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Red brick timberframe building in Poznań, Poland

Timber framing is the description of how a house is built using mortise and tenon joinery. There are several ways of describing timber framing. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 606 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (808 × 800 pixels, file size: 298 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Timber framing building, WierzbiÄ™cice Str. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 606 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (808 × 800 pixels, file size: 298 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Timber framing building, WierzbiÄ™cice Str. ... Coordinates: , Country Voivodeship Powiat city county Gmina PoznaÅ„ Established 8th century City Rights 1253 Government  - Mayor Ryszard Grobelny Area  - City 261. ... Diagram of a Mortise and Tenon Joint Simple and strong, the mortise and tenon joint (also called the mortice and tenon) has been used for millennia by woodworkers around the world to join two pieces of wood, most often at an angle close to 90°. Although there are many variations...

One of the first people to use the term half-timbered was Mary Martha Sherwood (1775-1851) who employed it in her book The Lady of the Manor, published in several volumes from 1823-1829. She uses the term picturesquely: Mrs. ...

‘passing through a gate in a quickset hedge, we arrived at the porch of an old half-timbered cottage, where an aged man and woman received us’.

It is not a term she uses generally for all timber-framed buildings, for elsewhere she writes:

‘an old cottage, half hid by the pool-dam, built with timber, painted black, and with white stucco, and altogether presenting a ruinous and forlorn appearance’.

By 1842, the term had found its way into The Encyclopedia of Architecture by Joseph Gwilt (1784-1863). Joseph Gwilt (January 11, 1784 - September 14, 1863), English architect and writer, was the younger son of George Gwilt, architect surveyor to the county of Surrey, and was born at Southwark. ...

The structure

The main structure

The completed frame of a modern timber frame home

Projecting ("jettied") upper storeys of an English half-timbered village rowhouse, the jetties plainly visible

Timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with pegged mortise and tenon joints (lengthening scarf joints and lap joints are also used). Diagonal bracing is used to prevent racking of the structure.
Photo of a completed timber framed structure designed and built by Goshen Timber Frames in North Carolina, USA. Photograph by Patrick Dinnen licensed under Creative Commons. ... Photo of a completed timber framed structure designed and built by Goshen Timber Frames in North Carolina, USA. Photograph by Patrick Dinnen licensed under Creative Commons. ... Download high resolution version (768x1054, 271 KB)A double jettied medieval building. ... Download high resolution version (768x1054, 271 KB)A double jettied medieval building. ... Alternate meanings: See Jetty (web server) Alternate meanings: See Jetty (river, dock and maritime structures) A double jettied timber framed building. ... Simple and strong, the mortise and tenon joint (also called the mortice and tenon) has been used for centuries by woodworkers around the world to join two pieces of wood, most often at an angle close to 90°. Although there are many variations on the theme, the basic idea is... Simple and strong, the mortise and tenon joint (also called the mortice and tenon) has been used for centuries by woodworkers around the world to join two pieces of wood, most often at an angle close to 90°. Although there are many variations on the theme, the basic idea is...

Historically the timbers would have been hewn square using a felling axe and finish surfaced with a broad axe. If required, smaller timbers were ripsawn from the hewn baulks using pitsaws or frame saws. Today it is more common for timbers to be bandsawn and the timbers may sometimes be machine planed on all four sides.

To deal with the variable sizes and shapes of hewn and sawn timbers the two main historical layout methods used were: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry. Scribing was used throughout Europe, especially from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and was brought to North America where it was common into the early 19th century. In a scribe frame every timber will only fit in one place so that every timber has to be numbered. Square rule carpentry developed in New England in the 18th century and features housed joints in main timbers to allow for interchangeable braces and girts. Today regularized timber can mean that timber framing is treated as joinery especially when cut by large CNC machines.

To finish the walls, the spaces between the timbers were often infilled with wattle-and-daub, brick or rubble, with plastered faces on the exterior and interior which were often “ceiled” with wainscoting for insulation and warmth. This method of infilling the spaces created the half-timbered style, with the timbers of the frame being visible both inside and outside the building. Kaiser Medical Center in Richmond, California has infilled its employee parking to expand the hospitals emergency services department. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ... Wainscot or wainscoting (pronounced with a long ō, as in oat) is wooden or other panelling applied to the lower 1. ... Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ...

