History of Germany
Ancient times
Germanic peoples
Migration Period
Frankish Empire
Medieval times
East Francia
Kingdom of Germany
Holy Roman Empire
East Colonisation
Sectionalism
Building a nation
Confederation of the Rhine
German Confederation
German Revolutions of 1848
North German Confederation
Unification of Germany
The German Reich
German Empire
World War I
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
World War II
Post-war Germany since 1945
Occupation + Ostgebiete
Expulsion of Germans
FR Germany + GDR
German reunification
Present day Germany
Germany
Topical
Military history of Germany
Territorial changes of Germany
Timeline of German history
History of the German language
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This is a timeline of German history. To read about the background to these events, see History of Germany. See also List of German monarchs, Lists of office-holders and List of years in Germany. The History of Germany begins with the establishment of the nation from Ancient Roman times to the 8th century, and then continues into the Holy Roman Empire dating from the 9th century until 1806 . ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Thor/Donar, Germanic thunder god. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ... The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. ... Eastern Francia were the lands of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. ... The Kingdom of Germany was a medieval state[1] which grew out of that of East Francia in the tenth century, when the term regnum Teutonicum first came into informal use. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... Image File history File links Den_tyske_ordens_skjold. ... Evolution of German linguistic area from 700 to 1950 Settlement in the East (German: ), also known as German eastward expansion, refers to the eastward migration and settlement of Germans into regions inhabited since the Great Migrations by the Balts, Romanians, Hungarians and, since about the 8th century, the Slavs. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Kleinstaaterei, a German word for the occurence of (many) petty states is a polyvalent term, mainly used for the internal state of Germany (and neighbouring regions) during the Holy Roman Empire, especially in its late phase, when it was officially known as Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Confederation of the Rhine in 1812 Capital Frankfurt Political structure Confederation Protector Napoleon I Primate  - 1806-1813 Karl von Dalberg  - 1813 Eugène de Beauharnais Historical era Napoleonic Wars  - Formation 12 July, 1806  - Collapse 19 October, 1813 The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (German: ; French: ) lasted from... Image File history File links Wappen_Deutscher_Bund. ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 38 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... Map of the North German Confederation Capital Berlin Political structure Federation Presidency Prussia (William I) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck History  - Constitution tabelled April 16, 1867  - Confederation formed July 1, 1867  - Elevation to empire January 18, 1871 The North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund) came into existence in 1867, following... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... This article is about the 1871 German Empire. ... The history of Germany is, in places, extremely complicated and depends much on how one defines Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The German Empire was one of the defeated Central Powers during World War I. It entered the conflict following the declaration of war against Serbia by its ally, Austria-Hungary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(2-3). ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Image File history File links Balkenkreuz. ... When in 1933 German dictator Adolf Hitler gained power, the world was little (if at all), aware of the intensity and duration of the armed conflict that would follow in just a few short years. ... Following Germanys defeat in World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, Germany was split, representing the focus of the two global blocs in the east and west. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(1946-1949). ... The C-Pennant Occupation zones in Germany (1945) Capital Berlin (de jure) Political structure Military occupation Governors (1945)  - UK zone F.M. Montgomery  - French zone Gen. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... Former eastern territories of Germany (German: ) describes collectively those provinces or regions east of the Oder-Neisse line which were internationally recognised as part of the territory of Germany after the formation of the German Empire in 1871. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_(1946-1949). ... Germans expelled from the Sudetenland // The expulsion of Germans after World War II refers to the forced migration of people considered Germans (Reichsdeutsche and some Volksdeutsche) from various European states and territories during 1945 and in the first three years after World War II 1946-48. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... West Germany was the informal but almost universally used name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 until 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_East_Germany. ... “East Germany” redirects here. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... This article is about the 1990 German reunification. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Bundeswehr_Kreuz. ... While German-speaking peoples have a long history, Germany as a nation-state dates only from 1871. ... // Part of the motivation behind the territorial changes are based on events in the history of Germany and Europe, especially Eastern Europe. ... The history of German as separate from common West Germanic begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift. ... The History of Germany begins with the establishment of the nation from Ancient Roman times to the 8th century, and then continues into the Holy Roman Empire dating from the 9th century until 1806 . ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... These are lists of incumbents, i. ... This is a list of years in Germany. ...

This timeline is incomplete; some important events may be missing. Please help add to it.

• 1000 BC - 500 BC, the Germanic tribes appear in northern Germany, see the [[and the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
• 600 - 300 BC (approximately) East Germanic tribes move from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers
• 113 BC - 439 AD Germanic Wars between Germanic tribes and the Romans
• 109 BC Confederation of the Cimbri, Teutoni and Helvetii formed
• 57 BC [[Julius Caesar]'s Gallic Wars; Caesar invades region which becomes Germania Inferior
• 53 BC Eburones, Nervii, Menapii and Morinii tribes revolt but are put down by Caesar.
• 50 BC (approximately) Ingvaeones become Frisians, Saxons, Jutes and Angles by about now
• 45 BC Pizza was invented by Baultimore Van Estrugi
• 8 BC Marcomanni and Quadi drive the Boii out of Bohemia
• 10 BC (approximately) differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes (Alamanni, Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, Suebi) in area formerly occupied by
• 8 BC Confederation of Marcomanni,Semnones, Lombards of others
• 1 BC The making of cheese was invented and advertised in trade by San Fernando de Luigarpi Rodrigaru van Morgan

