NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Thomas Huxley

Thomas Henry Huxley, FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) ^[1] was an English biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.^[1] The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor, commonly known as Eton College or just Eton, is a public school (privately funded and independent) for male students, founded in 1440 by Henry VI. It is located in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor in England, situated north of Windsor... Charing Cross Hospital is a hospital in London. ... The University of London is a university based primarily in London. ... Thomas Wharton Jones (born St. ... Sir Michael Foster (March 8, 1836 - January 29, 1907) was an English physiologist. ... Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 â€“ 19 April 1882) was an eminent English naturalist who achieved lasting fame by convincing the scientific community that species develop over time from a common origin. ... The term agnosticism and the related agnostic were coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1869. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The English are an ethnic group and nation primarily associated with England and the English language. ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 â€“ 19 April 1882) was an eminent English naturalist who achieved lasting fame by convincing the scientific community that species develop over time from a common origin. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ...

Thomas Huxley's most famous debate was against Archbishop Samuel Wilberforce who was coached by Richard Owen (against whom he also debated). He demonstrated that there were close similarities between the cerebral anatomy of humans and gorillas. Huxley did not accept many of Darwin's ideas, such as gradualism and was more interested in advocating a materialist professional science than in defending natural selection. A photo of Samuel Wilberforce by Lewis Carroll Samuel Wilberforce (September 7, 1805 - July 19, 1873), English bishop, third son of William Wilberforce, was born at Clapham Common, London. ... Sir Richard Owen KCB (July 20, 1804â€“December 18, 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... Type species Troglodytes gorilla Savage, 1847 distribution of Gorilla Species Gorilla gorilla Gorilla beringei The gorilla, the largest of the living primates, is a ground-dwelling omnivore that inhabits the forests of Africa. ... Gradualism, in biology, holds that evolution occurs through the accumulation of slight modifications over a period of generations. ... In philosophy, materialism is that form of physicalism which holds that the only thing that can truly be said to exist is matter; that fundamentally, all things are composed of material and all phenomena are the result of material interactions. ... The GalÃ¡pagos Islands hold 13 species of finches that are closely related and differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. ...

A talented populariser of science, he coined the term "agnosticism" ^[1] to describe his stance on religious belief (see Thomas Henry Huxley and agnosticism). Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Agnosticism (from the Greek a, meaning without and gnosis, knowledge, translating to unknowable) is the philosophical view that the truth value of certain claimsâ€”particularly theological claims regarding metaphysics, afterlife or the existence of God, god(s), or deitiesâ€”is unknown or (possibly) inherently unknowable. ... Note: This article is largely based on an out-of-copyright 1911 encyclopedia article. ...

In evolution, Huxley developed the concept of the "Pithecometra principle" (analogous to "man evolved from apes") that was discussed by Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel, from Huxley's 1863 essay "On the Origin of Species" stating that man was more closely related to apes than apes were to monkeys (details below). ^[2] Pithecometra: In the frontispiece from his 1863 Evidence as to Mans Place in Nature, Huxley compared skeletons of apes to humans. ... Pithecometra: In the frontispiece from his 1863 Evidence as to Mans Place in Nature, Huxley compared skeletons of apes to humans. ... Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 â€“ 19 April 1882) was an eminent English naturalist who achieved lasting fame by convincing the scientific community that species develop over time from a common origin. ... Ernst Haeckel. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ...

Huxley is also credited with inventing the concept of "biogenesis", a theory stating that all cells arise from other cells and also "abiogenesis", describing the generation of life from non-living matter. This article focuses on the history of the theory of abiogenesis (the spontaneous generation of life from non-living sources). ...

Biography

Early life

Huxley, born in Ealing in west London, was the second youngest of eight children of George Huxley, a teacher of mathematics in Ealing. At seventeen he commenced regular medical studies at Charing Cross Hospital, where he had obtained a scholarship. At twenty he passed his first M.B. examination, at the University of London, winning the gold medal for anatomy and physiology. In 1845, he published his first scientific paper, demonstrating the existence of a hitherto unrecognized layer in the inner sheath of hairs, a layer that has been known since as Huxley's layer. Ealing is a town in the London Borough of Ealing. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Charing Cross Hospital is a hospital in London. ... The University of London is a university based primarily in London. ... Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the EncyclopÃ©die. ... Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man, an important early achievement in the study of physiology. ... The second layer of the inner root sheath of the hair consists of one or two layers of horny, flattened, nucleated cells, known as Huxleys layer. ...

