Thomas Hardy
Born	June 2, 1840 Stinsford, Dorchester, England
Died	January 11, 1928 (aged 87)
Occupation	Novelist, Poet
Literary movement	Naturalism
Spouse(s)	Emma Lavinia Gifford And His Secretary Florence Dugdale
Influences Charles Dickens

Thomas Hardy, OM (June 2, 1840 – January 11, 1928) was an English novelist, short story writer, and poet of the naturalist movement, though he saw himself as a poet and wrote novels mainly for financial gain only. The bulk of his work, set mainly in the semi-imaginary county of Wessex, delineates characters struggling against their passions and circumstances. Hardy's poetry, first published in his fifties, has come to be as well regarded as his novels, especially after The Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Thomas Hardy may refer to: Thomas Hardy, a British novelist and poet Thomas Hardy (naval officer) Thomas Hardy (political reformer) Tom Hardy, a British actor This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 413 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (3663 × 5316 pixel, file size: 1. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Stinsford is a village in south west Dorset, England, one mile east of Dorchester. ... The main road through Dorchester Dorchester is a market town in south west Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome and A35 road 20 miles west of Poole and five miles north of Weymouth. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about work. ... ... Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. ... Dickens redirects here. ... The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Sappho and Alcaeus of Mytilene, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1881). ... Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. ... The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the south and southwest of England. ... The Movement was a term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in 1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. ...

Biography

Thomas Hardy was born at Higher Bockhampton, a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England. His father worked as a stonemason and local builder. His mother was ambitious and well read, supplementing his formal education, which ended at the age of 16 when he became apprenticed to John Hicks, a local architect. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862. There he enrolled as a student at King’s College London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He never truly felt at home in London and when he returned five years later to Dorset he decided to dedicate himself to writing. Stinsford is a village in south west Dorset, England, one mile east of Dorchester. ... The main road through Dorchester Dorchester is a market town in south west Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome and A35 road 20 miles west of Poole and five miles north of Weymouth. ... Dorset (pronounced DOR-sit or [dÉ”.sÉ™t], and sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the south-west of England, on the English Channel coast. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Architect (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... ... The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects in the United Kingdom. ... The Architectural Association (also known as AA School of Architecture) is the oldest independent school of architecture in the UK. It was founded by two dissatisfied young architects (Robert Kerr, 19, and Charles Grey, 24) in 1847 to provide a self-directed, independent education at a time when there was...

In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall,^[1] Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in 1874.^[2] Although he later became estranged from his wife, her death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him. He made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912-13 explore his grief. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Dugdale, 40 years his junior, whom he had met in 1905. However, Hardy remained preoccupied with Emma's sudden death, and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry.^[3] For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... In his Poems of 1912-1913, Thomas Hardy presents the reader with intensely personal poetic verse. ...

Burial site of Thomas Hardy's heart

Hardy fell ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died in January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed. His funeral, on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, proved a controversial occasion: Hardy, his family and friends had wished him to be buried at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. However, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted he be placed in the abbey's Poets' Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (866 × 575 pixel, file size: 129 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo by Gary Watson I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 531 pixelsFull resolution (866 × 575 pixel, file size: 129 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo by Gary Watson I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of... Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs, which can cause painful respiration (also called pleuritic chest pain) and other symptoms. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Stinsford is a village in south west Dorset, England, one mile east of Dorchester. ... Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell (1867-1962) was a British museum curator, collector, and well-connected figure in the literary world. ... Poets corner Poets Corner is the name traditionally given to a section of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey due to the number of poets, playwrights and writers now buried and commemorated there. ...

Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks. Twelve records survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s. Research into these provided insight into how Hardy kept track of them and how he used them in his later work.^[4]

Hardy's work was admired by many authors, amongst them D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf. The writer Robert Graves, in his autobiography Goodbye to All That, recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s. Hardy received Graves and his newly married wife warmly, and was encouraging about the younger author's work. David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer of the 20th century, whose prolific and diverse output included novels, short stories, poems, plays, essays, travel books, paintings, translations, literary criticism, and personal letters. ... For the American writer, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. ... Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985) was an English poet, scholar, and novelist. ... Goodbye to All That, an autobiography by Robert Graves, first appeared in print in 1929. ...

In 1910, Hardy was awarded the Order of Merit. The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. ...