Jetties

Where the houseowner could afford it, the more expensive technique of jettying was incorporated in the construction of the house. Home owners were taxed on their ground-floor square footage; jettying allows higher stories to have larger square footage than the ground floor. Alternate meanings: See Jetty (web server) Alternate meanings: See Jetty (river, dock and maritime structures) A double jettied timber framed building. ...

A jetty is an upper floor that depends on a cantilever system in which a horizontal beam, the jetty bressummer, on which the wall above rests, projects outward beyond the floor below. A schematic image of two cantilevers. ...

The vertical timbers

The vertical timbers include:

• posts (main supports at corners and other major uprights),
• studs (subsidiary upright limbs in framed walls), for example, close studding.

A pole is a long and stiff cylinder usually made of wood, aluminium, iron, carbon fiber, or other materials. ... Look up Stud in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Crown Inn, Nantwich, an example of late 16th century close studding Close studding is a form of timber work used in timber-framed buildings in which vertical timbers (studs) are set close together, dividing the wall into narrow panels. ...

The horizontal timbers

The horizontal timbers include:

• sill-beams (also called ground-sills or sole-pieces, at the bottom of a wall into which posts and studs are fitted using tenons),
• noggin-pieces (the horizontal timbers forming the tops and bottoms of the frames of infill-panels),
• wall-plates (at the top of timber-framed walls that support the trusses and joists of the roof).

It is when jettying is included, however, that by far the greatest number of horizontal elements are present: Look up truss in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A joist, in architecture and engineering, is one of the supporting bars that run from wall to wall to support a ceiling (or floor). ...

• the jetty bressummer (or breastsummer), the main sill on which the projecting wall above rests and which stretches across the whole width of the jetty wall. The bressummer is itself cantilevered forward beyond the wall below.
• the dragon-beam which runs diagonally from one corner to another, and supports the corner posts above and is supported by the corner posts below.
• the jetty beams or joists which conform to the greater dimensions of the floor above but rest at right angles on the jetty-plates that conform to the shorter dimensions of the floor below. The jetty beams are morticed at 45° into the sides of the dragon beams. They are the main constituents of the cantilever system and they determine how far the jetty projects
• the jetty-plates, designed to carry the jetty beams. The jetty plates themselves are supported by the corner posts of the recessed floor below.

The sloping timbers

The sloping timbers include:

• trusses (the slanting timbers forming the triangular framework at gables and roof),
• braces (slanting beams giving extra support between horizontal or vertical members of the timber frame),
• herringbone bracing (a decorative and supporting style of frame, usually at 45 ° to the upright and horizontal directions of the frame).

In medicine, a truss is a kind of surgical appliance, particularly one used for hernia patients. ... The House of the Seven Gables, Salem, Massachusetts, showing four gables in this view. ... The roofs of Olomouc, Czech Republic. ... When laying bricks, the manner in which the bricks overlap is called the bond. ...

Modern features

Porch of a modern timber framed home

It is in the United States and Canada, however, that the art of timber frame construction has been revived since the 1970s, and is now experiencing a thriving renaissance of the ancient skills. This is largely due to such practitioners as Steve Chappell, Jack Sobon Tedd Benson and who studied old plans and techniques and revived the technique that had been long neglected. Photograph by Patrick Dinnen and released under Creative commons licence. ... Photograph by Patrick Dinnen and released under Creative commons licence. ...

Timber framed structures differ from conventional wood framed buildings in several ways. Timber framing uses fewer, larger wooden members, commonly using timbers with dimensions in the range of 15 to 30 cm (6" to 12") as opposed to common wood framing which uses many more timbers with their dimensions usually in the 5 to 25 cm (2" to 10") range. The methods of fastening the frame members also differ, in conventional framing the members are joined using nails or other mechanical fasteners while timber framing uses mortice and tenon or more complex joints which are usually fastened using only wooden pegs. A pile of nails. ...