Voyage of the Rattlesnake

Huxley then applied for an appointment in the navy. He obtained the post of assistant surgeon to HMS Rattlesnake, about to start for surveying work in Torres Strait. Rattlesnake left England on December 3, 1846 and, once they had arrived in the southern hemisphere, Huxley devoted his time to the study of marine invertebrates. He began to send details of his discoveries back to England and his paper, On the Anatomy and the Affinities of the Family of Medusae, was printed by the Royal Society in the 'Philosophical Transactions', in 1849. Huxley united the Hydroid and Sertularian polyps with the Medusae, to form a class to which he subsequently gave the name of Hydrozoa. The connection he made was that all the members of the class consisted of two membranes, enclosing a central cavity or stomach. This is characteristic of what are now called the Cnidaria. He compared this feature to the serous and mucous structures of embryos of higher animals. A cardiothoracic surgeon performs a mitral valve replacement at the Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. ... HMS Rattlesnake, painted by Sir Oswald Walters Brierly, 1853. ... The Torres Strait - Cape York Peninsula is at the top; several of the Torres Strait Islands can be seen strung out towards Papua New Guinea (North is downwards in this image) The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. ... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is south of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On Earth it contains five continents (Antarctica, Australia, most of South America, parts of Africa and Asia) as well as four oceans (South... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... Orders Actinulida Capitata Chondrophora Filifera Hydroida Siphonophora Trachylina Organisms that are in Class Hydrozoa come from the Phylum Cnidaria. ... Classes Anthozoa - Corals and sea anemones Scyphozoa - Jellyfish Staurozoa - Stalked jellyfish Cubozoa - Sea wasps or box jellyfish Polypodiozoa Hydrozoa - Hydroids, hydra-like animals Cnidaria[1] (IPA: [2]) is a phylum containing some 11,000 species of relatively simple animals found exclusively in aquatic, mostly marine, environments. ... It has been suggested that embryology be merged into this article or section. ...

The value of Huxley's work was recognized and, on returning to England, in 1850, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following year, at the age of twenty-six, he not only received the Royal medal but was also elected on the council. He secured the friendship of Joseph Dalton Hooker and John Tyndall, who remained his lifelong friends. The Admiralty retained him as a nominal assistant-surgeon, in order that he might work on the observations he had made during the voyage of Rattlesnake. He was thus enabled to produce various important memoirs, especially those on certain Ascidians, in which he solved the problem of Appendicularian organism, whose place in the animal kingdom Johannes Peter Müller had found himself wholly unable to assign and on the morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca. Joseph Dalton Hooker Joseph Dalton Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, GCSI, OM, FRS, MD (June 30, 1817 â€“ December 10, 1911) was an English botanist and traveller. ... This article is about the 19th century scientist. ... Orders Aplousobranchia Enterogona Phlebobranchia Pleurogona Stolidobranchia Ascidiacea (commonly known as the ascidians) is an order in the Urochordata subphylum of sac-like marine filter feeders. ... Johannes Peter MÃ¼ller (July 14, 1801, Koblenz â€“ April 28, 1858, Berlin), was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, and ichthyologist not only known for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge. ... The term morphology in biology refers to the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its component parts. ... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora Monoplacophora Bivalvia Scaphopoda Gastropoda Cephalopoda â€ Rostroconchia â€ Helcionelloida â€ ?Bellerophontidae The molluscs (British spelling) or mollusks (American spelling) are the large and diverse phylum Mollusca, which includes a variety of familiar animals well-known for their decorative shells or as seafood. ...