Hardy's cottage at Bockhampton and Max Gate in Dorchester are owned by the National Trust. Max Gate is the former home of Thomas Hardy and is located in Dorchester, Dorset, England. ... The main road through Dorchester Dorchester is a market town in south west Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome and A35 road 20 miles west of Poole and five miles north of Weymouth. ... The standard of the National Trust The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as The National Trust, is a British preservation organization. ...

Religious beliefs

Hardy’s idea of fate in life gave way to his philosophical struggle with God. Although Hardy’s faith remained intact, the irony and struggles of life led him to question God and His traditional meaning in the Christian sense.

Hardy's religious life seems to have mixed agnosticism and spiritism. Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman about the question of reconciling the horrors of pain with the goodness of a loving God, Hardy replied, Agnosticism (Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge; after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the truth value of certain claims — particularly metaphysical claims regarding theology, afterlife or the existence of God, gods, deities, or even ultimate reality — is unknown or, depending on the form of agnosticism, inherently unknowable due to... This article is about Kardecist spiritism. ...

Nevertheless, Hardy frequently conceived of and wrote about supernatural forces that control the universe, more through indifference or caprice than any firm will. Also, Hardy showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.^[6] Despite these sentiments, Hardy retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that had been such a formative influence in his early years. Some attributed the bleak outlook of many of his novels as reflecting his view of the absence of God. A sentence found in his Tess of the d'Urbervilles neatly sums up Hardy's philisophical stance: For other persons named Herbert Spencer, see Herbert Spencer (disambiguation). ... This article is about the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...

In Far From the Madding Crowd, Oak’s entire flock, and livelihood, dies. For Oak, being a simple farmer with nothing to his name, to encounter such a loss is a tragedy wherein Hardy wants his readers to consider the role of God in this type of situation along with the universe’s cruelty. Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy’s novels as he became friends with a Dorchester minister, Hourace Moule. Moule also influenced Hardy’s point of view by introducing him to scientific studies and ideas that questioned the literal meaning of the Bible.^[7] These new ideas, along with Darwinism, and a series of unsettling events in Hardy’s life may be the reason for his pessimistic attitude that is perceived by many critics and readers alike.^[8] For other uses of the name, see Far from the Madding Crowd (disambiguation). ...

Novels

Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher and Hardy destroyed the manuscript so only parts of the novel remain. He was encouraged to try again by his mentor and friend, Victorian poet and novelist George Meredith. Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) were published anonymously. In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes, a story drawing on Hardy's courtship of his first wife, was published under his own name. For other uses, see Novel (disambiguation). ... The Poor Man and the Lady is a novel by Thomas Hardy. ... George Meredith, OM (February 12, 1828 – May 18, 1909) was an English novelist and poet. ... Desperate Remedies is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published anonymously in 1871. ... Under the Greenwood Tree is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published anonymously in 1872. ... A Pair of Blue Eyes is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1873. ...

Hardy said that he first introduced Wessex in Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), his next (and first important) novel. It was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career. Over the next twenty-five years Hardy produced ten more novels. The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the south and southwest of England. ... For other uses of the name, see Far from the Madding Crowd (disambiguation). ...

The Hardys moved from London to Yeovil and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Return of the Native (1878). In 1885, they moved for a last time, to Max Gate, a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887) and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman" and was initially refused publication. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle-classes. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... , Yeovil (pronounced ) is a town in south Somerset, England, on the A30 and A37. ... The water mill on the River Stour, seen from the town bridge. ... The Return of the Native is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1878. ... Max Gate is the former home of Thomas Hardy and is located in Dorchester, Dorset, England. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Mayor of Casterbridge The Mayor of Casterbridge is a tragic novel by English author Thomas Hardy subtitled, The Life and Death of a Man of Character. It is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge (based on the town of Dorchester... The Woodlanders is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1887. ... Tess of the dUrbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891. ... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... This article is about the socio-economic class from a global vantage point. ...

Jude the Obscure, published in 1895, met with even stronger negative outcries from the Victorian public for its frank treatment of sex, and was often referred to as "Jude the Obscene". Heavily criticized for its apparent attack on the institution of marriage, the book caused further strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as being autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield is reputed to have burnt a copy.^[4] Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardys novels, begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. ... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Arms of the Bishop of Wakefield List of the Bishops of Wakefield, located in West Yorkshire, England. ...