This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... AD redirects here. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... A map of the area covered by the Pre-Roman Iron Age, ca 500 BC-1 AD The Pre-Roman Iron Age (also called the Celtic Iron Age) (ca 600 BC or 500 BC - ca 1 AD) designates the earliest part (i. ... The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers between 600 - 300 BC. Later they went to the south. ... For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ... The Oder (known in Czech, Slovak and Polish as Odra) is a river in Central Europe. ... For other uses, see Vistula (disambiguation). ... The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of Wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 439 AD1. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... The migrations of the Teutons and the Cimbri The Cimbri were a Celtic tribe who together with the Teutones and the Ambrones threatened the Roman Republic in the late 2nd century BC. The ancient sources located their home of origin in the northern Jutland. ... This entry is about the Teutonic people, not to be confused with the Teutonic Knights. ... A map of Gaul showing the northern Alpine position of the Helvetii. ... Combatants Roman Republic Several Gallic tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus Mark Antony Quintus Cicero Vercingetorix, Ambiorix, Commius, among other The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns by several invading Roman legions under the command of Julius Caesar into Gaul, and the subsequent uprisings of the Gallic tribes. ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ... The Eburones were a Belgic tribe based of north-eastern Gaul in the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar describes them as being of Germanic origin. ... The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgic tribes, living east of the Scheldt in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC. They were of Germanic origin and must have settled in their country in c. ... The Menapii were a Belgic tribe of north-eastern Gaul in the 1st century BC, dwelling around the Rhine estuary, and extending inland towards the Ardennes. ... Also referred to as Ingaevones, North Sea Germans (Ingwäonen, Nordsee-Germanen in German). ... The Frisians are an ethnic group of northwestern Europe, inhabiting an area known as Frisia. ... For other uses, see Saxon (disambiguation). ... For the coarse vegetable textile fiber, see Jute. ... White cliffs of Dover in England White cliffs of Rugen down the Baltic coast from Schleswig The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestor of Angeln, a modern district located in Schleswig, Germany. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. ... Boii (Latin plural, singular Boius; Greek Βοιοι) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul (modern France) and Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy), as well as in Pannonia (today Western Hungary), Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of west Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, a river that is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, on land that is today... An ancient tribe of Germanic people who occupied the area around what is now Thuringia, Saxony, and Northern Bavaria, from roughly around 1 AD, to 400 AD. -Alternate spellings: Hermunduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, Hermonduli ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. ... Suebi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ... The Semnoni (German: ) or Semnones were a Germanic tribe which was settled between the Elbe and the Oder in the 1st century when they were described by Tacitus. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence comes the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ...

1 AD–800 AD

Reconstructed Limes watch tower, near Rheinbrohl, Germany

• 9 AD Battle of the Teutoburg Forest establishes the boundary between Romans and Germanic peoples.
  • Upper Germanic Limes begun
• 16 AD Battle of the Weser River (Battle of Minden) between Romans (Germanicus) and Arminius, chief of the Cherusci
• 68 Year of the four emperors
• 69 Batavian rebellion of the Batavians led by Civilis against the Roman Empire
• 90 Germania Superior and Germania Inferior established as Imperial Roman provinces (Germania)
• 268 Battle of Lake Benacus between the Alamanni and Claudius II
  • Battle of Naissus between the Goths and Gallienus
• 300 - 900 (approximately) Völkerwanderung
• 496 Battle of Tolbiac between the Franks and the Alamanni
• 530 Pope Boniface II consecrated
• 5th - 9th century High German consonant shift distinguishes High German languages from other West Germanic languages
• 715 Saint Boniface begins his work as a missionary

