NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Threonine

Threonine is one of the 20 natural amino acids. Nutritionally, in humans, threonine is an essential amino acid. IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: Ï (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kgÂ·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is... The isoelectric point sucks (pI) is the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge. ... The acid dissociation constant (Ka), also known as the acidity constant or the acid-ionization constant, is a specific equilibrium constant for the reaction of an acid with its conjugate base in aqueous solution [1]. // When an acid dissolves in water, it partly dissociates forming hydronium ions and its conjugate... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each chemical substance commercially available in the European Union between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x1268, 22 KB) Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Amino acid Threonine User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 475 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (587 Ã— 740 pixel, file size: 25 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Threonine User:Benjah-bmm27/Old gallery... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... The updated USDA food pyramid, published in 2005, is a general nutrition guide for recommended food consumption. ... An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ...

Threonine contains two chiral centers, so there are four possible stereoisomers of threonine, or two possible diastereomers of L-threonine. However, the name L-threonine is used for one single enantiomer, (2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. The second diastereomer (2S,3S), which is rarely present in nature, is called L-allo-threonine. The term chiral (pronounced ) is used to describe an object which is non-superimposable on its mirror image. ... Stereoisomerism is the arrangement of atoms in molecules whose connectivity remains the same but their arrangement in space is different in each isomer. ... Diastereomers (or diastereoisomers) are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (mirror images of each other). ... In chemistry, enantiomers are stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other. ...

The threonine side chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation. The term Side chain can have different meanings depending on the context: In chemistry and biochemistry a side chain is a part of a molecule attached to a core structure. ... Glycosylation is the process or result of addition of saccharides to proteins and lipids. ...

Threonine can become phosphorylated through the action of a threonine kinase. In its phosphorylated form, it can be referred to as phosphothreonine. A phosphorylated serine residue Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or a small molecule or the introduction of a phosphate group into an organic molecule. ... In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates); the process is termed phosphorylation. ...

Foods high in threonine are cottage cheese, poultry, fish, meat, lentils, and sesame seeds. Binomial name Lens culinaris Medikus The lentil or masoor (Lens culinaris) is a brushy annual plant of the legume family, grown for its lens-shaped seeds. ...

Biosynthesis

Since threonine cannot be synthesised by humans, it is described as an essential amino acid, referring to the essential requirement for it in the human diet. However, plants and most microorganisms are capable of synthesizing threonine from aspartic acid. The key step is catalyzed by (1) aspartokinase which phosphorylates the β-carboxyl group of aspartic acid. Reduction by (2) β-aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase produces β-aspartate-semialdehyde which is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of threonine, methionine, and lysine. The rest of the pathway is catalyzed by the enzymes: (3) homoserine dehydrogenase, (4) homoserine kinase, and (5) threonine synthase. An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism (usually referring to humans), and therefore must be supplied in the diet. ... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Aspartokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the amino acid aspartate. ... Methionine (Met, M. C5H11NO2S) is an essential nonpolar amino acid, and a lipotropic. ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ...

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 768 Ã— 489 pixelsFull resolution (768 Ã— 489 pixel, file size: 8 KB, MIME type: image/gif) Created by Inositol using ACD ChemSketch 8. ...