Despite this criticism, Hardy had become a celebrity in English literature by the 1900s, with several blockbuster novels under his belt, yet he felt disgust at the public reception of two of his greatest works and gave up writing novels altogether. Several critics have commented, however, that there was very little left for Hardy to write about,^{[citation needed]} having creatively exhausted the increasingly fatalistic tone of his novels.

Literary themes

Although he wrote a great deal of poetry, mostly unpublished until after 1898, Hardy is best remembered for the series of novels and short stories he wrote between 1871 and 1895. His novels are set in the imaginary world of Wessex, a large area of south and south-west England, using the name of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that covered the area. Hardy was part of two worlds; on the one hand he had a deep emotional bond with the rural way of life which he had known as a child, but on the other he was aware of the changes which were under way, and the current social problems from the innovations in agriculture - he captured the epoch just before the railways and the industrial revolution changed the English countryside - to the unfairness and hypocrisy of Victorian sexual behaviour. For the helicopter, see Westland Wessex. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ...

Hardy critiques certain social constraints that hindered the lives of those living in the 19th century. Considered a Victorian Realist writer, Hardy examines the social constraints that are part of the Victorian status quo. These rules hinder the lives of all involved and ultimately lead to a life of unhappiness. In Two on a Tower, Hardy seeks to take a stand against these rules and sets up a story against the backdrop of social structure by creating a romantic story of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to consider the option of disposing of the conventions set up for love. 19th century society enforces the conventions and societal pressure ensures conformity. Swithin St Cleeve is idyllic against social constraints. He is a meaningful, unique individual set up against the dictating confinements of the conventions of social structure.

Hardy’s stories take into consideration the events of life and their effects. Fate plays a big role as the thematic basis for many of his novels. Characters are constantly encountering crossroads, which are symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition. Far From the Madding Crowd tells a tale of lives that are constructed by chance. “Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path.”^[9] Once things have been put into motion, they will play out. Hardy’s characters are in the grips of too much overwhelming fate. For other uses of the name, see Far from the Madding Crowd (disambiguation). ...

He paints a vivid picture of rural life in the nineteenth century, with all its joys and suffering, a fatalistic world full of superstition and injustice. His heroes and heroines are often alienated from society and rarely become readmitted into it. He tends to emphasize the impersonal and, generally, negative powers of fate over the mainly working class people he represented in his novels. Hardy exhibits in his books elemental passion, deep instinct, the human will struggling against fatal and ill-comprehended laws, a victim also of unforeseeable change. Tess, for example, ends with some of the most poignant lines in British Literature on this theme:

In particular, Hardy's novel Jude the Obscure is full of the sense of crisis of the later Victorian period (as witnessed in Matthew Arnold's 'Dover Beach'). It describes the tragedy of two new social types, Jude Fawley, a working man who attempts to educate himself, and his lover and cousin, Sue Bridehead, who represents the 'new woman' of the 1890s.^[10] Matthew Arnold Caricature from Punch, 1881: Admit that Homer sometimes nods, That poets do write trash, Our Bard has written Balder Dead, And also Balder-dash Family tree Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic, who worked as an inspector of schools. ... For other uses, see Dover Beach (disambiguation). ...

His mastery, as both an author and poet, lies in the creation of natural surroundings making discoveries through close observation and acute sensitiveness. He notices the smallest and most delicate details, yet he can also paint vast landscapes of his own Wessex in melancholy or noble moods.^[11] (His eye for poignant detail - such as the spreading bloodstain on the ceiling at the end of Tess of the d'Urbervilles and little Jude's suicide note - often came from clippings from newspaper reports of real events). Tess of the dUrbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891. ... Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardys novels, begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. ...

Poetry

For the full text of several poems, see the External links section

In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems written over 30 years. Hardy claimed poetry as his first love, and published collections until his death in 1928. Although not as well received by his contemporaries as his novels, Hardy's poetry has been applauded considerably in recent years, in part because of the influence on Philip Larkin. However, critically it is still not regarded as highly as his prose. Thomas Hardy redirects here. ... Wessex Poems and Other Verses is a collection of poems by English writer Thomas Hardy. ... Philip Arthur Larkin, CH, CBE, FRSL, (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985) was an English poet, novelist and jazz critic. ...

