Worldwide distribution of plague infected animals 1998

Third Pandemic is the designation of a major plague pandemic that began in the Yunan province in China in 1855.^[1] This episode of bubonic plague spread to all inhabited continents, and ultimately killed more than 12 million people in India and China alone. According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was considered active until 1959, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. World distribution of plague, 1998, from CDC File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... World distribution of plague, 1998, from CDC File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Localization of Ionia Ionia (Greek Ιωνία; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir,) on the Aegean Sea. ... A province, in the context of China, is a translation of Sheng (Chinese: 省 Shěng), which is an administrative division of China. ... WHO redirects here. ...

Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is widely thought to have caused several epidemics or pandemics throughout history; including two previous pandemics commonly designated as the Plague of Justinian and the Black Death. However, the cause of these outbreaks is now questioned by some biological scientists.^[2][1] The bubonic plague or bubonic fever is the best-known variant of the deadly infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis (Pasteurella pestis). ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during... For other uses, see Pandemic (disambiguation). ... The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire, including its capital Constantinople, in the years 541–542 AD. It has been speculated that this pandemic marked an early recorded incidence of bubonic plague, which centuries later became infamous for either causing or contributing to the Black... This article concerns the mid fourteenth century pandemic. ...

Casualty patterns indicate that waves of this late 19th century/ early 20th century pandemic may have been from two different sources. The first was primarily bubonic and was carried around the world through ocean-going trade, through transporting infected persons, rats and cargoes harboring fleas. The second, more virulent strain, was primarily pneumonic in character with a strong person to person contagion. This strain was largely confined to Asia, particularly Manchuria and Mongolia. Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... For other uses, see Flea (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Pattern of the pandemic

The bubonic plague was endemic in populations of infected ground rodents in central Asia, and was a known cause of death among migrant and established human populations in that region for centuries; however, an influx of new people due to political conflicts and global trade led to the distribution of this disease throughout the world. Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

The initial outbreak was in China's Yunnan Province in the 1850s.^[1] The disease was stable within the province, but was spread due to a Muslim rebellion which resulted in population disruption. Refugees from the conflict moved south, into regions of China with larger populations. The plague went with them, producing an increasing number of casualties. In the city of Canton, beginning in March 1894, the disease killed 60,000 people in just a few weeks. Daily water traffic with the nearby city of Hong Kong rapidly spread the plague. Within two months, after 100,000 deaths, the death rates dropped below epidemic rates, although the disease continued to be endemic in Hong Kong until 1929. Yunan redirects here. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

The network of global shipping ensured the widespread distribution of the disease over the next few decades. Recorded outbreaks include:

• Pakhoi, China 1882.
• Canton, China 1894.
• Hong Kong, China 1894.
• Formosa (Taiwan) 1896.
• Bombay, India 1896-1898.
• Calcutta, India 1898.
• Madagascar, 1898.
• Egypt, 1899.
• Manchuria, China 1899.
• Paraguay, 1899.
• South Africa, 1899-1902.
• Hawaii, United States, 1899.
• San Francisco, United States, 1900.
• Australia, 1900-1905.
• Russia/Soviet Union, 1900-1927.
• Fukien Province, China 1901.
• Thailand, 1904.
• Burma, 1905.
• Tunisia, 1907.
• Trinidad, Venezuela, Peru and Ecuador, 1908.
• Bolivia and Brazil, 1908.
• Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1912.

Each of these areas, as well as Great Britain, France and other areas of Europe, continued to experience plague outbreaks and casualties until the 1950s. The last significant outbreak of plague associated with the pandemic occurred in Peru and Argentina in 1945. Beihai (Chinese: 北海; pinyin: Běihǎi; Wade-Giles: Pei-hai), former romanization Pakhoi, is a prefecture-level city of Guangxi, China. ... There are multiple Cantons in China Canton City : Guangzhou Canton Province : Guangdong This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Fujian (Chinese: 福建; pinyin: Fújiàn; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal System Pinyin: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of China. ... For other uses, see Trinidad (disambiguation). ...

Disease research

Researchers working in Asia during the "Third Pandemic" identified plague vectors and the plague bacillus. In the 1890s, French researcher Paul-Louis Simond postulated a connection between human and rodent plague and identified the flea as a possible vector. In 1894, in Hong Kong, bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin isolated the responsible bacterium (Yersinia pestis) and determined the common mode of transmission. A short time later, Japanese physician and researcher Shibasaburo Kitasato independently identified the plague bacillus (after mis-identifying the bacterium at an earlier point). Paul-Louis Simond (July 30, 1858 - 1947) was a French bacteriologist who was born in Beaufort-sur-Gervanne. ... Alexandre Emile John Yersin (September 22, 1863 - March 1, 1943) was a Swiss physician and bacteriologist. ... Binomial name (Lehmann & Neumann, 1896) van Loghem 1944 Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bipolar-staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) bacillus bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. ... Shibasaburo Kitasato (北里 柴三郎) (1852-1931) was a Japanese physician and bacteriologist. ...

The disease is caused by a bacterium usually transmitted by the bite of fleas from an infected host, often a black rat. The bacteria are transferred from the blood of infected rats to the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis). The bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea, blocking it. When the flea next bites a mammal, the consumed blood is regurgitated along with the bacillus into the bloodstream of the bitten animal. Any serious outbreak of plague is started by other disease outbreaks in the rodent population. During these outbreaks, infected fleas that have lost their normal hosts seek other sources of blood. The bacterium which causes this disease, Yersinia pestis, was named for Yersin. His discoveries led in time to modern treatment methods, including insecticides, the use of antibiotics and eventually plague vaccines. For other uses, see Flea (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Rat range The Black Rat (Rattus rattus), also known as the Asian black rat, Ship Rat, Roof Rat or House Rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the genus Rattus (Old World rodents) and the subfamily Murinae (murine rodents). ... Binomial name Xenopsylla cheopsis The rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis) feeds from rodents, and is the most common cause for infection of the bubonic plague. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ...

See also

• Black Death
• Epidemics
• Bubonic plague
• Plague of Justinian
• Yersinia pestis

This article concerns the mid fourteenth century pandemic. ... An epidemic is generally a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population. ... The bubonic plague or bubonic fever is the best-known variant of the deadly infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis (Pasteurella pestis). ... The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire, including its capital Constantinople, in the years 541–542 AD. It has been speculated that this pandemic marked an early recorded incidence of bubonic plague, which centuries later became infamous for either causing or contributing to the Black... Binomial name (Lehmann & Neumann, 1896) van Loghem 1944 Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bipolar-staining (giving it a safety pin appearance) bacillus bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. ...

References

• Gregg, Charles T. "Plague: An Ancient Disease in the Twentieth Century". Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
• Kelly, John. "The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time". New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-06-000692-7.
• McNeill, William H. "Plagues and People". New York: Anchor Books, 1976. ISBN 0-385-12122-9.
• Orent, Wendy. "Plague: The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's Most Dangerous Disease". New York: Free Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-3685-8.
• Gandhi, M.K. The Plague Panic in South Africa

Notes