External links

Categories: Proteinogenic amino acids | Essential amino acids Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ... Peptides (from the Greek Ï€ÎµÏ€Ï„Î¿Ï‚, digestible), are the family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various Î±-amino acids. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... A polyunsaturated triglyceride. ... Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ... The orange ring surrounding Grand Prismatic Spring is due to carotenoid molecules, produced by huge mats of algae and bacteria. ... Polypyrrole A Polypyrrole (PPy) is a chemical compound formed from a number of connected pyrrole ring structures. ... A cofactor is any substance that needs to be present in addition to an enzyme to catalyze a certain reaction. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... Molecular structure of flavone The term flavonoid refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites based around a phenylbenzopyrone structure. ... Diagram of Ephedrine An alkaloid, strictly speaking, is a naturally-occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ... Polyketides are secondary metabolites from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. ... A glycoside is a molecule where a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to a nonsugar group by either an oxygen or a nitrogen atom. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... Alanine (Ala, A) also 2-aminopropanoic acid is a non-essential Î±-amino acid. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Flash point - N/A R/S statement R: N/A S: N/A RTECS number: N/A Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a 206-418-1 EINECS for D-alanine a 200-273-8 EINECS for L-alanine a PubChem 602 a PubChem 5950 This... Arginine (symbol Arg or R) is an Î±-amino acid. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Flash point - N/A R/S statement R: N/A S: N/A RTECS number: N/A Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a EINECS number 205-866-5 ((-)-D-arginine hydrate) a EINECS number 200-811-1 (for L-arginine) a CID 71070 from PubChem... For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn see ASN. Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Flash point - N/A R/S statement R: N/A S: N/A RTECS number: N/A Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a CID 6267 from PubChem (L-asparagine) This article is maintained by WP:Chemicals (Talk) WP:Drugs (Talk) WP:Molecular and Cellular Biology... Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Flash point - N/A R/S statement R: N/A S: N/A RTECS number: N/A Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a CID 424 from PubChem â€” racemic a CID 83887 from PubChem â€” (D-aspartic acid) a CID 5960 from PubChem â€” (L-aspartic acid) a... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Flash point - N/A R/S statement R: N/A S: N/A RTECS number: N/A Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a [1] This article is maintained by WP:Chemicals (Talk) WP:Drugs (Talk) WP:Molecular and Cellular Biology (Talk) Categories: ... Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Flash point - N/A R/S statement R: N/A S: N/A RTECS number: N/A Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a CID 23327 from PubChem (D-glutamic acid) a CID 33032 from PubChem (L-glutamic acid) This article is maintained by WP:Chemicals... Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a CID 738 from PubChem (Gln) a CID 145815 from PubChem (D) a CID 5961 from PubChem (L) ... For the plant, see Glycine (plant). ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a EINECS number 200-272-2 a b c d e CID 750 from PubChem (Glycine) ... Histidine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a EINECS number 200-745-3 (D-histidine) a EINECS number 206-513-8 (L-histidine) a CID 71083 from PubChem (D-histidine) a CID 6274 from PubChem (L-histidine) ... Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Its chemical composition is identical to that of leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different, resulting in different properties. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a b c d e f g PubChem 6306 ... Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids and coded for by DNA. It is isomeric with isoleucine. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete References a b c d e PubChem 6106 Categories: | ... Lysine is one of the 20 amino acids normally found in proteins. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a EINECS number 200-294-2 (Lysine) a CID 866 from PubChem (DL-Lysine) a CID 5962 from PubChem (L-Lysine) Category: ... Methionine (Met, M. C5H11NO2S) is an essential nonpolar amino acid, and a lipotropic. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a 63-68-3 EINECS for L-Methionine a PubChem 876 a PubChem 6137 Category: ... Phe redirects here. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a EINECS number 200-568-1 (phenylalanine) a CID 994 from PubChem (phenylalanine) a CID 71567 from PubChem (D-phenylalanine) a CID 6140 from PubChem (L-phenylalanine) Category: ... L-Proline is one of the twenty proteinogenic units which are used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a 205-702-2 EINECS for Proline a PubChem 6148988 a PubChem 6137 Category: ... Serine (IPA ), organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a 200-274-3 EINECS for Serine a PubChem 617 a PubChem 5951 Category: ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a EINECS number 200-774-1 (Threonine) a CID 69435 from PubChem (D-Threonine) a CID 6288 from PubChem (L-Threonine) Category: ... Tryptophan is an amino acid and essential in human nutrition. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a 73-22-3 EINECS for Tryptophan a PubChem 9060 a PubChem 6305 Category: ... Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in cheese[1][2]), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a 200-460-4 EINECS for Tyrosine a PubChem 71098 a PubChem 1153 Category: ... Valine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA. Nutritionally, valine is also an essential amino acid. ... Physical properties Hazard properties Chemical properties Pharmacological properties OrganicBox_complete a 200-773-6 EINECS for Valine a PubChem 71563 a PubChem 1182 Category: ...

Biosynthesis GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

External links

Biosynthesis