Recently it has become common to surround the timber structure entirely in manufactured panels, such as SIPs (Structural Insulating Panels). This method of enclosure means that the timbers can only be seen from inside the building, but has the benefits of being less complex to build and offering more efficient heat insulation. Structural Insulated Panels are a sandwich construction of two rigid composite materials usually wood based like OSB or plywood with a foamed insulating material in between either by gluing billets as in EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) or foamed and formed in place with polyurethane. The advantage of this for timber framing in the modern world is less of a dependency on bracing and auxiliary members like minor joists and rafters as the panels can span a considerable distance and greatly increase the stiffness of the timber frame itself. Structural insulated panels (or structural insulating panels), SIPs, are a composite building material. ... OSB-production before the press Oriented strand board, or OSB, is an engineered wood product formed by layering strands (flakes) of wood in specific orientations. ... A polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links. ...

Alternative ways include the use of straw bale construction. The straw bales are stacked for the walls with various finishes applied to the interior and exterior such as stucco and plaster. This appeals to the traditionalist and the environmentalist as this is using "found" materials to build. Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ...

History and traditions

Anne Hvides Gaard, Svendborg, Denmark, from 1560

House in Schwerin, Germany, built in 1698

Farmhouse in Wormshill, England

The techniques used in timber framing date back thousands of years, and have been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, Europe and medieval England. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Anne Hvides Gaard, Svendborgs oldest residential building, currently a restored museum, from 1560 Svendborg is a city in central Denmark, located in Svendborg municipality (population 42. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 458 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,911 × 2,499 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 458 × 599 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,911 × 2,499 pixels, file size: 2. ... Schwerin is a town in northern Germany. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Wormshill is a small village in Kent, England, situated at a high point on the North Downs between Sittingbourne and Maidstone some ten miles south of The Swale. ...

Half-timbered construction in the Northern European vernacular building style is characteristic of medieval and early modern Denmark, England, Germany and parts of France, in localities where timber was in good supply and building stone and the skills to work it were in short supply. In half-timbered construction timbers that were riven in half provided the complete skeletal framing of the building. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood...

Some Roman carpentry preserved in anoxic layers of clay at Romano-British villa sites demonstrate that sophisticated Roman carpentry had all the necessary techniques for this construction. The earliest surviving (French) half-timbered buildings date from the 12th century. Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. ... For other uses, see Clay (disambiguation). ... Romano-British is a term used to refer to the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire (and later the Western Roman Empire) and in the years after the Roman departure exposed to Roman culture and Christian religion. ... The Albertian Villa Medici in Fiesole: terraced grounds on a sloping site. ... A carpenter is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry -- a wide range of woodworking that includes constructing buildings, furniture, and other large objects out of wood. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ...

A runic significance?

In "Rune Might: History and Practices of the Early 20th Century German Rune Magicians", Stephen Flowers states that Philipp Stauff, an occult, Armanen Runic practitioner and student of Guido von List and his society (who later became its president after List's death) theorized in his book "Runenhauser", published in 1912 in Berlin where he moved to, that the patterns made by the wooden beams in the half-timbered (German: Fachwerk) houses had a runic significance, and that one who knew the code could actually read the hidden meaning of the "rune houses". This theory later became a popular aspect of esoteric runology. It is believed by Nigel Pennick in his books "Secrets of the Runes: Discover the Magic of the Ancient Runic Alphabet", "Runes: How to Interpret the Ancient System of the Runes (Complete Illustrated Guide S.)"", "A History of Pagan Europe", "Rune Magic" and "Masterworks: The Arts and Crafts of Traditional Buildings in Northern Europe" that this was done for protection purposes. German researchers today oppose this view. They argue, that carpenters of the 16th, 17th or 19th century could not possibly have such secret knowledge about runology. Most patterns simply refer to Gothic or Renaissance architecture. Stephen Edred Flowers Ph. ... Philipp Stuaff was a German/Austrian prominent Berlin journalist, Armanist, close friend of Guido von List and was a founding member of the Guido-von-List-Society. ... For other uses, see Occult (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Runology is the study of the Runic alphabets and inscriptions. ... Nigel Campbell Pennick Nigel Campbell Pennick, born 1946 in Guildford, Surrey, England in the United Kingdom, is a widely known and respected practitioner in, and authority on, Occultism, Germanic history, Runology or Odinic Runosophy, history, Magick and Natural Magic. ... The western facade of Reims Cathedral, France. ... Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by Bramante. ...