Most of his poems deal with themes of disappointment in love and life, and mankind's long struggle against indifference to human suffering. Some, like The Darkling Thrush and An August Midnight, appear as poems about writing poetry, because the nature mentioned in them gives Hardy the inspiration to write those. A vein of regret tinges his often seemingly banal themes. His compositions range in style from the three-volume epic closet drama The Dynasts to smaller, and often hopeful or even cheerful ballads of the moment such as the little-known The Children and Sir Nameless, a comic poem inspired by the tombs of the Martyns, builders of Athelhampton. A closet drama is a play that is not intended to be performed onstage, but read by a solitary reader or, sometimes, out loud in a small group. ... The Dynasts is an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts, nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes by Thomas Hardy, whose parts were published in 1904, 1906 and 1908 respectively. ... Athelhampton is one of the finest 15th-century manor houses in England, and is set in superb gardens. ...

A few of Hardy's poems, such as The Blinded Bird (a melancholy polemic against the sport of vinkenzetting), display his love of the natural world and his firm stance against animal cruelty, exhibited in his antivivisectionist views and his membership in the RSPCA.^[12] vinkenzetting in Belgium Vinkenzetting, (from the Dutch for finch-sitting), also called vinkensport (finch-sport) is a 400 year-old sport in which male Chaffinches are made to compete for the most number of bird calls in an hour. ... Cruelty to animals refers to treatment which causes unacceptable suffering to animals. ... Etymologically, Vivisection refers to the dissection of, or any cutting or surgery upon, a living organism. ... The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) is a charity in England and Wales that promotes animal welfare. ...

Composers who have set Hardy's text to music include Gerald Finzi, who produced six song-cycles for poems by Hardy, Benjamin Britten, who based his song-cycle Winter Words on Hardy's poetry, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Gustav Holst. Holst also based one of his last orchestral works, Egdon Heath, on Hardy's work. It is said to be Holst's masterpiece. Composer Lee Hoiby's setting of "The Darkling Thrush" became the basis of the multimedia opera Darkling and Timothy Takach, a graduate of St. Olaf, has also put "The Darkling Thrush" into arrangement for a 4-part mixed choir. Gerald Raphael Finzi (July 14, 1901 – September 27, 1956) was a British composer, whose popularity has increased considerably in the years since his death. ... Britten redirects here. ... Winter Words, Op. ... A statue of Ralph Vaughan Williams in Dorking. ... Gustav Holst Gustav Holst (September 21, 1874, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire - May 25, 1934, London) [1] [2] was an English composer and was a music teacher for over 20 years. ... Egdon Heath is a fictitious name given to an area of moorland between Dorchester and Bournemouth in the county of Dorset, England. ... Insert non-formatted text hereItalic textLee Hoiby (born 1926) is an American classical pianist and composer. ... Look up Multimedia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Works

Prose

Hardy divided his novels and collected short stories into three classes:

Novels of Character and Environment

• The Poor Man and the Lady (1867, unpublished and lost)
• Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)
• Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
• The Return of the Native (1878)
• The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
• The Woodlanders (1887)
• Wessex Tales (1888, a collection of short stories)
• Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891)
• Life's Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories)
• Jude the Obscure (1895)

Romances and Fantasies The Poor Man and the Lady is a novel by Thomas Hardy. ... Under the Greenwood Tree is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published anonymously in 1872. ... For other uses of the name, see Far from the Madding Crowd (disambiguation). ... The Return of the Native is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1878. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Mayor of Casterbridge The Mayor of Casterbridge is a tragic novel by English author Thomas Hardy subtitled, The Life and Death of a Man of Character. It is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge (based on the town of Dorchester... The Woodlanders is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1887. ... The novel Wessex tales was written in 1888 by the author, poet, and novelist Thomas Hardy the novel is not one tale but six, these are, The withered Arm, The Sons Veto, Tony Kytes, the arch deceiver, Absent-mindedness in a Parish Choir, The Melancholy Hussar of the German... Tess of the dUrbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891. ... Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardys novels, begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. ...

• A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)
• The Trumpet-Major (1880)
• Two on a Tower (1882)
• A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories)
• The Well-Beloved (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892).

Novels of Ingenuity A Pair of Blue Eyes is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1873. ... The Trumpet-Major is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1880. ... Two on a Tower is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1882. ... The Well-Beloved is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1912. ...

