the Oath of Hippocrates and to preserving the sanctity... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In a May 2006 article, the CDC stated:

"Finally, the findings in this report represent cross-sectional analyses of NHIS and NSCH data from interviews conducted during the same approximate period and do not assess trends in the rate of autism."^[25]

Vaccines with "trace" amounts of Thimerosal

Today, discussions or descriptions of vaccines frequently include comments to the effect that the subject vaccine does not contain thimerosal as a preservative.^[26] It should be noted that this does not mean that the vaccine is absolutely free from, but that some may include thimerosal in "trace" amounts. Criteria for what "trace" actually means appears to vary - one common definition describes a "trace" amount as being 1 microgram of mercury per dose or less.^[27]

The actual amount of thimerosal present in vaccines currently listed on the childhood vaccination schedule, whether trace or otherwise, varies from nil to 0.01%.^[28] Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule in the United States and elsewhere has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed and marketed. ...

Other products that may contain thimerosal include products derived from blood plasma such as Rho(D) Immune Globulin, pit viper antivenin and coral snake antivenin, as well as black widow spider antivenin.^[29] Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... Rho(D) Immune Globulin is a drug introduced under the tradename RhoGAM and MICRhoGAM which is used to prevent maternal sensitization to Rh D antigens on the surface of blood cells in a fetus (i. ... Genera See text. ... Antivenin (or antivenom, or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings. ... Species Over 65, see article. ... Antivenin (or antivenom, or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings. ... Species L. mactans Fabricius, 1775 L. hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 L. variolus Walckenaer, 1837 Wikispecies has information related to: Latrodectus mactans The black widow spider () is a spider notorious for its neurotoxic venom. ... Antivenin (or antivenom, or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings. ...

Differing effects of ethylmercury in Thimerosal containing vaccines

NIH funded a primate study,^[30][31] conducted by Dr. Thomas Burbacher an associate professor of environmental health and the director of the primate research center at the University of Washington. The effects of injected ethylmercury were compared with those of orally administered methylmercury in order to ascertain whether methylmercury provided a suitable reference for assessing the effects of ethylmercury found in thimerosal. The study revealed significant differences between methyl- and ethylmercury metabolism. Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Thomas Burbacher, PhD, is an associate professor of environmental and occupational health sciences and the director of the Infant Primate Research Laboratory at the University of Washington in Seattle. ... Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the natural environment. ... The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. ...

The injected ethylmercury cleared from the bloodstream much more rapidly than ingested methylmercury. However, the study also found that a larger fraction of the ethylmercury that remained in the primates' brains was converted to potentially more harmful inorganic compounds. Burbacher did not draw conclusions regarding the relative toxicity of ethylmercury versus methylmercury, but did warn that methylmercury is likely not a suitable reference for evaluating ethylmercury toxicity. In an interview, Burbacher said, "The bottom line is that trying to assess the effects of a compound with very little or no data is not a good thing to do. ... Unfortunately, we started doing studies on this compound way too late. Basic information like this should've been available decades ago.".^[32]

State of the controversy

Some of the arguments raised against including thiomersal in vaccines include:

• Appeal for caution: injecting an organic mercury compound into small children's tissues and bloodstream has the potential to cause harm.^[33][34]
• In vitro tests show adverse effects of ethylmercury on living cells^{[35][36][37][38][39]}
• In vivo test on lab animals show wide range of adverse effects^[40][41][42]
• Mass data analysis of actual populations to discern patterns, ideally with a control group. This includes study of the incidence of autism in populations with varying use of thimerosal.^{[43][44][45][46][47]}
• Clinical studies comparing autistic and neurotypical children's reactions to mercury excretion^[48][49][50]
• Trend analysis following introduction of more vaccines with thimerosal and the gradual abolishment of thimerosal in vaccines, starting a few years ago.^[43][51][52]
• Thiomersal is unnecessary for the immunological purpose of vaccination.

Thimerosal is used in multi-dose vaccine vials in effort to reduce the likelihood of microbial contamination. The need for bacteriostatic agents like thimerosal can be avoided by using a single dose vial. Packaging as single-dose vials increases the cost of manufacturing, shipping, storing, and delivering vaccines and is blamed, at least in part, for intermittent shortages of vaccines in recent years.^[53] Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). ... Bacteriostatic antibiotics hamper the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacteria protein production, interfering with bacteria DNA production interfering with bacteria cellular metabolism Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit growth and repoduction of the bacteria, though do not kill it, while bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria. ...

It has been assumed thimerosal has been removed from childhood vaccines since 1999. However, some pharmaceutical companies did not receive regulatory approval for their thimerosal-free infant vaccines until 2003. Infant vaccines produced before 2003 may contain up to 25μg of thimerosal. These vaccines have not been recalled and it is possible they are still in use. They will not expire until 2006 at the earliest, 2008 at the latest.^[54][55] Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... In the context of government and public services regulation (as a process) is the control of something by rules, as opposed to its prohibition. ...

