NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Thrips

Thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings (thus the scientific name, from the Greek thysanos (fringe) + pteron (wing)). Other common names for thrips include thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies and corn lice. Thrips species feed on a large variety of sources both plant and animal by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. A large number of thrips species are considered pests, because they feed on plants with commercial value. Some species of thrips feed on other insects or mites and are considered beneficial, while some feed on fungal spores or pollen. So far around 5,000 species have been described. Subfamilies Idolothripinae Phlaeothripinae Phlaeothripidae is a family of thrips with hundreds of genera. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 599 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (799 Ã— 800 pixel, file size: 530 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) ã‚«ã‚ã‚¯ãƒ€ã‚¢ã‚¶ãƒŸã‚¦ãƒž Ponticulothrips diospyrosi ? a kind of thrips Source http://opencage. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 599 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (799 Ã— 800 pixel, file size: 530 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) ã‚«ã‚ã‚¯ãƒ€ã‚¢ã‚¶ãƒŸã‚¦ãƒž Ponticulothrips diospyrosi ? a kind of thrips Source http://opencage. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Look up mite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Thrips are generally tiny (1 mm long or less) and are not good flyers, although they can be carried long distances by the wind. In the right conditions, many species can explode in population and swarm everywhere, making them an irritation to humans. A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ...

Like the word sheep, the word thrips is used in both the singular and plural numbers. So while there may be many thrips there can also be a solitary thrips. The word thrips is from Greek, meaning wood louse.^[1] In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ...

Thrips feed by piercing plant cells with their paired maxillary stylets, which form a feeding tube. Thrips, unlike the Hemiptera, have only one mandibular stylet, or if a second is present it is greatly reduced and non functional. The one fully formed mandibular stylet is used to pierce an entry hole in plant cells or pollen grains, wherein the maxillary stylets can easily enter the cell and suck out the contents. Thrips feed on hundreds of different crop plants, especially during flowering where they also feed on pollen. Suborders Archaeorrhyncha Clypeorrhyncha Prosorrhyncha Sternorrhyncha Hemiptera is a large, cosmopolitan order of insects, comprising some 67,500 known species in three suborders. ...

Many thrips are pests of commercial crops due to the damage caused by feeding on developing flowers or vegetables which causes discoloration, deformities, and reduced marketability of the crop.

As well as causing severe problems for farmers, these insects are commonly known to enter the home, and when in large numbers can cover wall surfaces, curtains, and windowsills. Due to their small size they have an uncanny ability to find their way into seemingly impenetrable places, such as inside watch faces, and inside picture frames. They are also frequently found to have gained entry to LCD monitors. Attracted by the light and warmth, they get between the filter layers of the LCD and the front glass. Once in they oftem become trapped and die shortly after, resulting in the corpse remaining in the screen indefinitely. Removal is often only possible if the LCD is dismantled and cleaned. LCD redirects here. ...

Thrips in the genera Frankliniella (flower thrips) and Thrips also spread plant diseases through the transmission of viruses, such as Tospoviruses. The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, has a worldwide distribution and is considered the primary vector of plant diseases caused by Tospoviruses. Over 20 plant infecting viruses are known to be transmitted by thrips. These enveloped viruses are considered among some of the most damaging of emerging plant pathogens around the world. Virus members include the tomato spotted wilt virus and the Impatiens necrotic spot viruses. The Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) is a type species of the Tospovirus genus which is a member of the Bunyaviridae family. ...

To survive the winter temperatures most thrips species over-winter as either adults or as pupae under ground litter. A typical flower thrips generation time will be from 7 to 22 days depending on the temperature. The eggs are about 0.2 mm long and reniform (kidney shaped), and may take on average 3 days to hatch. Thrips have 2 larval stages then go through a prepupal and a pupae stage, with the adults taking 1 to 4 days to reach sexual maturity. In the two suborders, the females of the Suborder Terebrantia are equipped with an ovipositor which they use to cut slits into plant tissue into which they insert their eggs, one per slit, while females of the Suborder Tubulifera lack an ovipositor and lay their eggs singly or in small groups on the outside surface of plants. Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) pupa Chrysalis redirects here: for other meanings see Chrysalis (disambiguation). ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... Subfamilies Idolothripinae Phlaeothripinae Phlaeothripidae is a family of thrips with hundreds of genera. ...

Due to their small size, cryptophilic behavior, and high rate of reproduction, thrips are difficult to control using classical biological control. Only two families of parasitoid hymenoptera are known to hunt them, the Eulophidae and the Trichogrammatidae. More effective biocontrol agents include members of the Anthocorid bugs and the Phytoseiid mites, who are small and slender enough to penetrate the crevices that thrips hide in while feeding, and prey extensively on eggs and larvae. For this reason, many growers are occasionally forced to make limited use of pesticides to control thrips populations in the field and in greenhouses. Predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on a cotton plant Biological control of pests and diseases is a method of controlling pests (including weeds and diseases) in agriculture that relies on natural predation, parasitism or other natural mechanism, rather than introduced chemicals. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ... Diversity 5 subfamilies c. ... Genera ca. ... Genera see text The Anthocoridae are a family of bugs, commonly called pirate bugs. ... Subfamilies [1] Amblyseiinae Phytoseiinae Typhlodrominae Phytoseiidae is a family of mites which feed on thrips and other mite species. ... the plane is spreading pesticide. ...

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Systematics

Diversity 24 recent genera (5 fossil), ca. ... Subfamilies Dendrothripinae Panchaetothripinae Sericothripinae Thripinae The Thripidae are a family of thrips with hundreds of genera. ... Subfamilies Idolothripinae Phlaeothripinae Phlaeothripidae is a family of thrips with hundreds of genera. ... Subfamilies Idolothripinae Phlaeothripinae Phlaeothripidae is a family of thrips with hundreds of genera. ...

References

^ W. D. J. Kirk (1996). Thrips: Naturalists' Handbooks 25. The Richmond Publishing Company.

L. R. Nault (1997). Arthropod transmission of plant viruses: a new synthesis. Annals of Entomological Society of America 90: 521–541.
W. B. Hunter, D. E. Ullman & A. Moore (1994). "Electronic monitoring: characterizing the feeding behavior of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)", in M. M. Ellsbury, E. A. Backus & D. L. Ullman: History, Development, and Application of AC Electronic Insect Feeding Monitors. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, 73–85.
W. B. Hunter & D. E. Ullman (1992). Anatomy and ultrastructure of the piercing-sucking mouthparts and paraglossal sensilla of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) 21: 17–35.
W. B. Hunter & D. E. Ullman (1989). Analysis of mouthpart movements during feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and F. schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 18: 161–171.

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Systematics

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References

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Systematics