The English tradition

Timber-framed shops in Holborn, London

Historic timber framed houses in Warwick, England

Old houses in Pont-Audemer (Normandy, France)

Half-timbered houses in the Petite-France quarter of Strasbourg

Hornburg (Germany)

Braubach (Germany)

Molded plaster ornamentation ("pargetting") further enriched some English Tudor houses. Half-timbering is characteristic of English vernacular architecture in East Anglia, Worcestershire, Herefordshire and Cheshire, where one of the most elaborate surviving English examples of half-timbered construction is Little Moreton Hall. In the Midlands, the oldest timber house in Sheffield, the "Bishops' House" c1500, shows traditional "half-timbered" construction. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 797 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (3,040 × 2,288 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 797 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (3,040 × 2,288 pixels, file size: 2. ... Holborn (pronounced ho-bun or ho-burn) is a place in London, named after a tributary to the river Fleet that flowed through the area, the Hole-bourne (the stream in the hollow). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Warwick (pronounced or War-ick (silent w in middle)) is the historic county town of Warwickshire in England and has a population of 25,434 (2001 census). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 751 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Timber framing ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 751 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Timber framing ... Pont-Audemer is a commune and a canton of the département of Eure, in the Haute-Normandie région of Normandy, in France. ... Image File history File links France_Strasbourg_Houses. ... Image File history File links France_Strasbourg_Houses. ... Petite-France is an area in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... Download high resolution version (2064x1569, 2680 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2064x1569, 2680 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x800, 89 KB)Mike Chapman - public domain I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x800, 89 KB)Mike Chapman - public domain I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Braubach is a town and a municipality in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ... Pargeting is a decorative plastering applied to building walls. ... Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize a method of construction which uses locally available resources to address local needs. ... Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ... Worcestershire (pronounced ; abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England. ... Herefordshire is a historic and ceremonial county and unitary district (known as County of Herefordshire) in the West Midlands region of England. ... For other uses, see Cheshire (disambiguation). ... Little Moreton Hall is a manor house in Congleton, Cheshire. ... Bishops House Bishops House is the oldest survivng half-timbered house in the City of Sheffield, England. ... 1500 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the Weald of Kent and Sussex, the half-timbered structure of the Wealden house, consisted of an open hall with bays on either side and often jettied upper floors. A weald once meant a dense forest, especially the famous great wood once stretching far beyond the ancient counties of Sussex and Kent, England, where this country of smaller woods is still called the Weald. ... For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation). ... This article refers to the historic county in England. ... For other uses, see Hall (disambiguation). ... Alternate meanings: See Jetty (web server) Alternate meanings: See Jetty (river, dock and maritime structures) A double jettied timber framed building. ...

Half-timbered construction went with colonists to North America in the early 17th century but was soon left behind in New England and the mid-Atlantic colonies for clapboard facings (another tradition of East Anglia). Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ...

The French tradition

Elaborately half-timbered housefronts of the 15th century are still remaining in Bourges, Troyes, Rouen, Strasbourg, Thiers, and other cities. Bourges is a town and commune in central France that is located on the Yèvre river. ... City flag City coat of arms A street in Troyes. ... Rouen (pronounced in French, sometimes also ) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région. ... For other uses, see Strasburg. ... Thiers is a commune of the Puy-de-Dôme département, in France. ...