Later life

Huxley resigned from the navy and, in July 1854, he became lecturer at the School of Mines and naturalist to the Geological Survey in the following year. His most important research belonging to this period was the Croonian Lecture, delivered before the Royal Society, in 1858, on The Theory of the Vertebrate Skull. In this, he rejected Richard Owen's view that the bones of the skull and the spine were homologous, an opinion previously held by Goethe and Lorenz Oken. Imperial College London is a prestigious (ranked 4th in the world for Engineering & Technology) British academic institution focusing on science, engineering and medicine, complemented by a business school. ... The British Geological Survey is a publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its continental shelf by means of systematic surveying, monitoring and research. ... The Croonian Lecture is a prestigous lectureship given at the invitation of the Royal Society or the Royal College of Physicians. ... Sir Richard Owen KCB (July 20, 1804â€“December 18, 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist. ... In biology, two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. ... Lorenz Oken (August 1, 1779 - August 11, 1851), was a German naturalist, real name Lorenz Ockenfuss. ...

Huxley is also well-known for his treatise on physiography which is a detailed physical geography of the Thames River Basin, published in 1878. Physical geography or physiogeography is a subfield of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. ... True-color image of the Earths surface and atmosphere Physical geography (also know as geosystems or physiography) is a subfield of geography that focuses on the systematic study of patterns and processes within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. ...

Marriage and family

In 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825-1915), an English emigrée whom he had met in Sydney. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three sons, including the writer Leonard Huxley (1860-1933): 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Leonard Huxley (December 11, 1860 - 1933) was a British writer and editor. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article concerns John Collier, writer and painter. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Leonard Huxley (December 11, 1860 - 1933) was a British writer and editor. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... This article concerns John Collier, writer and painter. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Brave New World is a dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley, first published in 1932. ... Sir Julian Sorell Huxley, FRS (June 22, 1887 â€“ February 14, 1975) was a English biologist, author, Humanist and internationalist, known for his popularisations of science in books and lectures. ...

Darwin's bulldog

In 1859, Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species was published. Huxley had previously rejected Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of transmutation, on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to support it. However, he believed that Darwin at least gave a hypothesis which was good enough as a working basis, even though he believed evidence was still lacking and became one of Darwin's main supporters in the debate that followed the book's publication. He did this in a lecture at the Royal Institution, in February 1860 and spoke in favour of Darwin's theory of natural selection in the debate at the British Association meeting, at the Oxford University Museum, in June. He was joined on this occasion by his friend Hooker and they were opposed by the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce and Robert FitzRoy, the captain of HMS Beagle. Download high resolution version (1103x660, 307 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1103x660, 307 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Evidence as to Mans Place in Nature is an 1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley and the first to discuss human evolution, coming five years after Charles Darwin announced his general theory, and four years after the publication of Darwins Origin. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x964, 111 KB)[edit] Summary A caricature of Thomas Huxley published in vanity fair in the 19th century. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x964, 111 KB)[edit] Summary A caricature of Thomas Huxley published in vanity fair in the 19th century. ... Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 â€“ 19 April 1882) was an eminent English naturalist who achieved lasting fame by convincing the scientific community that species develop over time from a common origin. ... British naturalist Charles Darwins book, The Origin of Species, is one of the pivotal works in scientific literature and arguably the pre-eminent work in biology. ... Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (August 1, 1744 â€“ December 28, 1829) was a French naturalist and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. ... Lamarckism or Lamarckian evolution is a theory put forward by the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck, based on heritability of acquired characteristics, the once widely accepted idea that an organism can acquire characteristics during its lifetime and pass them on to its offspring. ... The Royal Institution of Great Britain was set up in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish and its first president George Finch, the 9th Earl of Winchilsea, for diffusing the knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for... The GalÃ¡pagos Islands hold 13 species of finches that are closely related and differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. ... The British Association or the British Association for the Advancement of Science or the BA is a learned society with the object of promoting science, directing general attention to scientific matters, and facilitating intercourse between scientific workers. ... The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxfords natural history specimens. ... A photo of Samuel Wilberforce by Lewis Carroll Samuel Wilberforce (September 7, 1805 - July 19, 1873), English bishop, third son of William Wilberforce, was born at Clapham Common, London. ... Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy (5 July 1805 â€“ 30 April 1865) achieved lasting fame as the captain of HMS Beagle and as a pioneering meteorologist who made accurate weather forecasting a reality, also proving an able surveyor and hydrographer as well as Governor-General of New Zealand. ... HMS Beagle was a Cherokee class 10-gun brig of the Royal Navy, named after the beagle, a breed of dog. ...