In 2005 Dr Joachim Mutter et al published an article in Neuroendocrinology Letters No.5, Vol 26: MERCURY AND AUTISM: ACCELERATING EVIDENCE? [2] The authors review relevant literature and come to the conclusion that "... data from experimemtal, clinical and partly from epidemiological studies appear to show that repetitive mercury exposure during pregnancy (through thimerosal and dental amalgam, and after birth, through thimerosal containing vaccinations in genetically susceptible individuals is one potenial pathogenic factor in autism. Other metals and toxicants, partly present in vaccines, and the hormonal situation might have synergistic effects with mercury. This has not been officially acknowledged. Therefore it is mandatory to perform further studies that address this issue with sound methodology and through research uninfluenced by commercial, professional or political interests. [...] ... for preventative purposes, it is mandatory to avoid further use of mercury in medical products in industrial and undeveloped countries."

David Ayoub M.D. summarizes the issue in his lecture at the Radio Liberty Conference November 19, 2005, available as an online video.^[56]

The conservative Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons (vol 11, no 1, Spring 2006) published As of October 2006, many adolescent and adult vaccines still contain thiomersal. This includes all tetanus toxoid vaccines, many influenza vaccines, and certain diptheria and meningococcal vaccines, among others.^[57] The Association of American Physicians and Surgeons is a conservative association of physicians, medical professionals and students, patients and others[1] founded in 1943[2]. According to the AAPSs website the organization is dedicated to the highest ethical standards of the Oath of Hippocrates and to preserving the sanctity...

Legal aspect to the controversy in the United States

In 1986, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act established a no-fault system for litigating claims against vaccine manufacturers. Under this law, all claims against vaccine manufacturers could not be heard in state or federal court, but had to be heard rather in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims (USCFC). This court, often referred to as the “vaccine court,” hears cases without juries and awards damages that typically are far below damage awards rendered in other courts. The damage amounts are often insufficient to compensate severely injured children. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 (42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to 300aa-34) was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. ... The United States Court of Federal Claims is an Article I court formed in 1982 as a successor to the Court of Claims. ... Vaccine court is the popular term which refers to the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. ...

In 2001, Dr. Thomas Verstraeten, presented preliminary research for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in which he reported that calculations suggested that thiomersal may be linked to increased rates of autism. However, he made clear that the link was tenuous and required confirmation. Since that announcement, over 4,000 law suits have been filed by the parents and guardians of children whom they allege were affected by thimerosal. These have been grouped in what is called the Autism Omnibus Action before the vaccine court. A hearing is expected in June 2007. Thomas Verstraeten, MD, MSc, is a vaccine researcher for GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, is recognized as the leading United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people. ... Autism is classified by the World Health Organization and American Psychological Association as a developmental disability that results from a disorder of the human central nervous system. ...

In March of 2006, the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that plaintiffs suing three manufacturers of thimerosal could bypass the USCFC and litigate in either state or federal court using the ordinary channels for recovery in tort. Holder v. Abbott Laboratories Inc., 444 F.3d 383. The ruling is significant since this is the first time a federal appeals court has held that a suit of this nature may bypass the USCFC. The 5th circuit court reached its conclusion by first looking to the statutory intent of the 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act and determining that the intent of the statute was to protect the manufacturers of vaccines. In this case, Plaintiffs argued that thimerosal is not a vaccine, but a preservative and, therefore, the manufacturers cannot share in the protection afforded by the no-fault regime of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Ac Tort is a legal term that means a civil wrong, as opposed to a criminal wrong, that is recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. ... The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 (42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to 300aa-34) was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. ...

In June 2005 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. published his article "Deadly Immunity", investigating what he characterized as a government cover-up of the thimerosal/autism scandal and how vaccine producers were protected from compensation claims.^[58]

See also

• Controversies in autism
• David Kirby
• Generation Rescue
• Metallothionein
• Karen Wetterhahn
• Mark Geier
• Vaccine controversy

There is considerable disagreement over the exact nature of autism, however it is generally considered to be a neurodevelopmental condition which manifests itself in markedly abnormal social interaction, communication ability, patterns of interests, and patterns of behavior. ... David Kirby is an investigative journalist based in Brooklyn, New York, a regular contributor to the New York Times since 1998, and author of the 2005 book Evidence of Harm - Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy. ... Generation Rescue is a nonprofit organization which was founded by parents united by their belief that many childhood neurological disorders, such as autism, Aspergers syndrome, ADHD, speech delay, sensory integration disorder and other developmental delays, are the effects of a primary diagnosis of mercury poisoning and related complications. ... Metallothioneins (MTs) is a family of Cys-rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 3500 to 14000 Da) proteins. ... Karen Wetterhahn was a well-known professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College specializing in toxic metal exposure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The vaccine controversy encompasses many issues over the benefits and risks of vaccines. ...

