Timeline of materials technology For the novel by Michael Crichton, see Timeline (novel). ... The Materials Science Tetrahedron, which often also includes Characterization at the center Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ...

Before Common Era

• 29,000–25,000 BCE - First ceramic appears
• 3rd millennium BC - Copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation
• 2nd millennium BC - Bronze is used for weapons and armour
• 1st millennium BC - Pewter beginning to be used in China and Egypt
• 16th century BC - The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy
• 13th century BC - Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly
• 10th century BC - Glass production begins in Greece and Syria
• 50s BC - Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia
• 20s BC - Roman architect Vitruvius describes low-water-content method for mixing concrete

Fixed Partial Denture, or Bridge The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos). ... The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and of materials engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. ... The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. ... Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... The bayonet is used as both knife and spear. ... Armour is protective clothing intended to defend its wearer from intentional harm in combat and military engagements, typically associated with soldiers. ... The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires. ... Pewter plate Pewter is a metal alloy, traditionally between 85 and 99 percent tin, with the remainder consisting of 1-15 percent copper, acting as a hardener, with the addition of lead for the lower grades of pewter, which have a bluish tint. ... (17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC - other centuries) (1600s BC - 1590s BC - 1580s BC - 1570s BC - 1560s BC - 1550s BC - 1540s BC - 1530s BC - 1520s BC - 1510s BC - 1500s BC - other decades) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1700 - 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests... Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite empire was... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... This bronze ritual wine vessel, dating from the Shang Dynasty in the 13th century BC, is housed at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) // Overview Events Partition of ancient Israel into the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel (c. ... Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC - 90s BC - 80s BC - 70s BC _ 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC _ 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC - 0s BC Years: 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52... Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, Spain; now in Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22 BC 21 BC 20 BC... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... Architectural history studies the evolution and history of architecture across the world through a consideration of various influences- artistic, socio-cultural, political, economic and technological. ... Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born ca. ... Concrete being poured, raked and vibrated into place in residential construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ...

1st millennium

• 700s - Porcelain is invented in China

In the Gregorian calendar, the 1st millennium is the period of one thousand years that commenced with the year 1 Anno Domini. ... Centuries: 7th century - 8th century - 9th century Decades: 650s - 660s - 670s - 680s - 690s - 700s - 710s - 720s - 730s - 740s - 750s Years: 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 Events: Categories: 700s ... “Fine China” redirects here. ...

2nd millennium

• 1448 - Johann Gutenberg develops type metal alloy
• 1450s - Cristallo, a clear soda-based glass is invented by Angelo Barovier
• 1590 - Glass lenses are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in microscopes and telescopes

In the Gregorian calendar, the 2nd millennium commenced on 1 January 1001, and ended at the end of 31 December 2000. ... Events January 5/ 6 - Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden dies with no designated heir leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Type metal is an alloy (usually lead, antimony, and tin) that is used in typesetting. ... Events and Trends Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453. ... Cristallo is glass with a low lime content which is particularly prone to glass corrossion (otherwise known as glass disease). ... Bold text{| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style=margin-left: 15px; |- | align=center colspan=2 | Years: 1587 1588 1589 - 1590 - 1591 1592 1593 |-vdsf gno[gldw[pvkijxaiamknn csogfhbvdowkhbfkqhjkhrjkhwgfhbjkpnkfokfgok3pkpk9pjhkt9erktyujkip9kijker9thhrkg9hkitr9gtkih9t0ykltk[u0jo0iey9uhyit90ertyhige9rity9riyh9ujirtyuhjnh-4e9tyigh9thiuy0h8tyh34tu8uy8u8u8u8rtu5y8ru8thu0tru0ut0rhutuh0trhu0hseogtrhr8uyhju8t89er9te9r8fy8shit ass dick bitch fuck | align=center colspan=2 | Decades: 1560s 1570s 1580s - 1590s - 1600s 1610s 1620s |- | align=center | Centuries... A lens. ... Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ... A telescope (from the Greek tele = far and skopein = to look or see; teleskopos = far-seeing) is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects. ...