The German tradition

In Germany, cities as Quedlinburg, Hildesheim or Celle are famed for their 16th century half-timbered elaborately graven housefronts. In the later 16th century and mainly in south Germany, timbers are often elaborately carved and spaces infilled with smaller timbering not only for reasons decorative but also structural. Quedlinburg is a town located near the Harz mountains, in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. ...   is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Celle is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

The Deutsche Fachwerkstraße, the “Route that links Germany’s Medieval Timber-framed Houses”, runs from Lower Saxony in the north of the country, via Hesse and southern Thuringia to Bavaria is an area renowned for its highly picturesque half-timbered buildings. With an area of 47,618 km and nearly eight million inhabitants, Lower Saxony (German Niedersachsen) lies in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the countrys sixteen Bundesl nder (federal states). ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE7 Capital Wiesbaden Largest city Frankfurt Minister-President Roland Koch (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 5 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  21,100 km² (8,147 sq mi) Population 6,077,000 (08/2006)[1]  - Density... The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen) is located in central Germany and is considered one of the smaller of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), with an area of 16,200 km² and 2. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...

The Canadian tradition

Called colombage pierroté in Quebec as well other areas of Canada, half-timbered construction infilled with stone and rubble survived into the 19th century and was consciously revived at the end of the century. In Western Canada it was used on buildings in the Red River Settlement; the Men's House at Lower Fort Garry is a good example of colombage pierroté. This article is about the Canadian province. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Red River Colony was a colonization project set up by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk in 1811 on 300 000 km² of land granted to him by the Hudsons Bay Company under what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession. ... Lower Fort Garry, ca. ...

Revival styles in later centuries

When half-timbering regained popularity in Britain after 1860 in the various revival styles, such as the "Queen Anne style" houses by Richard Norman Shaw and others, it was often used to evoke a "Tudor" atmosphere (see Tudorbethan), though in Tudor times half-timbering had begun to look rustic and was increasingly limited to villages houses (illustration, above left). In 1912, Allen W. Jackson published The Half-Timber House: Its Origin, Design, Modern Plan, and Construction, and rambling half-timbered beach houses appeared on dunefront properties in Rhode Island or under palm-lined drives of Beverly Hills. During the 1920s increasingly minimal gestures towards some half-timbering in commercial speculative house-building saw the fashion peter out. 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Buttermans, the historic home of John Newman, the butter king, is one of several Queen Anne mansions in Elgin, Illinois The Queen Anne style of British and American architecture reached its greatest popularity in the last quarter of the 19th century, manifesting itself in a number of different ways... House in Frognal, 1885 Richard Norman Shaw (Edinburgh May 7, 1831 – London November 17, 1912), was the most influential British architect from the 1870s to the 1900s, known for his country houses and for commercial buildings. ... The Tudorbethan Revival which manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the20th century, and was also of influence in some other countries. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see: Beverly Hills (disambiguation). ...

It should be noted, however, that in the revival styles, such as Tudorbethan, the "half-timbered" appearance is superimposed on the brickwork or any other material as an outside decorative façade rather than consisting of the main timber frame that supported the whole structure as in original half-timbered building. West façade of the Notre-Dame de Strasbourg Cathedral A facade (or façade) is the exterior of a building – especially the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear. ...

Advantages

The use of timber framing in buildings offers various aesthetic and structural benefits, as the timber frame lends itself to open plan designs and allows for complete enclosure in effective insulation for energy efficiency.

The timber frame structure goes up quickly in its modern incarnation. While some modern shops still cut the timbers with hand tools and hand guided power tools, modern computerized numeric control (CNC) machinery has been readily adapted to the task. This eliminates much of the repetitive labor from the process, but still often requires hand-finishing; most notably, the complexity of hip/valley joinery as of yet cannot be duplicated by CNC machinery beyond simple cuts. Additionally, due to the rigid timber requirements of CNC machinery, odd sized, tree trunk, hand hewn, and recycled timbers are usually hand cut even in the machine dominated shops. For other uses, see CNC (disambiguation). ...

One aid in speeding up assembly on site is prefitting the frame, usually in bent or wall sections that are laid out on the shop floor. This can assure a correct fit and with predrilling for the pegs it speeds the site process. This pre-fitting in the shop is independent of a machine or hand cut system. Valley and Hip timbers usually are not prefit but careful layout and checking can catch most errors.

Quite literally in 2-3 days an average size timber frame home can be erected and within a week to 2 weeks after that the shell of the house is ready for "drying in", which is to say ready for windows, mechanical, and roofing. The shell in this case would be with SIP or Structural Insulated Panels.