References

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... FDA logo The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics in the United States. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Links to news sites or weblogs that have an interest in the thimerosal controversy. The list is broken into two groups, those that espouse the theory that thimerosal causes neurological disorders and those that reject the theory as unlikely.

News item

• "Vaccine Ingredient Can Disrupt Immune System" March 21, 2006 according to researchers at UC Davis. sci-tech-today.com

Accept theory

• National Pollutant Inventory - Mercury and compounds fact sheet
• ByronChild.com - 'A Dragon by the Tail', Lisa Reagan, Byron Child (January 24, 2005)
• HuffingtonPost.com - 'Autism, Mercury and the California Numbers', David Kirby, Huffington Post (July, 2005)
• SafeMinds.org (pdf) - 'New Study Shows Vaccine Mercury Results in More Than Twice as Much Mercury Being Trapped in the Brain' (press release regarding NIH study), Safe Minds (April 21, 2005)
• Salon.com - Deadly Immunity: When a study revealed that mercury in childhood vaccines may have caused autism in thousands of kids, the government rushed to conceal the data -- and to prevent parents from suing drug companies for their role in the epidemic, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Salon.com, (June 16, 2005)
• Weldon.house.gov - 'Weldon's Letter to Secretary Michael Leavitt Regarding Burbacher and Clarkson Study', US Congressman Dave Weldon, (April 19, 2005)
• Speech to Congress by Rep. Dave Weldon, M.D., claiming 2004 IOM report flawed (June 2004)
• Thimerosal in Childhood Vaccines, Neurodevelopment Disorders Mark and David Geier; Journ. American Phys. Surgeons, Spring, 2003
• Iatrogenic exposure to mercury after hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants Stajich, et al; Journal of Pediatrics, May, 2000
• Immunological Disorders Induced by Heavy Metals Fournie´ et al; Journal of Autoimmunity, 2001
• Boyd E. Haley's testimony before the House Committee on Government Reform (April 9, 2001)
• Rep. Dave Weldon M.D., to the IOM strongly suggesting a link between thimerosal and autism (February 9, 2004)
• Helping to make our Nation mercury-free...state by state NoMercury.org

Science Institute of Medicine David Kirby is an investigative journalist based in Brooklyn, New York, a regular contributor to the New York Times since 1998, and author of the 2005 book Evidence of Harm - Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: A Medical Controversy. ... The Huffington Post is a group weblog and news site started by Arianna Huffington on May 9, 2005. ... The Coalition for Safe Minds (Sensible Action For Ending Mercury-Induced Neurological Disorders) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to investigating the risks of exposure to mercury from medical products. ... Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. ... Screenshot of Salon. ... David Joseph Weldon, M.D., (born August 31, 1953, Amityville, New York) is an American politician. ... David Joseph Weldon, M.D., (born August 31, 1953, Amityville, New York) is an American politician. ...

• NIH funded study by Dr.Thomas Burbacher on the differing effects of methyl mercury vs thimerosal using infant primates

Reject theory

• Autism-Watch.org - 'Through the Looking Glass: My Involvement with Autism Quackery', James R. Laidler, MD
• Fumento.com - 'Immune to Reason', Michael Fumento (attorney), Wall Street Journal (June 24, 2005)
• Salon.com - 'The Institute of Medicine's president criticizes "Deadly Immunity," and Robert F. Kennedy Jr. responds', Harvey V. Fineberg, MD, PhD (IOM president)
• Slate.msn.com - 'Sticking Up for Thimerosal: Read the studies—it's safe', Arthur Allen, Slate (August 2, 2005)
• OpinionJournal.com - 'Autism and vaccines: Activists wage a nasty campaign to silence scientists' (unsigned editorial opinion), Wall Street Journal (Feb 16, 2004)
• ScienceDaily.com - 'Vaccines Are Not Associated With Autism, Report Says', Science Daily (May 19, 2004)
• 2004 IOM report the US National Academy of
  • NIH Press Release Thimerosal, Methylmercury React Differently in the Brains of Infants
• Merck internal memo regarding thimerosal's use in vaccines
• Safety of Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines Thomas Verstraeten, MD, et al; Pediatics, November, 2003
  • Follow up letter from Dr Verstaeten.
  • Post-publication Peer Reviews.
• Do Vaccines Contain Harmful Preservatives, Adjuvants, Additives, or Residuals? Paul A. Offit, MD, et al; Pediatrics, December, 2003
• An Assessment of Thimerosal Use in Childhood Vaccines Leslie K. Ball, MD, et al; Pediatrics, May, 2001
• Negative Ecological Evidence From Danish Population-Based Data Kreesten M. Madsen, MD, et al; Pediatrics, September, 2003
• Research on Thimerosal National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
• Thimerosal in Vaccines US Food and Drug Administration
• Mercury in Plasma-Derived Products US Food and Drug Administration
• Mercury and Vaccines Centers for Disease Control
• Fear Not: Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism - By Steven Novella MD