Unlike as explained as being chaos and disorder by later texts, the Thriteenth dynasty wasn't as bad as once thought. Notable rulers include the brothers Sobekhotep and Neferhotep, who sent trade expeditions to Levant, and Hor, a short-lived pharaoh.
The ThirteenthDynasty proved unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt, and the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.
This dynasty was succeeded by a group of Hyksos princes and chieftains, who ruled in the eastern Delta with their local Egyptian vassals, and are known primarily by scarabs inscribed with their names, called by modern Egyptologists the Sixteenth Dynasty.
The later kings of the ThirteenthDynasty appear to be only ephemeral monarchs under the control of a powerful line of viziers, and indeed it has been suggested that the kingship in this period might have been elective if not actually appointive.
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