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1144x856, 659 KB) [edit] Summary en:: Description: Reconstructed Limes watch tower, near Rheinbrohl / Germany Author: Schwing, picture taken 06. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1144x856, 659 KB) [edit] Summary en:: Description: Reconstructed Limes watch tower, near Rheinbrohl / Germany Author: Schwing, picture taken 06. ... Reconstructed Limes near Saalburg, Germany. ... Rheinbrohl is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. ... AD redirects here. ... Combatants Germanic tribes (Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri and Chauci) Roman Empire Commanders Arminius Publius Quinctilius Varus † Strength 10,000 to 18,000 3 Roman legions, 3 alae and 6 auxiliary cohorts, probably 20,000 - 25,000 Casualties Unknown; but far less than Roman losses 15,000-20,000 The Battle... Reconstructed Limes near Saalburg, Germany. ... Combatants Roman Empire Germanic tribes Commanders Germanicus Arminius The Battle of the Weser River, sometimes known as a first Battle of Minden, was fought in 16 between Roman legions commanded by Emperor Tiberius heir and adopted son Germanicus, and an alliance of Germanic tribes commanded by Arminius. ... Germanicus Julius Caesar Claudianus (24 May 15 BC–October 10, 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of the early Roman Empire. ... The Hermannsdenkmal Arminius (also Armin, 18 BC/17 BC - 21 AD) was a chieftain of the Cherusci who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession. ... This article, Batavian rebellion, includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... The Batavii (or Batavi, Batavians) were a Germanic, or possibly Celtic tribe reported by Julius Caesar and Tacitus to have lived around the Rhine delta, in the area which is currently the Netherlands. ... Gaius Julius Civilis was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD. By his name, it can be told that he (or one of his male ancestors) was made a Roman citizen (and thus, the tribe a Roman vassal) by either Augustus Caesar or Caligula. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Roman provinces | German history | Germany | History of the Germanic peoples ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern and western Netherlands, the whole of Belgium and Luxembourg, parts of north-eastern France, and western Germany. ... An imperial province was a Roman province where the Emperor had the sole right to appoint governors. ... Map of the Roman Empire and the free Germania, Magna Germania, in the early 2nd century For other uses, see Germania (disambiguation). ... Combatants Roman Empire Alamanni Commanders Claudius II Strength 35,000 100,000 Casualties 50,000 The Battle of Lake Benacus was one of the decisive battles that marked the beginning of the Roman Empires emergence from the Crisis of the Third Century. ... Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of west Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, a river that is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, on land that is today... Claudius Gothicus on a coin celebrating his equity (AEQUITAS AUGUSTI). ... Combatants Roman Empire Goths Commanders Gallienus Aurelius Claudius (commander in chief) Domitius Aurelianus (cavalry commander) Strength unknown unknown Casualties unknown 30,000 to 50,000 The Battle of Naissus took place in September of 268 between the armies of the Goths and forces of the Roman Empire, led by Emperor... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... The German term Völkerwanderung (the migration of peoples), is used in historiography as an alternate label for the Migration Period, of Germanic, Slavic and other tribes on the European continent during the period AD 300–900. ... The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks under Clovis I and the Alamanni, traditionally in 496. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... Area settled by the Alamanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of west Germanic tribes located around the upper Main, a river that is one of the largest tributaries of the Rhine, on land that is today... Boniface II was Pope from 530 to 532. ... High German subdivides into Upper German (green) and Central German (blue), and is distinguished from Low German (yellow). ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The West Germanic languages constitute the largest branch of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English and Frisian, as well as Dutch and Afrikaans. ... For the Roman general of this name, see Bonifacius. ...

800–1000

Charlemagne, by Albrecht Dürer

• 800 Charlemagne crowned Imperator Romanorum (Emperor of the Romans); Holy Roman Empire formed
• 804 Saxons finally conquered by Charlemagne
• 843 Treaty of Verdun
• 870 Treaty of Mersen divides the Carolingian Empire
• 955 Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Hungarians at Battle of Lechfeld
• 996 Pope Gregory V consecrated

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (580x1286, 188 KB) Summary From Greek Wikipedia, see http://upload. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (580x1286, 188 KB) Summary From Greek Wikipedia, see http://upload. ... Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... Albrecht Dürer (pronounced /al. ... Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. ... Roman Emperor is the title historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... For other uses, see Saxon (disambiguation). ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Verdun. ... The Treaty of Mersen (870 AD) was an agreement of the division of the Carolingian Empire by the sons of Louis I, Charles II of the West Franks (France) and Louis the German of East Franks (Germany), signed at the town of Meerssen, which is now in the Netherlands. ... Also see: France in the Middle Ages. ... For others with the same name, see Otto I (disambiguation). ... Combatants East Francia Magyars Commanders Otto the Great harka Bulcsú; chieftains Lél and Súr Strength 10,000 heavy cavalry 50,000 light cavalry Casualties about 3,500 about 30,000 fell in the battle about 5,000 killed by local farmers maybe 5,000 fleeing Magyars killed by... Gregory V, né Bruno ( 972 – February 18, 999), Pope from May 3, 996 to February 18, 999, son of the Salian Otto I, Duke of Carinthia, who was a grandson of the Emperor Otto I the Great (936–973). ...

1000–1500

• 11th - 13th centuries Crusades
• 1046 Pope Clement II consecrated
• 1048 Pope Damasus II consecrated
• 1049 Pope Leo IX consecrated
• 1055 Pope Victor II consecrated
• 1057 Pope Stephen IX consecrated
• 1075 start of Investiture Controversy
• 1096 German Crusade, 1096
• 1098 Hildegard of Bingen born
• 12th - 14th centuries Minnesänger singers
• 1122 Concordat of Worms
• 1147 - sixteenth century Northern Crusades (Baltic Crusades) against people of North Eastern Europe around the Baltic Sea
• 1190 Teutonic Knights formed after Third Crusade
• 1190 or 1200 Nibelungenlied written
• 1214 Battle of Bouvines
• 14th to 16th centuries Meistersinger lyric poets
• 1356 Golden Bull of 1356
  

  

  Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder
  • Hanseatic League officially founded
• 1370 Treaty of Stralsund ends war between Hanseatic League and the Danes
• 1392 Victual Brothers hired by the Dukes of Mecklenburg to fight against Denmark
• 1410 Battle of Grunwald
• 1455 Gutenberg Bible first printed by Johann Gutenberg
• 1471 Albrecht Dürer born
• 1495 Imperial Reform; Reichskammergericht formed
• 1517 Martin Luther's 95 Theses
• 1521 Diet of Worms addresses Martin Luther and the effects on the Protestant Reformation
• 1522 Pope Adrian VI consecrated
• 1524 - 1526 Peasants' War
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg

This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Clement II, né Suidger of Morsleben (born Hornburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, 1005 – died October 9, 1047), Pope from December 25, 1046 to October 9, 1047). ... Damasus II (died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, Pope from July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048, was the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III (1039–56). ... Leo IX, born Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg (June 21, 1002 – April 19, 1054) was Pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. ... Victor II (c. ... Pope Stephen IX, orignally Archdeacon Frederick of Leige was a native of Germany, was pope from about July 14, 939 until his death towards the end of October, 942. ... The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ... The German Crusade of 1096 is that part of the First Crusade in which peasant crusaders, mostly from Germany, attacked not Muslims but Jews. ... Illumination from the Liber Scivias showing Hildegard receiving a vision and dictating to her scribe and secretary Hildegard of Bingen (German: Hildegard von Bingen; Latin: Hildegardis Bingensis; 1098 – 17 September 1179), also known as Blessed Hildegard and Saint Hildegard, was a German magistra who later founded convents (Rupertsberg in 1150... Walther von der Vogelweide (Codex Manesse, ca. ... The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near Worms. ... The Teutonic knights in Pskov in 1240. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ... For the state, see Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. ... The Battle of Bouvines, July 27, 1214, was the first great international conflict of alliances among national forces in Europe. ... A Meistersinger (German for master-singer) was a German lyric poet of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, who carried on and developed the traditions of the medieval Minnesingers. ... The golden seal that earned the decree the name Golden Bull The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (see Diet of Nuremberg) that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important... Download high resolution version (600x645, 471 KB)Print quality version of Luther46. ... Download high resolution version (600x645, 471 KB)Print quality version of Luther46. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... Portrait of Lucas Cranach the Elder at age 77 by Lucas Cranach the Younger (1550), at the Uffizi Gallery, Florence Lucas Cranach the Elder (Lucas Cranach der Ältere, 1472 – October 16, 1553) was a German painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. ... Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539). ... The Treaty of Stralsund (May 24, 1370) ended the war between the Hanseatic League and the kingdom of Denmark. ... Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539). ... The Victual Brothers resp. ... The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named Mikilenburg (Old German: big castle), located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. ... Combatants Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Teutonic Order and Mercenaries and Various Knights from the rest of Europe Commanders Władysław II Jagiełło, Vytautas the Great Ulrich von Jungingen† Strength 39,000 27,000 Casualties Unknown 8,000 dead 14,000 captured The Battle of Grunwald... A copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the U.S. Library of Congress The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible or the Mazarin Bible) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Albrecht Dürer (pronounced /al. ... In 1495, an attempt was made at a Reichstag in the city of Worms to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: Whether this reform can be considered successful depends on how one defines its goals; today, many scholars believe... Wetzlar, Germany: Reichskammergericht The Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court) was one of two highest judicial institutions in the Holy Roman Empire, the other one being the Reichshofrat (Aulic Council) in Vienna. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... The 95 Theses. ... For other uses, see Diet of Worms (disambiguation). ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... Reformation redirects here. ... Pope Adrian VI (Utrecht, March 2, 1459 – September 14, 1523), born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of Floris Boeyens, served as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1522 until his death. ... Peasants War map. ... The front page of the document. ...

1600–1800

• 1618 - 1648 Thirty Years War
• 1629 Edict of Restitution
• 1646 Gottfried Leibniz born
• 1648 Peace of Westphalia - European countries recognised Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire
• 1685 Johann Sebastian Bach born
• 1686 Grand Alliance formed
• 1697 August of Saxony becomes king of Poland
• 1724 Immanuel Kant born
• 1740 - 1742; 1744 - 1745; 1756 - 1763 Silesian Wars
  • War of the Austrian Succession
  • Seven Years' War pits Great Britain, Prussia and Hanover against France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony
• 1749 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe born
• 1756 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born
• 1759 Friedrich Schiller born
• 1770 Ludwig van Beethoven born
  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel born
• 1777 Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß) born
• 1788 Abitur examination introduced in Prussia
• 1789 - 1799 French revolution
• 1791 Declaration of Pillnitz
• 1792 Brunswick Proclamation; France declares war on Austria
• 1792 - 1802 French Revolutionary Wars