• Desperate Remedies (1871)
• The Hand of Ethelberta (1876)
• A Laodicean (1881)

Hardy also produced a number of minor tales and a collaborative novel, The Spectre of the Real (1894). An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912-1913) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919-1920). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928-1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840-1891 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892-1928, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate (1984). Desperate Remedies is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published anonymously in 1871. ... The Hand of Ethelberta is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1876. ... A Laodicean is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1881. ...

Poetry (not a comprehensive list)

• The Photograph (1890)
• Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
• Poems of the Past and Present (1901)
• The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
• The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
• The Dynasts, Part 3 (1908)
• Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
• Satires of Circumstance (1914)
• Moments of Vision (1917)
• Collected Poems (1919, part of the Mellstock Edition of his novels and poems)
• Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
• Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
• Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928, published posthumously)

Drama Wessex Poems and Other Verses is a collection of poems by English writer Thomas Hardy. ... The Dynasts is an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts, nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes by Thomas Hardy, whose parts were published in 1904, 1906 and 1908 respectively. ... The Dynasts is an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts, nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes by Thomas Hardy, whose parts were published in 1904, 1906 and 1908 respectively. ... The Dynasts is an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts, nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes by Thomas Hardy, whose parts were published in 1904, 1906 and 1908 respectively. ... Satires of Circumstance is a collection of poems by English poet Thomas Hardy, and was published in 1914. ...

• The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall (1923)

Locations in novels

Berkshire is North Wessex, Devon is Lower Wessex, Dorset is South Wessex, Somerset is Outer or Nether Wessex, Wiltshire is Mid-Wessex, This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Devon (disambiguation). ... Dorset (pronounced DOR-sit or [dɔ.sət], and sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the south-west of England, on the English Channel coast. ... This article is about the county of Somerset in England. ... Not to be confused with Wilshire. ...

Bere Regis is King's-Bere of Tess, Bincombe Down cross roads is the scene of the military execution in A Melancholy Hussar. It is a true story, the deserters from the German Legion were shot in 1801 and are recorded in the parish register. Bindon Abbey is where Clare carried her. Bournemouth is Sandbourne of Hand of Ethelberta and Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Bridport is Port Bredy, Charborough House and its folly tower at 50°46′38.75″N, 2°6′7.09″W is the model for Welland House in the novel Two on a Tower. Corfe Castle is the Corvsgate-Castle of Hand of Ethelberta. Cranborne Chase is The Chase scene of Tess's seduction. (Note - Bowerchalke on Cranborne Chase at 51°0′30.75″N, 1°59′18.30″W was the film location for the great fire in John Schlesinger's 1967 film Far from the Madding Crowd.) Bere Regis is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England, situated at the junction of the A31 and A35 trunk roads half way between Poole and Dorchester. ... Bincombe is a village in south west Dorset, England, situated on a limestone ridge three miles south of Dorchester and three miles north of Weymouth. ... Wool is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England. ... , Bournemouth ( ) is a large town and tourist resort, situated on the south coast of England. ... Tess of the dUrbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891. ... Bridport is a town in Dorset, England. ... Charborough House is located between Sturminster Newton and Bere Regis in Dorset. ... For other uses, see Folly (disambiguation). ... Two on a Tower is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1882. ... Corfe Castle is a small village and ruined castle ( ) dating back to the 11th century, situated in a gap in the Purbeck Hills, five miles south of Wareham, in Dorset, England. ... Ashmore pond Cranborne Chase is a Chalk plateau in central southern England, straddling the counties Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire. ... Bowerchalke or Bower Chalke is a village and civil parish in the Salisbury district of Wiltshire, England, about 12 miles east of Shaftesbury, approximately 1 mile from both Hampshire and Dorset county boundaries. ... John Richard Schlesinger CBE (February 16, 1926 – July 25, 2003) was an English film director. ... Far from the Madding Crowd is a 1967 feature film directed by John Schlesinger, adapted from the book of the same name by Thomas Hardy. ...