18th century

• 1738 - William Champion patents a process for the production of metallic zinc by distillation from calamine and charcoal
• 1740 - Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible steel technique
• 1779 - Bry Higgins issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for use as an exterior plaster
• 1799 - Alessandro Volta makes a copper/zinc acid battery

(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Events February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in Württenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel. ... William Willie Julius Champion Jr. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... Calamine is a mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) with about 0. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... Benjamin Huntsman (1704 - 1776), English inventor and steel-manufacturer, was born in Lincolnshire. ... Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling iron and carbon (typically in the form of charcoal) in a crucible. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee (the inventor or assignee) for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which... Stucco is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water which is applied wet, and hardens when it dries. ... // Gypsum plaster Plaster of Paris, or simply plaster, is a type of building material based on calcium sulfate hemihydrate, nominally (CaSOâ‚„)â‚‚*Hâ‚‚O. It is created by heating gypsum to about 150 ℃, 2(CaSOâ‚„ · 2Hâ‚‚O) → (CaSOâ‚„)â‚‚ · Hâ‚‚O + 3 Hâ‚‚O (released as steam). ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the physicist Alessandro Volta. ... Acidity redirects here. ... Four double-A (AA) rechargeable batteries In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores chemical energy and makes it available in an electrical form. ...

19th century

• 1821 - Thomas Johann Seebeck invents the thermocouple
• 1824 - Patent issued to Joseph Aspin for Portland cement
• 1825 - Hans Christian Ørsted produces metallic aluminium
• 1839 - Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber
• 1839 - Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot invent silver-based photographic processes
• 1855 - Bessemer process for mass production of steel patented
• 1861 - James Clerk Maxwell demonstrates color photography
• 1883 - Charles Fritts makes the first solar cells using selenium waffles.

Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Johann Seebeck (April 9, 1770 – December 10, 1831) was a physicist who in 1821 discovered the thermoelectric effect. ... In electronics, thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal potential difference into electric potential difference. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Sampling fast set Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage, as it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... “Ørsted” redirects here. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Charles Goodyear, as illustrated in an 1891 Scientific American article Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 - July 1, 1860) was the first American to vulcanize rubber, a process which he discovered in 1839 and patented on June 15, 1844. ... Vulcanization, or curing of rubber, is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Louis Daguerre Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (November 18, 1787 – July 10, 1851) was the French artist and chemist who is recognized for his invention of the Daguerreotype process of photography. ... William Henry Fox Talbot William Henry Fox Talbot (February 11, 1800 – September 17, 1877) was an early photographer who made major contributions to the photographic process. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... Photography is the process of making pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a sensor or film. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Bessemer converter, schematic diagram The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. ... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by... James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. ... 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Charles Fritts (believed 1869–?)in Livingston, Columbia, NY was an American inventor credited with creating the first working solar cell in 1884. ... A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. ... Se redirects here. ...

20th century

• 1902 - Auguste Verneuil develops the Verneuil process for making synthetic rubies
• 1909 - Leo Baekeland presents the Bakelite hard thermosetting plastic
• 1911 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers Superconductivity
• 1912 - Harry Brearley invents stainless steel
• 1916 - Jan Czochralski invents a method for growing single crystals of metals
• 1924 - Corning Incorporated scientists invent Pyrex, a glass with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion
• 1931 - Julius Nieuwland develops the synthetic rubber called neoprene (see also: E.K. Bolton, Wallace Carothers)
• 1931 - Wallace Carothers develops nylon
• 1938 - Roy Plunkett discovers the process for making poly-tetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon
• 1947 - First germanium transistor invented
• 1947 - First commercial application of a piezoelectric ceramic: barium titanate used as a phonograph needle
• 1951 - Individual atoms seen for the first time using the Field ion microscope
• 1953 - Karl Ziegler discovers metallic catalysts which greatly improve the strength of polyethylene polymers
• 1954 - 6% efficiency silicon solar cells made at Bell Laboratories
• 1959 - Pilkington Brothers patent the float glass process
• 1962 - SQUID superconducting quantum interference device invented
• 1968 - Liquid crystal display developed by RCA
• 1970 - Silica optical fibers grown by Corning Incorporated
• 1970 - invention of AOD refining (argon oxygen decarburization)
• 1980 - development of duplex stainless steels which resist oxidation in chlorides