The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) The Thirty Years War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire, but also involving most of the major continental powers. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Leibniz redirects here. ... Ratification of the Treaty of Münster. ... “Bach” redirects here. ... The Grand Alliance was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. ... Reign From 1697, until 1706 and from 1709, until February 1, 1733 Elected In 1697 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On September 15, 1697 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Wettin Parents John George III Wettin Anne Sophie Consorts  ? Children August III Sas Maurice... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 231 /km... Kant redirects here. ... The Silesian Wars were a series of wars between Prussia and Austria (and their changing allies) for control of Silesia. ... Combatants Prussia France Spain Bavaria Naples and Sicily Sweden (1741 — 1743) Austria Great Britain Hanover Dutch Republic Saxony Kingdom of Sardinia Russia Commanders Frederick II Leopold I Leopold II Maurice de Saxe François-Marie de Broglie Charles VII Charles Emil Lewenhaupt Ludwig Khevenhüller Charles Alexander George II Charles... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain and its American Colonies Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... , Hanover(i) (German: , IPA: ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 231 /km... “Goethe” redirects here. ... “Mozart” redirects here. ... Friedrich Schiller “Schiller” redirects here. ... “Beethoven” redirects here. ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (IPA: ) (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and, with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, one of the representatives of German idealism. ... Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß) (April 30, 1777 - February 23, 1855) was a legendary German mathematician, astronomer and physicist with a very wide range of contributions; he is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. ... Abitur (from Latin abire = go away, go off) is the word commonly used in Finland and Germany for the final exams young adults (aged 18, 19 or 20) take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling. ... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... The Declaration of Pillnitz on August 27, 1791, was a statement issued at the Castle of Pillnitz in Saxony (south of Dresden) by Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Combatants Great Britain Austria Prussia Spain[1] Russia Sardinia Ottoman Empire Portugal Dutch Republic[2] France The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states. ...

1800s

• 1803 Napoleon imposes the Convention of Artlenburg
  • All of the Imperial Free Cities but six eliminated
  • All ecclesiastic land holdings in Germany abolished
    

    

    Battle of the Nations monument, Leipzig
• 1804 - 1815 Napoleonic Wars
• Austria joins the Third Coalition
• 1806 Collapse of Holy Roman Empire
  • Confederation of the Rhine formed
  • Prussia joins the Fourth Coalition
• 1807 Peace of Tilsit
• 1812 Brothers Grimm publish first collection of fairy tales
• 1812 - 1814 Sixth Coalition includes German states
• 1813 Wilhelm Richard Wagner born
  • Battle of the Nations at Leipzig: Napoleon defeated
• 1815 Congress of Vienna
  • German Confederation formed
• 1818 Karl Marx born
• 1832 Wilhelm Busch born
• 1834 Zollverein formed
• 1840 First kindergarten opened by Froebel
• 1844 Friedrich Nietzsche born
• 1848 - 1849 The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
  

  

  Cheering revolutionaries, March 1848 in Berlin
• 1848 Frankfurt Parliament convenes
• 1850 Punctation of Olmütz
• 1850 Dreiklassenwahlrecht introduced in Prussia
• 1856 Neanderthal remains found at the Neander valley
• 1858 Max Planck born
• 1863 Social Democratic Party of Germany formed
• 1864 Danish-Prussian War
• 1866 Austro-Prussian War; Battle of Königgrätz
• 1867 North German Confederation formed after collapse of German Confederation
• 1870 Franco-Prussian War
• 1871 German Empire proclaimed from North German Confederation.
• 1875 Thomas Mann born
• 1879 Albert Einstein born
• 1886 automobiles with gasoline-powered internal combustion engines produced independently by Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler
• 1888 Year of Three Emperors
• 1892 Rudolf Diesel invents Diesel engine

Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... In the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial free city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of... Prince-Bishop was the title given bishops who held secular powers, beside their inherent clerical power. ... // Background The German Mediatisation is a name applied to the series of mediatisations and secularisations which occurred in Germany during the Napoleonic Era (occurring 1795 - 1814AD). ... Download high resolution version (1457x1367, 359 KB) Picture of the Memorial to the Battle of the Nations, Leipzig, Germany. ... Download high resolution version (1457x1367, 359 KB) Picture of the Memorial to the Battle of the Nations, Leipzig, Germany. ... Map of battle by 18 October 1813, from Meyers Encyclopaedia The Battle of Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813), also called the Battle of the Nations, was the largest conflict in the Napoleonic Wars and one of the worst defeats suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia  Spain[d]  Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack... In the Napoleonic Wars, the Third Coalition against Napoléon emerged in 1805, and consisted of an alliance of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Naples, and Sweden against France. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... The Confederation of the Rhine in 1812 Capital Frankfurt Political structure Confederation Protector Napoleon I Primate  - 1806-1813 Karl von Dalberg  - 1813 Eugène de Beauharnais Historical era Napoleonic Wars  - Formation 12 July, 1806  - Collapse 19 October, 1813 The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (German: ; French: ) lasted from... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... In the Napoleonic Wars, the Fourth Coalition was an alliance organized against Napoleons French Empire in 1806–1807. ... The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July, 1807. ... For other uses, see Brothers Grimm (disambiguation). ... The Sixth Coalition (1812-1814) was a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and a number of German States against Napoleonic France. ... Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 – February 13, 1883) was an influential German composer, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his groundbreaking symphonic-operas (or music dramas). His compositions are notable for their continuous contrapuntal texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and elaborate use of leitmotifs: themes... Combatants French Empire Duchy of Warsaw Confederation of the Rhine[1] Austria Prussia Russia Sweden Commanders Napoleon I Jozef Antoni Poniatowski† Frederick Augustus of Saxony Barclay De Tolly Count Benningsen Prince of Schwarzenberg Gebhard von Blücher Prince Charles John of Sweden Strength 191,000 330,000 Casualties 38,000... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors, from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Works (with the year of publication) 1864 Bilderpossen 1865 Max and Moritz 1866 Schnaken und Schnurren 1867 Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe 1868 Schnaken und Schnurren, part II 1869 Schnurrdiburr oder die Bienen Braun 1870 Der heilige Antonius von Padua 1872 Schnaken und Schnurren, part III 1872 Die fromme Helene... Zollverein (German for customs union) or German Customs Union was formed between the 39 states of the German Confederation in 1834 during the Industrial Revolution to remove internal custom barriers, although upholding a protectionist tariff system with foreign trade partners. ... For other uses, see Kindergarten (disambiguation). ... Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel (1782-1852) was a German educationalist. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a nineteenth-century German philosopher. ... Germany at the time of the Revolutions of 1848 had been a collection of 38 states loosely bound together in the German Confederation. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x705, 154 KB) This image was copied from wikipedia:de. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x705, 154 KB) This image was copied from wikipedia:de. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... The Frankfurt Parliament is the name of the German National Assembly founded during the Revolutions of 1848 that tried to unite Germany in a democratic way. ... The Punctation of Olmütz is a treaty between Prussia and Austria, dated November 29, 1850. ... After the 1848 revolutions in the German states, the Prussian three-class franchise system (Dreiklassenwahlrecht) was introduced in 1849 by the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV for the election of the Lower House of the Prussian state parliament. ... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Neanderthal (disambiguation). ... The Neanderthal (Neandertal) is a small valley of the river Düssel in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, near the city of Mettmann. ... “Planck” redirects here. ... SPD redirects here. ... Combatants Prussia Austria German Confederation Denmark Commanders Friedrich Graf von Wrangel Christian Julius De Meza replaced by George Daniel Gerlach on February 29 Strength At the outbreak of war: 61,000 158 guns Later reinforcements: 20,000 64 guns[1] 38,000 100+ guns[2] Casualties 1,700+ killed, wounded... Combatants Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hanover and some minor German States (formerly as the German Confederation) Prussia, Italy, and some minor German States Strength 600,000 Austrians and German allies 500,000 Prussians and German allies 300,000 Italians Casualties 20,000 dead or wounded 37,000 dead... Combatants Prussia Austria Commanders Wilhelm I Helmuth von Moltke Ludwig von Benedek Strength 140,000troops in 3 Prussian Armies 90,000 Austrians and 25,000 Saxons Casualties 10,000 45,000 including 20,000 prisoners {{{notes}}} In the Battle of Königgrätz or Battle of Sadowa of July 3... Map of the North German Confederation Capital Berlin Political structure Federation Presidency Prussia (William I) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck History  - Constitution tabelled April 16, 1867  - Confederation formed July 1, 1867  - Elevation to empire January 18, 1871 The North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund) came into existence in 1867, following... Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with South German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Strength 400,000 at wars beginning 1,200,000 Casualties 150,000... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... For other persons named Thomas Mann, see Thomas Mann (disambiguation). ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... “Car” and “Cars” redirect here. ... Petrol redirects here. ... A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... Carl Benz Carl Friedrich Benz[1] (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and automobile engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile. ... Gottlieb Daimler Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler (March 17, 1834 - March 6, 1900) was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist, born in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg) what is now Germany. ... The year 1888 is commonly called Year of Three Emperors (Dreikaiserjahr) in Germany. ... This article is about Rudolf Diesel, the German inventor. ... A diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906 Rudolf Diesels 1893 patent on his engine design A Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle. ...

1900s

• 1900 Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch comes into effect
• 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  • 1914 - 1918 World War I
• 1918 End of Dreiklassenwahlrecht; universal suffrage introduced (women get the vote for the first time)
• 1919 Treaty of Versailles
  • 1919–1933 Weimar Republic
• 1920 Kapp Putsch
• 1923 Munich Putsch
• 1923 Ruhr Crisis
• 1923 Hyper-inflation
• 1923 Gustav Stresemann becomes Chancellor and introduces Rentenmark
• 1923 Dawes Plan
• 1925 - Joins the League of Nations
• 1929 Young Plan
• 1933 Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany; Gleichschaltung
  • 1933 - 1945 Nazi Germany (Third Reich)
• 1939 - 1945 World War II (see also Timeline of World War II)
  • Causes of World War II
  • Events preceding World War II in Europe
  • European Theatre of World War II
  • The Holocaust
  • End of World War II in Europe
  • German exodus from Eastern Europe
  • History of Germany since 1945
  • Red Army atrocities Include the rape of up to 2,000,000 girls and women, affecting GDR society for many decades.
• 1941 Konrad Zuse builds the first computer, Z3
• 1945 Potsdam Conference
• 1946 First of the The industrial plans for Germany is signed
• 1946 U.S. Restatement of Policy on Germany
• 1946 Party of Democratic Socialism formed
• 1947 U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 is rescinded.
• 1948 Deutsche Mark introduced
  • Free Democratic Party formed
  • 1948 - 1949 Berlin Blockade
• 1949 German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany formed (see History of East Germany, Constitution of the German Democratic Republic and Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany)
  • Christian Democratic Union of Germany founded
  • Konrad Adenauer becomes first post-war Chancellor of Germany
• 1949 Last of the The industrial plans for Germany is signed.
• 1950s Wirtschaftswunder
• 1952 Inner German border is fortified, except around Berlin
• 1953 Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
  