Dorchester, Dorset is Casterbridge, the scene of Mayor of Casterbridge. Dunster Castle in Somerset is Castle De Stancy of A Laodicean. Fordington moor is Durnover moor and fields. Greenhill Fair near Bere Regis is Woodbury Hill Fair, Lulworth Cove is Lulstead Cove, Marnhull is Marlott of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Melbury House near Evershot is Great Hintock Court in A Group of Noble Dames. Minterne is Little Hintock, Owermoigne is Nether Moynton in Wessex Tales. The main road through Dorchester Dorchester is a market town in south west Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome and A35 road 20 miles west of Poole and five miles north of Weymouth. ... The Mayor of Casterbridge is a tragic novel by English author Thomas Hardy subtitled, The Life and Death of a Man of Character. It is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge (based on the town of Dorchester in Dorset). ... The Mayor of Casterbridge is a tragic novel by English author Thomas Hardy subtitled, The Life and Death of a Man of Character. It is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge (based on the town of Dorchester in Dorset). ... Dunster Castle is the historical home of the Luttrell family located in the small town of Dunster, Somerset, England. ... This article is about the county of Somerset in England. ... Fordington Liberty was a liberty in the county of Dorset, England, containing the following parishes: Fordington Hermitage Minterne Magna (part) Stockland (part) (ie, Dalwood, transferred to Devon 1844) See List of liberties in Dorset Categories: | ... Bere Regis is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England, situated at the junction of the A31 and A35 trunk roads half way between Poole and Dorchester. ... Bere Regis is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England, situated at the junction of the A31 and A35 trunk roads half way between Poole and Dorchester. ... Aerial view of Lulworth Cove Lulworth Cove is a cove near the village of West Lulworth, on the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site in Dorset, south England. ... Parish church Marnhull is a village in the Blackmore Vale area of north Dorset, England, 3 miles north of Sturminster Newton. ... Tess of the dUrbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891. ... Evershot is a village in west Dorset, England, eight miles south of Yeovil. ... Evershot is a village in west Dorset, England, eight miles south of Yeovil. ... Minterne Magna is a village in west Dorset, England, situated at the source of the River Cerne in the Dorset Downs, half way between Dorchester and Sherborne. ... Owermoigne is a village in south west Dorset, England, situated six miles south east of Dorchester. ...

Piddlehinton and Piddle Trenthide are the Longpuddle of A Few Crusted Characters. Puddletown Heath, Moreton Heath, Tincleton Heath and Bere Heath are Egdon Heath. Poole is Havenpool in Life's Little Ironies. Portland is the scene of The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved. Puddletown is Weatherbury in Far from the Madding Crowd, River Frome valley is the scene of Talbothays dairy in Tess. Salisbury is Melchester in On the Western Circuit, Life's Little Ironies and Jude the Obscure etc. Shaftesbury is Shaston in Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. Sherborne is Sherton-Abbas, Sherborne Castle is home of Lady Baxby in A Group of Noble Dames. Stonehenge is the scene of Tess's apprehension. Sutton Poyntz is Overcombe. Swanage is the Knollsea of Hand of Ethelberta. Taunton is known as Toneborough in both Hardy's novels and poems (see http://www.wessex.me.uk/taunton.html). Wantage is Alfredston, of Jude the Obscure. Fawley, Berkshire is Marygreen of Jude the Obscure. Weyhill is Weydon Priors, Weymouth is Budmouth Regis, the scene of Trumpet Major & portions of other novels; Winchester is Wintoncester where Tess was executed. Wimborne is Warborne of Two on a Tower. Wolfeton House, near Dorchester is the scene of The Lady Penelope in a Group of Noble Dames. Woolbridge old Manor House, close to Wool station, is the scene of Tess's confession and honeymoon. Piddlehinton is a village in west Dorset, England situated in the Piddle valley five miles north of Dorchester. ... The River Piddle or Trent or North River is a small rural Dorset river which rises next to Alton Pancras church (Alton Pancras was originally named Awultune, a Saxon name meaning the village at the source of a river) and flows south and then south-easterly more or less parallel... Puddletown is a village in Dorset, England, 5 miles east of Dorchester in the River Piddle valley. ... Moreton is a village in Dorset, England, situated in the Piddle valley six miles east of Dorchester. ... Tincleton is a village in south west Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome five miles east of Dorchester. ... Bere Regis is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England, situated at the junction of the A31 and A35 trunk roads half way between Poole and Dorchester. ... Poole is a coastal town, port and tourist destination, situated on the shores of the English Channel, in the ceremonial county of Dorset in southern England. ... The Isle of Portland is a long by wide limestone island in the English Channel. ... Puddletown is a village in Dorset, England, 5 miles east of Dorchester in the River Piddle valley. ... The River Frome is a river in Dorset in the south of England. ... This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Shaftesbury (disambiguation) Shaftesbury is a town in North Dorset, England, situated on the A30 road near the Wiltshire border 20 miles west of Salisbury. ... Tess of the dUrbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1891. ... Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardys novels, begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The front of the castle Sherborne Castle is a 16th-century Tudor mansion southeast of Sherborne in Dorset, England. ... For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation). ... Sutton Poyntz Liberty was a liberty in the county of Dorset, England, containing the following parishes: Chickerell (part) Preston Stockwood List of liberties in Dorset http://www. ... , Swanage a small town in the south east of Dorset, England. ... For other uses, see Taunton (disambiguation). ... , , Wantage is a town and civil parish in the Vale of the White Horse, near the Thames Valley, in the English county of Oxfordshire (formerly in Berkshire), and approximately 10 miles south-southwest of Oxford. ... Fawley is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. ... Jude the Obscure is the last of Thomas Hardys novels, begun as a magazine serial and first published in book form in 1895. ... Statistics Population: 52,000 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: SU3645 Administration District: Test Valley Region: South East England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Hampshire Historic county: Hampshire Services Police force: Hampshire Constabulary Fire and rescue: {{{Fire}}} Ambulance: South Central Post office and telephone Post town... , Weymouth is a town in Dorset, England, United Kingdom, situated on a sheltered bay at the mouth of the River Wey on the English Channel coast. ... Winchester is a historic city in southern England, with a population of around 40,000 within a 3 mile radius of its centre. ... Famous ex-residents Pope Joan Tim Berners Lee External links Census data Wimborne Minster Wimborne. ... Two on a Tower is a novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1882. ... Charminster is a village in west Dorset, England, situated on the River Cerne and A352 road one mile (2 km) north of Dorchester. ... Wool is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England. ...