Following this, Huxley concentrated on the subject of man's origins, maintaining that man was related to apes. In this he was opposed by Richard Owen, who stated that man was clearly marked off from all other animals by the anatomical structure of his brain. This was actually inconsistent with known facts and was effectually refuted by Huxley in various papers and lectures, summed up in 1863 in Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature.

The thirty-one years during which Huxley occupied the chair of natural history at the School of Mines were largely occupied with palaeontological research. Numerous memoirs on fossil fishes established many far-reaching morphological facts. The study of fossil reptiles led to his demonstrating, in the course of lectures on birds, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1867, the fundamental affinity of the two groups which he united under the title of Sauropsida. The Royal College of Surgeons of England is an independent professional body committed to promoting and advancing the highest standards of surgical care for patients. ...

From 1870 onwards, he was drawn away from scientific research by the claims of public duty. From 1862 to 1884 he served on ten Royal Commissions. From 1871 to 1880 he was a secretary of the Royal Society and from 1881 to 1885 he was president. He was made a Privy Councillor in 1892. In 1870, he was president of the British Association at Liverpool and, in the same year was elected a member of the newly-constituted London School Board. In 1888, he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society. In states that are Commonwealth Realms a Royal Commission is a major government public inquiry into an issue. ... This article concerns the British Sovereigns Privy Council. ... The British Association or the British Association for the Advancement of Science or the BA is a learned society with the object of promoting science, directing general attention to scientific matters, and facilitating intercourse between scientific workers. ... Liverpool skyline. ... The monogram of the School Board for London, which originally adorned all schools built by the board. ... The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. ...

His health completely broke down in 1885. In 1890, he moved from London to Eastbourne, where, after a painful illness, he died. Shown within East Sussex Geography Status: Borough Region: South East England Historic County: Sussex Admin. ...

Huxley was the founder of a very distinguished family of British academics, including his grandsons Aldous Huxley (the writer), Sir Julian Huxley (the first Director General of UNESCO and a founder of the World Wide Fund for Nature) and Sir Andrew Huxley (the physiologist and Nobel laureate). This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The term writer can apply to anyone who creates a written work, but the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Sir Julian Sorell Huxley, FRS (June 22, 1887 â€“ February 14, 1975) was a English biologist, author, Humanist and internationalist, known for his popularisations of science in books and lectures. ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organisation for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. ... Andrew Huxley at Trinity College, Cambridge, July 2005 Family tree Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, OM, FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London) is an English physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve... Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man, an important early achievement in the study of physiology. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ...

Huxley is credited with the quote, "Try to learn something about everything and everything about something".

Image File history File links Thomas_Henry_Huxley_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16935. ... Image File history File links Thomas_Henry_Huxley_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16935. ...

Educational influence

Huxley was a major influence in the direction taken by British schools. In primary schooling, he advocated a wide range of disciplines, similar to what is taught today: reading, writing, arithmetic, art, science, music, etc. In higher education he also foresaw how schools should be run, with two years of basic liberal studies followed by two years of some upper-division work, focusing on a more specific area of study. This was a fresh approach to the general study of classics in contemporary English colleges. Much of his educational approach is found in his work On a Piece of Chalk [1], a profound essay first published in MacMillan's Magazine in London, 1868. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain, from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates the methods of science as "organized common sense".

Huxley also advocated teaching the Bible in schools. This may seem out of step with his evolutionary theories and personal agnostic convictions but he believed that the Bible's significant literary and moral teachings were quite relevant to English ethics.

Modern Christian apologists consider Huxley the father of atheistic evangelism, though he himself maintained throughout his life that he was an agnostic, not an atheist. Apologetics is the field of study concerned with the systematic defense of a position. ... Atheistic evangelism or Atheangelism is a term used by Christian apologists to describe the world view or religion of those who aggressively promote atheism. ...