  

  The Berlin Wall
• 1954 West Germany wins Football World Cup - The Miracle of Bern
• 1955 Federal Republic joins NATO; GDR joins Warsaw Pact
• 1958 - West Germany becomes 1 of the 6 founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community, later known as the European Union
• 1961 Berlin Wall is built
• 1964 National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) formed
• 1967 - 1968 German student movement
• 1970 Voting age lowered from 21 to 18
• 1970s - 1998 Red Army Faction operates
• 1972 West Germany hosts the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Palestinian terrorists cause Munich Massacre
• 1973 East and West Germany join United Nations
• 1974 West Germany hosts and wins Football World Cup
• 1987 First ever official visit by Erich Honecker to the Federal Republic of Germany
• 1989 Monday demonstrations in Leipzig
  • Berlin Wall falls
• 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, West Germany wins Football World Cup
  • German reunification
• 1991 Berlin named new capital
• 1993 Alliance '90/The Greens merge
  • Germany signs Maastricht Treaty leading to the creation of the European Union
• 1994 Federal Constitutional Court says Bundeswehr can take part in UN peacekeeping outside NATO territory
• 1999 The NATO war on Yugoslavia is the first non-defensive war the Bundeswehr actively takes part in

Publication in the Reich Law Gazette on August 24, 1896 The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (or BGB) is the civil code of Germany. ... A plaque commemorating the exact location of the Sarajevo Assassination On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg were shot to death in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... After the 1848 revolutions in the German states, the Prussian three-class franchise system (Dreiklassenwahlrecht) was introduced in 1849 by the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV for the election of the Lower House of the Prussian state parliament. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ... The term womens suffrage refers to an economic and political reform movement aimed at extending suffrage — the right to vote — to women. ... This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature... Memorial for the suppression of the Kapp putsch in Wetter station The Kapp Putsch —or more accurately the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch —was an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic, based in opposition to the imposed Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I. It was branded right... The Hitler Putsch (also commonly referred to in English as the Beer Hall Putsch) occurred in the evening of Thursday, November 8 to early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923 when the nascent Nazi partys Führer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A 500,000,000,000 (500 billion) Serbian dinar banknote circa 1993, the largest nominal value ever officially printed in Serbia, the final result of hyperinflation. ...   (May 10, 1878 – October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Secretary during the time of the Weimar Republic. ... For other uses, see Chancellor (disambiguation). ... The Rentenmark was a currency issued in November 1923 to stop the hyperinflation (1922 & 1923) in Germany. ... At the conclusion of World War I the Allies imposed in the Treaty of Versailles a plan for reparations to be paid by Germany. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919–1920. ... The Young Plan was a program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I. It was presented by the committee headed (1929-30) by Owen D. Young. ... Hitler redirects here. ... The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler). ... The German word Gleichschaltung â’½ â’¾ (literally synchronising, synchronization) is used in a political sense to describe the process by which the Nazi regime successively established a system of totalitarian control over the individual, and tight coordination over all aspects of society and commerce. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For events preceding September 1, 1939, see the timeline of events preceding World War II. This is a timeline of events that stretched over the period of World War II. // 1: The Invasion of Poland begins at 4:30 a. ... German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, shelling Westerplatte, September 1, 1939. ... In Europe, the origins of the war are closely tied to the rise of fascism, especially in Nazi Germany. ... Animation of the WWII European Theatre. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ... During the Battle for Berlin, the Red Flag was raised over the Reichstag, May 1945. ... The German exodus from Eastern Europe refers to the exodus of ethnic German populations from lands to the east of present-day Germany and Austria. ... Following Germanys defeat in World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, Germany was split, representing the focus of the two global blocs in the east and west. ... Red Army atrocities refers to the systemic commission of crimes by Soviet military personnel in Eastern Europe in late 1944 and early 1945, particularly murder and rape. ... Statue in Bad Hersfeld Konrad Zuse (June 22, 1910 Berlin - December 18, 1995 Hünfeld) was a German engineer and computer pioneer. ... This article is about the machine. ... Konrad Zuses Z3 was the first working programmable, fully automatic machine, whose attributes, with the addition of conditional branching, have often been the ones used as criteria in defining a computer. ... Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meeting at the Potsdam Conference on July 18, 1945. ... The industrial plans for Germany or Level of Industry plans for Germany were the plans to lower the German industrial potential after World War II. At the Potsdam conference the victorious Allies had decided to abolish the German armed forces as well as all munitions factories and civilian industries that... Restatement of Policy on Germany is a famous speech by James F. Byrnes, then United States Secretary of State, held in Stuttgart on September 6, 1946. ... Party of Democratic Socialism is a political party in India; see Party of Democratic Socialism (India) the former name of a German political party; see Left Party (Germany). ... The Morgenthau Plan showing the planned partitioning of Germany into a North State, a South State, and an International zone. ... The Deutsche Mark (DM, DEM) was the official currency of West and, from 1990, unified Germany. ... The Free Democratic Party (German: Freie Demokratische Partei; FDP) is a liberal political party in Germany. ... Occupation zones after 1945. ... This article is about the state which existed from 1949 to 1990. ... The German Democratic Republic (GDR), often known in English as East Germany, existed from 1949 to 1990, on roughly the territory between the Elbe and Oder rivers. ... The German Democratic Republic (GDR), often known in English as East Germany, was founded in 1949 and was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990. ... Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution[1] of Germany. ... The Christian Democratic Union (CDU - Christlich-Demokratische Union) is a political party in Germany. ... For other uses, see Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation). ... The head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (German: Kanzler). ... The industrial plans for Germany or Level of Industry plans for Germany were the plans to lower the German industrial potential after World War II. At the Potsdam conference the victorious Allies had decided to abolish the German armed forces as well as all munitions factories and civilian industries that... The term Wirtschaftswunder (English: economic miracle) designates the upturn experienced in the West German and Austrian economies after the Second World War. ... The sectors of occupation in 1949. ... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and July 1953. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, November 20, 1961. ... The FIFA World Cup Trophy, which has been awarded to the world champions since 1974. ... This article is about the film. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... “East Germany” redirects here. ... Not to be confused with the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about airlines financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... Members of the European Coal and Steel Community Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was founded in 1951 (Treaty of Paris), by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to pool the steel and coal resources of its member... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, November 20, 1961. ... There is open debate on rather facism is rightwing or not. ... The German student movement (in Germany commonly called 68er-Bewegung, movement of 1968) was a protest movement that took place during the late 1960s in Germany. ... Red Army Faction Insignia - a Red Star and a Heckler & Koch MP5 The Red Army Faction or RAF (German Rote Armee Fraktion) (in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group [or Gang]), was one of postwar West Germanys most active and prominent militant left-wing groups. ... The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were held in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. ... For other uses, see Munich (disambiguation). ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September, a group with ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization. ... This article is about the state which existed from 1949 to 1990. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... The FIFA World Cup Trophy, which has been awarded to the world champions since 1974. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Monday demonstration in Leipzig The 1989 Monday demonstrations in the East German city of Leipzig were a series of peaceful political protests against the East German government. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, November 20, 1961. ... The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany is the final peace treaty negotiated between the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and... The FIFA World Cup Trophy, which has been awarded to the world champions since 1974. ... This article is about the 1990 German reunification. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... The Alliance 90/The Greens (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), the German Green party, is a political party in Germany whose regional predecessors were founded in the late 1970s as part of the new social movements. ... The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty of European Union, TEU) was signed on February 7, 1992 in Maastricht, Netherlands after final negotiations in December 1991 between the members of the European Community and entered into force on November 1, 1993 during the Delors Commission. ... The Bundesverfassungsgericht The Federal Constitutional Court (in German: Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfG) is a special court established by the German constitutional document, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). ... The Bundeswehr (German for Federal Defence Force;  ) is the name of the unified armed forces of Germany. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... The Bundeswehr (German for Federal Defence Force;  ) is the name of the unified armed forces of Germany. ...

Since 2000

• 2000 Hanover hosts Expo 2000
• 2001 Women join Bundeswehr for the first time
• 2002 Euro notes and coins introduced and replace Deutsche Mark as everyday currency
• 2005 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated
• 2005 Angela Merkel elected as the chancellor, marking the first woman chancellor of the government.
• 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany; Italy wins and France loses to Italy.

, Hanover(i) (German: , IPA: ), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. ... EXPO 2000 Hannover Germany Logo The Netherlands Pavilion at EXPO 2000 The Venezuela Pavilion Hungary Pavilion EXPO Mascot Matthijs Expo 2000 was a Worlds Fair held in Hanover, Germany from June 1 to October 31, 2000. ... The Bundeswehr (German for Federal Defence Force;  ) is the name of the unified armed forces of Germany. ... For other uses, see Euro (disambiguation). ... The Deutsche Mark (DM, DEM) was the official currency of West and, from 1990, unified Germany. ... Papal Arms of Pope Benedict XVI. The papal tiara was replaced with a bishops mitre, and pallium of the Pope was added beneath the coat of arms. ...   (IPA: ) (née Angela Dorothea Kasner, 17 July 1954, in Hamburg, Germany), is the Chancellor of Germany. ... For the club competition, see FIFA Club World Cup. ...

See also

• List of German presidents since 1919 for a list of presidents of the German Reich, heads of state of the German Democratic Republic and presidents of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949-present)
• Chancellor of Germany for a list of chancellors since 1871.