In other literature

Hardy provides the springboard for D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1936). Though this work became a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study, the influence of Hardy's treatment of character and Lawrence's own response to the central metaphysic behind many of Hardy's novels helped significantly in the development of The Rainbow (1915, suppressed) and Women in Love (1920, private publication). David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer of the 20th century, whose prolific and diverse output included novels, short stories, poems, plays, essays, travel books, paintings, translations, literary criticism, and personal letters. ... Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy, and related to the natural sciences, like physics, psychology and the biology of the brain; and also to mysticism, religion, and other spiritual subjects. ... The Rainbow was a 1915 novel by British author D.H. Lawrence. ... Women in Love was a novel by British author D.H. Lawrence published in 1920. ...

Notes

1. ^ Chosen Poems of Thomas Hardy, ed. James Gibson, Macmillam Education Ltd, 1975, p. 9.
2. ^ "Thomas Hardy - the Time-Torn Man", BBC Radio 4, 23 October 2006 (a reading of Claire Tomalin's book of the same name).
3. ^ bbc.co.uk (accessed August 12, 2006)
4. ^ ^{a b} bbc.co.uk, (accessed August 12, 2006)
5. ^ Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham,: Rowan & Littlefield, 1985, p. 36.
6. ^ ^{a b} Ellman, Richard & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.
7. ^ (http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kennedy_lfpd_9/0,9130,1489987-,00.html
8. ^ Thomas Hardy: The Tragedy of a Life Without Christ
9. ^ ("Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy: Introduction." Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 153. Gale Group, Inc., 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 12 Mar, 2008 <http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/far-from-madding-crowd-thomas-hardy>
10. ^ Words Words Words, La Spiga Languages, 2003 p.482
11. ^ A Short History of English Literature, Emile Legouis, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1934
12. ^ Herbert N. Schneidau. Waking Giants: The Presence of the Past in Modernism. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. (Google Books)

Claire Tomalin (born June 20, 1933) is an English biographer and journalist. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Armstrong, Tim. "Player Piano: Poetry and Sonic Modernity" in Modernism/Modernity 14.1 (January 2007), 1-19.

• Blunden, Edmund. Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin's, 1942.

• Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. The Life of Thomas Hardy. New York: Greenberg, 1925.