He tried to reconcile evolution and ethics, in his book Evolution and Ethics, which proposed the principle of the "fitting of as many as possible to survive". An essay published in that collection, The Struggle for Existence in Human Society (first published in Nineteenth Century), prompted Peter Kropotkin to write the classic Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, in critique of Huxley's brand of Social Darwinism. Block quote {| class=wikitable |- ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 |- | row 1, cell 1 | row 1, cell 2 | row 1, cell 3 |- | row 2, cell 1 | row 2, cell 2 | row 2, cell 3 |}Link titleItalic textBold text Media:Example. ... Peter Kropotkin Prince Peter Alexeevich Kropotkin (In Russian ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€ ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐµÌÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÑ€Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾ÌÑ‚ÐºÐ¸Ð½) (December 9, 1842 - February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of what he called anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society... Social Darwinism in the most basic form is the idea that biological theories can be extended and applied to the social realm. ...

His large sideburns were also seen as an influence on others, especially Canadian Prime Minister, Sir Charles Tupper. Not to be confused with Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper who was Sir Charles Tuppers son Sir Charles Tupper, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D. (July 2, 1821 - October 30, 1915) was the sixth Prime Minister of...

Racial classification system

In On the Methods and Results of Ethnology (1865), Huxley defined the Ulotrichi race to be one of two macroraces. This macrorace contained the Bushmen, Negrito, Negroes and Mincopies. The other, the Leiotrichi, contained the Amphinesians, Americans, Melanochroi, Xanthochroi, Australians, Esquimaux and Mongolians.

Huxley defined the Mincopies to be the indigenous peoples of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Thomas Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley F.R.S. (May 4, 1825 â€“ June 29, 1895) was a British biologist, known as Darwins Bulldog for his defence of Charles Darwins theory of evolution. ...

The Xanthochroi were defined to be the indigenous peoples from the Rhine east to the Yenisei and from the Urals south to the Hindu Kush. Included were the Scandinavians, Germans, Slavonians and Finns. Also included were some of the Greeks, Turks, Kirghiz, Mantchous, Ossetes, Siahposh and Rohillas. He described them as having fair skin, yellow or red hair, blue eyes and long or broad heads. Huxley's concept was influential in the development of the theory of the Nordic race. The anthropologist Thomas Huxley in On the Methods and Results of Ethnology (1865) defined the Xanthochroi race to be the indigenous peoples Rhine (Germany) to the Yenisei (Central Russia) latitudinally, and from the Ural mountains (Eastern Europe) to the Hindu Kush (nations directly north of India ) longitudinally. ... Nordic theory (or Nordicism) was a theory of race prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. ...

The Melanochroi were defined as the indigenous peoples of Southern Europe, the Middle East, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Huxley described this region as having a Y shape. He included in this category some of the British, Gauls, Spanish, Italians, Greeks, Syrians, Arabs and Persians, as well as the Celts, Iberians, Etruscans, Romans, Pelasgians, Berbers, Saharans, North Africans and Semites. He described them as having pale skin and wavy hair, with abundant beards, black hair, long heads and dark eyes. He concluded the dark-skinned Melanochroi might be the product of the dark-skinned Australian race mixing with the light-skinned Xanthochroi race.^[3]

Image File history File links Asian_Race_Thomas_Huxley_Racial_Definitions_4. ... Image File history File links Asian_Race_Thomas_Huxley_Racial_Definitions_4. ...

Notes

References

1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Project Gutenberg logo Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works via book scanning. ...

External links

Categories: English biologists | Carcinologists | Presidents of the Royal Society | Academics of Imperial College London | Alumni of Imperial College London | English agnostics | Huxley family | People from Ealing | 1825 births | 1895 deaths Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Project Gutenberg logo Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works via book scanning. ... Project Gutenberg logo Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works via book scanning. ... Librivox is a digital library of free public domain audio books, read by volunteers. ... William Spottiswoode William Spottiswoode (January 11, 1825, London - June 27, 1883)was an English mathematician and physicist. ... The President of the Royal Society (PRS) is the elected head of the Royal Society of London. ... Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet (13 August 1819â€“1 February 1903) was an Irish mathematician and physicist, who at Cambridge made important contributions to fluid dynamics (including the Navier-Stokes equations), optics, and mathematical physics (including Stokes theorem). ...

Contents

Biography

Early life

Voyage of the Rattlesnake

Later life

Marriage and family

Darwin's bulldog

Educational influence

Racial classification system

Notes

References

External links

Contents

Biography var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Early life

Voyage of the Rattlesnake

Later life

Marriage and family

Darwin's bulldog

Educational influence

Racial classification system

Notes

References

External links

Biography