The timber frame can give the home owner the ability to make a creative statement through the use of design and specialty touches like carvings of favorite quotes and incorporating timbers from heirloom structures, like a barn from a family homestead.

Disadvantages

Because the structure is made from wood, it inherits any disadvantages wood may exhibit as an engineering material. Some possible disadvantages of wood as opposed to some other building materials include:

• Noise from footsteps in adjacent rooms both above, below and on the same floor in such buildings can be quite audible.

• The possibility of infestation by insects such as termites, cockroaches or powderpost beetles, or by other pest animals such as mice and rats.

• Various types of rot in both wet and dry conditions, the latter of which is specifically called dry rot.

• Other fungi that are non-destructive to the wood, but are harmful to humans such as black mold.

• Wood burns more readily than some other materials, making timber frame buildings somewhat more susceptible to fire damage, although this idea is not universally accepted: Since the cross-sectional dimensions of many structural members exceed 15 cm × 15 cm (6" × 6"), timber frame structures benefit from the unique properties of large timbers, which char on the outside forming an insulated layer that protects the rest of the beam from burning. [1][2]

• Many older timber frame buildings, especially those built before the 1950s, are more vulnerable to damage during an earthquake. Many design improvements were made in the latter half of the 20th century that improve the earthquake resistance of this type of structure.

Families Mastotermitidae Kalotermitidae Termopsidae Hodotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Serritermitidae Termitidae Reference: Earthlife as of 2002-07-26 A termite (also known as a white ant) is any member of the order Isoptera, a group of social insects that eat wood and other cellulose-rich vegetable matter. ... For other uses, see Cockroaches. ... True Powderpost beetles are a group of woodboring beetles in the insect subfamily Lyctidae and the false powderpost beetles, the family Bostrichidae. ... Larval form of some beetle is damaging specimen of Sceliphron destillatorius in entomogical collection. ... This article is about the animal. ... Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... The aviation term ROT stands for rate one turn. ... Dry rot is a disease of trees, often caused by the fungal species Merulis lacrymans, Poria incrassata, and/or Serpula lacrymans. ... For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... ... This article is about the chemical reaction combustion. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

See also

• Norman architecture
• Weatherboarding
• Light-frame construction
  • Platform framing
  • Balloon framing
• Carpenter

The nave of Durham Cathedral demonstrates the characteristic round arched style, though use of shallow pointed arches above the nave is a forerunner of the Gothic style. ... In British usage, weatherboarding is the cladding or ‘siding’ of a house consisting of long thin boards that overlap one another horizontally on the outside of the wall. ... It has been suggested that Stick-frame construction be merged into this article or section. ... Balloon framing is method of wood construction used primarily in Scandinavia and the United States. ... Balloon framing is method of wood construction used primarily in Scandinavia and the United States. ... Carpenter at work in Tennessee, June 1942. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Timber Framing

• Timber Home Network - A comprehensive resource on log and timber homes.
• Fox Maple School of Traditional Building - Fine Craftsmanship is at the heart of our teaching philosophy
• Plantation Pine Framing Campaign
• Timber Development Association of NSW - Australia
• The Natural Building Network - find natural builders, teachers and resources.
• Buffalo (New York) as an architectural museum: Half-timber in a variety of North American revival styles
• The German half-timber route: where to find half-timbered village and town houses in Germany (map)
• The German Framework Road Extensive information on German fachwerkhaeuser, with a 2000km route through Germany.
• Website of The Timber Frame Business Council
• Website of The Timber Framers Guild
• Website of The Carpenters Fellowship
• A German tourist route showcasing many historical timber framed buildings
• TRADA: Timber Research And Development Association
• Rural Crafts Courses in North Wales - Timber framing courses, Charcoal making, greenwood carving and more!
• History & Construction of Medieval Timber-framed Houses in England & Wales A comprehensive outline with many pictures and links
• Timber Engineering Reference Links, Conferences, Standards, Dictionary,...
• Canadian Wood Council - Wood building design tools, case studies and references.
• Grand Oaks Academy of Timber Framing Timber Framing courses, Timber Frame plans

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...