(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (1856-1913) was a French chemist best known for inventing the first commercially viable process for the manufacture of synthetic gemstones. ... The Verneuil process, also called flame fusion, is a method of manufacturing synthetic gemstones, developed in 1902 by the French chemist Auguste Verneuil. ... In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ... Ruby is a red gemstone. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Leo Hendrik Baekeland (1863-1944) Leo Hendrik Baekeland (Ghent, November 14, 1863 - February 23, 1944) was a Belgian-American chemist who invented Velox photographic paper (1893) and Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic. ... Bakelite is a material based on the thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride developed in 1907–1909 by Dr. Leo Baekeland. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 – February 21, 1926) was a Dutch physicist. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor, cooled with liquid nitrogen. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Harry Brearley (February 18, 1871 – [july 14th]],1948) was the discoverer of rustless (later to be called stainless) steel. ... The 630 foot high, stainless-clad (type 304) Gateway Arch defines St. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Jan Czochralski (pronounced cho-HRAL-skee) (October 23, 1885 - April 22, 1953) was a Polish chemist who discovered the Czochralski process, which is used to grow single crystals and is used in the production of semiconductor wafers. ... Quartz crystal Synthetic bismuth crystal Insulin crystals Gallium, a metal that easily forms large single crystals A huge monocrystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate grown from solution by Saint-Gobain for the megajoule laser of CEA. In chemistry and mineralogy, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Corning Glass Works (NYSE: GLW) is a U.S. manufacturer of glass, ceramics and related materials, primarily for technical and scientific applications. ... Pyrex is a brand name of borosilicate glass introduced by Corning Glass Works in 1915. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Fr. ... Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ... Neoprene is the DuPont Chemical trade name for a family of synthetic rubbers based on polychloroprene. ... Elmer Keiser Bolton (1886-1968) was a prominent American who was one of the first Industrial Research Directors who formulated many of the basic concepts of directing industrial research at E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ... Wallace Hume Carothers (April 27, 1896 – April 29, 1937) was an American chemist, inventor, and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, who is credited with the invention of nylon. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Wallace Hume Carothers (April 27, 1896 – April 29, 1937) was an American chemist, inventor, and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, who is credited with the invention of nylon. ... Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers first produced on February 28, 1935 by Gerard J. Berchet of Wallace Carothers research group at DuPont. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Roy J. Plunkett (June 26, 1910 - May 12, 1994) was the chemist who accidentally invented Teflon in 1938. ... Teflon is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a polymer of fluorinated ethylene. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Atomic mass 72. ... Assorted discrete transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Piezoelectricity is the ability of crystals, certain ceramic materials, (and to some degree, all materials) to generate a voltage in response to applied mechanical stress. ... Fixed Partial Denture, or Bridge The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos). ... Barium titanate is an oxide of barium and titanium with the chemical formula BaTiO3. ... Edison cylinder phonograph ca. ... // Modern stylus, used with touch-screens on electronic devices such as the Nintendo DS and personal digital assistants Styli used in writing in the Fourteenth Century. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Properties In chemistry and physics, an atom (Greek ἄτομος or átomos meaning indivisible) is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. ... Field ion microscopy (FIM) is an analytical technique used in materials science. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Karl Waldemar Ziegler (November 26, 1898 – August 12, 1973) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963, with Giulio Natta, for work on high polymers. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass consisting of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Silicons ranking be merged into this article or section. ... Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pilkington plc is the largest glass manufacturer in the United Kingdom. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... Suborders Myopsina Oegopsina Squid are a large, diverse group of marine cephalopods. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... LCD redirects here. ... RCAs logo as seen today on many products. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length by confining as much light as possible in a propagating form. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...

3rd millennium

The third millennium (so called because it is the third period of 1000 years in the Common Era) is a period of time which began on (depending on your beliefs) 1 January 2001 and will end on 31 December 3000 or 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2999. ...

21st century

The 21st century is the present century of the Anno Domini (common) era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• List of inventions
• List of inventions named after people