• D'Agnillo, Renzo, "Music and Metaphor in Under the Greenwood Tree, in The Thomas Hardy Journal, 9, 2 (May 1993), pp. 39-50.
• D'Agnillo, Renzo, “Between Belief and Non-Belief: Thomas Hardy’s ‘The Shadow on the Stone’”, in Thomas Hardy, Francesco Marroni and Norman Page (eds), Pescara, Edizioni Tracce, 1995, pp. 197-222.

• Deacon, Lois and Terry Coleman. Providence and Mr. Hardy. London: Hutchinson, 1966.

• Draper, Jo. Thomas Hardy: A Life in Pictures. Wimborne, Dorset: The Dovecote Press.

• Ellman, Richard & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.

• Gatrell, Simon. Hardy the Creator: A Textual Biography. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.

• Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1996.

• Gittings, Robert. Thomas Hardy's Later Years. Boston : Little, Brown, 1978.

• Gittings, Robert. Young Thomas Hardy. Boston : Little, Brown, 1975.

• Gittings, Robert and Jo Manton. The Second Mrs Hardy. London: Heinemann, 1979.

• Halliday, F. E. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Work. Bath: Adams & Dart, 1972.

• Hands, Timothy. Thomas Hardy : Distracted Preacher? : Hardy's religious biography and its influence on his novels. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

• Hardy, Evelyn. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1954.

• Hardy, Florence Emily. The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840-1891. London: Macmillan, 1928.

• Hardy, Florence Emily. The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892-1928. London: Macmillan, 1930.

• Harvey, Geoffrey. Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 2003.

• Hedgcock, F. A., Thomas Hardy: penseur et artiste. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1911.

• Holland, Clive. Thomas Hardy O.M.: The Man, His Works and the Land of Wessex. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1933.

• Jedrzejewski, Jan. Thomas Hardy and the Church. London: Macmillan, 1996.

• Kay-Robinson, Denys. The First Mrs Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1979.

• Marroni, Francesco and Norman Page (eds.), Thomas Hardy. Pescara: Edizioni Tracce, 1995.

• Marroni, Francesco, La poesia di Thomas Hardy. Bari: Adriatica Editrice, 1997.

• Millgate, Michael (ed.). The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy by Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1984.

• Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1982.

• Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004.

• O'Sullivan, Timothy. Thomas Hardy: An Illustrated Biography. London: Macmillan, 1975.

• Orel, Harold. The Final Years of Thomas Hardy, 1912-1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976.

• Orel, Harold. The Unknown Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin's, 1987.

• Phelps, Kenneth. The Wormwood Cup: Thomas Hardy in Cornwall. Padstow: Lodenek Press, 1975.

• Pinion, F. B. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Friends. London: Palgrave, 1992.

• Pite, Ralph. Thomas Hardy: The Guarded Life. London: Picador, 2006.

• Seymour-Smith, Martin. Hardy. London: Bloomsbury, 1994.

• Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1968.

• Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: More Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1971.

• Stewart, J. I. M. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971.

• Turner, Paul. The Life of Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.

• Weber, Carl J. Hardy of Wessex, his Life and Literary Career. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940.

• Wilson, Keith. Thomas Hardy on Stage. London: Macmillan, 1995.

• Wilson, Keith, ed. Thomas Hardy Reappraised: Essays in Honour of Michael Millgate. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.

• Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham: Rowan & Littlefield, 1985.

• Letter from Hardy to Bertram Windle, transcribed by Birgit Plietzsch, from CL, vol 2, pp 131-133

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Thomas Hardy

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

Thomas Hardy

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Thomas Hardy

• Works by Thomas Hardy at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Thomas Hardy at Internet Archive
• Poems by Thomas Hardy at Poetry Foundation
• Thomas Hardy's Wessex Research site, including maps, by Dr Birgit Plietzsch
• Essay on Hardy's Afterwards
• The Thomas Hardy Society
• The Thomas Hardy Association
• Works by Thomas Hardy in e-book version
• Thomas Hardy's ashes at Westminster Abbey
• Pictures of Thomas Hardy visiting Marie Stopes at her lighthouse home on Portland, Dorset
• Letter from Hardy to Bertram Windle, transcribed by Birgit Plietzsch, from CL, vol 2, pp 131-133
• The Life and Death of Thomas Hardy @ Ward's Book of Days
• Free to read on a cell phone - Hardy works.
• Hardy Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin