NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Timeline of mathematics

A timeline of pure and applied mathematics Alternative meanings: Timeline is a 1999 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton Timeline is a 2003 film based on the novel. ... Broadly speaking, pure mathematics is mathematics motivated entirely for reasons other than application. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, known today as the father of geometry; shown here in a detail of The School of Athens by Raphael. ...

1 Before 1000 BC
2 1st millennium BC
3 1st millennium
4 1000 - 1499
5 16th century
6 17th century
7 18th century
8 19th century
9 20th century
10 21st century
11 Note

Before 1000 BC

ca. 70,000 BC - South Africa, ochre rocks adorned with scratched geometric patterns [1]
ca. 35,000 BC to 20,000 BC - Africa and France, earliest known prehistoric attempts to quantify time ([2], [3], [4])
ca. 20,000 BC - Nile Valley, Ishango Bone: possibly the earliest reference to prime numbers and Egyptian multiplication
ca. 3400 BC - Mesopotamia, the Sumerians invent the first numeral system, and a system of weights and measures
ca. 3100 BC - Egypt, earliest known decimal system allows indefinite counting by way of introducing new symbols, [5]
ca. 2800 BC - Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent, earliest use of decimal ratios in a uniform system of ancient weights and measures, the smallest unit of measurement used is 1.704 millimetres and the smallest unit of mass used is 28 grams.
2800 BC - The Lo Shu Square, the unique normal magic square of order three, was discovered in China.
2700 BC - Egypt, precision surveying
2600 BC - Indus Valley Civilization - objects, streets, pavements, houses, and multi-storied buildings are constructed at perfect right angles, with each brick having the same dimensions
2400 BC - Egypt, precise astronomical calendar, used even in the Middle Ages for its mathematical regularity
ca. 2000 BC - Mesopotamia, the Babylonians use a base-60 decimal system, and compute the first known approximate value of π at 3.125
1800 BC - Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, findings volume of a frustum
ca. 1800 BC - Vedic India - Yajnavalkya writes the Shatapatha Brahmana, in which he describes the motions of the sun and the moon, and advances a 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon
ca. 1800 BC - the Yajur Veda, one of the four Hindu Vedas, contains the earliest concept of infinity, and states that "if you remove a part from infinity or add a part to infinity, still what remains is infinity"
1650 BC - Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, copy of a lost scroll from around 1850 BC, the scribe Ahmes presents one of the first known approximate values of π at 3.16, the first attempt at squaring the circle, earliest known use of a sort of cotangent, and knowledge of solving first order linear equations
1350 BC - Indian astronomer Lagadha writes the "Vedanga Jyotisha", a Vedic text on astronomy that describes rules for tracking the motions of the sun and the moon, and uses geometry and trigonometry for astronomy
1300 BC - Berlin papyrus (19th dynasty) contains a quadratic equation and its solution. [6]

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Stonehenge, England, erected by Neolithic peoples ca. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... ... The Ishango bone is a tally stick, made of bone, which contains sequences of prime numbers, and some series of multiples. ... In mathematics, a prime number (or a prime) is a natural number that has exactly two (distinct) natural number divisors, which are 1 and the prime number itself. ... Peasant multiplication is an old algorithm for multiplication. ... (35th century BC - 34th century BC - 33rd century BC - other centuries) (5th millennium BC - 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC) Events Stage IIIa2 of the Naqada culture in Egypt (dated in 1998) Significant persons Ur-Nina first king of Lagash in Mesopotamia (c. ... Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Southwest Iran. ... Sumer (or Shumer, Sumeria, Shinar, native ki-en-gir) formed the southern part of Mesopotamia from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until the time of Babylonia. ... A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols that represents a number. ... Originally Ancient Mesopotamian weights and measures came from a collection of city states loosely organized by family, tribe and occupation. ... (32nd century BC – 31st century BC – 30th century BC – other centuries) (5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC) Events 3000 BC – Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, and a new capital is erected at Memphis. ... The decimal (base ten or occasionally denary) numeral system has ten as its base. ... (Redirected from 2800 BC) (29th century BC - 28th century BC - 27th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2775 - 2650 BC - Second Dynasty wars in Egypt 2750 BC - End of the Early Dynastic I Period, and the beginning of the Early Dynastic II... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... Satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... The decimal (base ten or occasionally denary) numeral system has ten as its base. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... (Redirected from 2800 BC) (29th century BC - 28th century BC - 27th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2775 - 2650 BC - Second Dynasty wars in Egypt 2750 BC - End of the Early Dynastic I Period, and the beginning of the Early Dynastic II... Modern representation of the Lo Shu square as a magic square. ... In recreational mathematics, a magic square of order n is an arrangement of nÂ² numbers, usually distinct integers, in a square, such that the n numbers in all rows, all columns, and both diagonals sum to the same constant. ... (Redirected from 2700 BC) (28th century BC - 27th century BC - 26th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2775 - 2650 BC -- Second Dynasty wars in Egypt Germination of the Bristlecone pine tree Methuselah... Surveyor at work with a leveling instrument. ... (Redirected from 2600 BC) (27th century BC - 26th century BC - 25th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC – Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... (Redirected from 2400 BC) (25th century BC - 24th century BC - 23rd century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2350 BC - End of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Mesopotamia 2334 - 2279 BC -- Sargon... The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 365 days long, consisting of 12 months of 30 days each, plus 5 extra days at the end of the year. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... (Redirected from 2000 BC) (21st century BC - 20th century BC - 19th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 2064 - 1986 BC -- Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt 2000 BC -- Farmers and herders travel south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya. ... Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Southwest Iran. ... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... (Redirected from 1800 BC) (19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1787 - 1784 BC -- Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin 1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty 1766... The Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri are two of the oldest mathematical texts discovered. ... (Redirected from 1800 BC) (19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1787 - 1784 BC -- Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin 1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty 1766... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Sage Yajnavalkya (à¤¯à¤¾à¤œà¥à¤žà¤µà¤²à¥à¤•à¥à¤¯) of Mithila advanced a 95-year cycle to synchronize the motions of the sun and the moon. ... Shatapatha Brahmana (Brahmana of one-hundred paths) is one of the prose texts describing the Vedic ritual. ... (Redirected from 1800 BC) (19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1787 - 1784 BC -- Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin 1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty 1766... The Yajur Veda यजुर्वेद is one of the four Hindu Vedas; it contains religious texts focussing on liturgy and ritual. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... The infinity symbol âˆž in several typefaces The word infinity comes from the Latin infinitas or unboundedness. ... (Redirected from 1650 BC) Centuries: 18th century BC - 17th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1690s BC 1680s BC 1670s BC 1660s BC - 1650s BC - 1640s BC 1630s BC 1620s BC 1610s BC 1600s BC Events and trends Egypt: Start of Seventeenth Dynasty Significant people Categories: 1650s BC ... The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( papyrus British Museum 10057 and pBM 10058), is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian, who purchased the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt; it was apparently found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. ... Ahmes (more accurately Ahmose) was an Egyptian scribe who lived during the Second Intermediate Period. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... This square and circle have the same area. ... Trigonometry In trigonometry, the cotangent is a function (see trigonometric function) defined as: or An interpretation of the cotangent of an angle x is as follows. ... (Redirected from 1350 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1400s BC 1390s BC 1380s BC 1370s BC 1360s BC - 1350s BC - 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC 1300s BC Events and Trends Significant People 1350 BC - Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton rises to... Lagadha (लगध) is the author of Vedanga Jyotisha, the text on Vedic astronomy that has been dated to 1350 BC. This text describes rules for tracking the motions of the sun and the moon. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A giant Hubble mosaic of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant. ... Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Trigonometry Trigonometry (from the Greek trigonon = three angles and metron = measure [1]) is a branch of mathematics which deals with triangles, particularly triangles in a plane where one angle of the triangle is 90 degrees (right triangles). ... (Redirected from 1300 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC - 1300s BC - 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC 1260s BC 1250s BC Events and Trends Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens dies after a reign... The Berlin papyrus is an ancient Egyptian papyrus document that was created circa 1800 BCE. This papyrus was found at the Saqqara ancient Egyptian burial ground in the early 19th Century. ...

1st millennium BC

ca 1000 BC - Vulgar fractions used by the Egyptians.
800 BC - Baudhayana, author of the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, a Vedic Sanskrit geometric text, contains the first use of the Pythagorean theorem, quadratic equations, and calculates the square root of 2 correct to five decimal places
600 BC - Apastamba, author of the Apastamba Sulba Sutra, another Vedic Sanskrit geometric text, makes an attempt at squaring the circle and also calculates the square root of 2 correct to five decimal places
ca. 600 BC - the other Vedic "Sulba Sutras" ("rule of chords" in Sanskrit) use Pythagorean triples, contain of a number of geometrical proofs, and approximate π at 3.16
530 BC - Pythagoras studies propositional geometry and vibrating lyre strings; his group also discover the irrationality of the square root of two,
ca. 500 BC - Indian grammarian Pānini, considered the father of computing machines, writes the Astadhyayi, which contains the use of metarules, transformations and recursions, originally for the purpose of systematising the grammar of Sanskrit
ca. 400 BC - Jaina mathematicians in India write the "Surya Prajinapti", a mathematical text which classifies all numbers into three sets: enumerable, innumerable and infinite. It also recognises five different types of infinity: infinite in one and two directions, infinite in area, infinite everywhere, and infinite perpetually.
300s BC - Indian texts use the Sanskrit word "Shunya" to refer to the concept of 'void' (zero)
370 BC - Eudoxus states the method of exhaustion for area determination,
350 BC - Aristotle discusses logical reasoning in Organon,
300 BC - Jaina mathematicians in India write the "Bhagabati Sutra", which contains the earliest information on combinations
300 BC - Euclid in his Elements studies geometry as an axiomatic system, proves the infinitude of prime numbers and presents the Euclidean algorithm; he states the law of reflection in Catoptrics, and he proves the fundamental theorem of arithmetic
ca. 300 BC - Brahmi numerals, is conceived in India
300 BC - Mesopotamia, the Babylonians invent the earliest calculator, the abacus
ca. 300 BC - Indian mathematician Pingala writes the "Chhandah-shastra", which contains the first Indian use of zero as a digit (indicated by a dot) and also presents a description of a binary numeral system, along with the first use of Fibonacci numbers and Pascal's triangle
260 BC - Archimedes develops a method to prove the value of π to within two decimal places using inscribed and circumscribed polygons and computes the area under a parabolic segment,
ca. 250 BC - late Olmecs had already begun to use a true zero (a shell glyph) several centuries before Ptolemy in the New World. See 0 (number).
240 BC - Eratosthenes uses his sieve algorithm to quickly isolate prime numbers,
225 BC - Apollonius of Perga writes On Conic Sections and names the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola,
150 BC - Jain mathematicians in India write the "Sthananga Sutra", which contains work on the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, geometry, operations with fractions, simple equations, cubic equations, quartic equations, and permutations and combinations
140 BC - Hipparchus develops the bases of trigonometry,
50 BC - Indian numerals, the first positional notation base-10 numeral system, begins developing in India

(Redirected from 1000 BC) Centuries: 12th century BC - 11th century BC - 10th century BC Decades: 1050s BC 1040s BC 1030s BC 1020s BC 1010s BC - 1000s BC - 990s BC 980s BC 970s BC 960s BC 950s BC Events and Trends 1006 BC - David becomes king of the ancient Israelites (traditional... In arithmetic, a vulgar fraction (or common fraction) consists of one integer divided by a non-zero integer. ... Centuries: 10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC Decades: 850s BC 840s BC 830s BC 820s BC 810s BC - 800s BC - 790s BC 780s BC 770s BC 760s BC 750s BC Events and Trends 804 BC - Hadad-nirari IV of Assyria conquers Damascus. ... Baudhayana, (circa 800 BC), was a Vedic Indian mathematician/scribe. ... The Sulba Sutras or Sulva Sutras are a text of Vedic mathematics. ... Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, which are the earliest sacred texts of India,. The Vedas were first passed down orally and therefore have no known date. ... In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras theorem is a relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle. ... In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree. ... In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself) is x. ... Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC 580s BC 570s BC 560s BC 550s BC Events and Trends Fall of the Assyrian Empire and Rise of Babylon 609 BC _ King Josiah... Apastamba (c. ... The Sulba Sutras or Sulva Sutras are a text of Vedic mathematics. ... Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, which are the earliest sacred texts of India,. The Vedas were first passed down orally and therefore have no known date. ... This square and circle have the same area. ... In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself) is x. ... Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC 580s BC 570s BC 560s BC 550s BC Events and Trends Fall of the Assyrian Empire and Rise of Babylon 609 BC _ King Josiah... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Sulba Sutras or Sulva Sutras are a text of Vedic mathematics. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ... The Pythagorean theorem: a2 + b2 = c2 A Pythagorean triple consists of three positive integers a, b, and c, such that a2 + b2 = c2. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC Events and Trends 538 BC - Babylon occupied by Jews transported to Babylon are allowed to return to... Pythagoras of Samos (Greek: Î Ï…Î¸Î±Î³ÏŒÏÎ±Ï‚; circa 582 BC â€“ circa 507 BC) was an Ionian (Greek) mathematician and philosopher, founder of the mystic, religious and scientific society called Pythagoreans. ... Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that is not a rational number, i. ... In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself) is x. ... 2 (two) is the natural number following 1 and preceding 3. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... Indian postage stamp depicting (2004), with the implication that he used (à¤ªà¤¾à¤£à¤¿à¤¨à¤¿; IPA ) was an ancient Indian grammarian from Gandhara (traditionally 520â€“460 BC, but estimates range from the 7th to 4th centuries BC). ... A Lego RCX Computer is an example of an embedded computer used to control mechanical devices. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... In mathematics, a transformation in elementary terms is any of a variety of different operations from geometry, such as rotations, reflections and translations. ... A Sierpinski triangle â€”a confined recursion of triangles to form a geometric lattice. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ... The Celtics claim Vienna, Austria. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... Infinity is a word carrying a number of different meanings in mathematics, philosophy, theology and everyday life. ... The infinity symbol âˆž in several typefaces The word infinity comes from the Latin infinitas or unboundedness. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 309 BC 308 BC 307 BC 306 BC 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ... 0 (zero) is both a number â€” or, more precisely, a numeral representing a number â€” and a numerical digit. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC - 370s BC - 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 375 BC 374 BC 373 BC 372 BC 371 BC - 370 BC - 369 BC 368 BC 367... Eudoxus of Cnidus (Greek Εύδοξος) (410 or 408 BC - 355 or 347 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, physician, scholar and friend of Plato. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC - 350s BC - 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 355 BC 354 BC 353 BC 352 BC 351 BC - 350 BC - 349 BC 348 BC 347... Aristotle (Greek: AristotÃ©lÄ“s) (384 BCE â€“ March 7, 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... Logic, from Classical Greek Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚ (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301 BC - 300 BC - 299 BC 298 BC... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... In combinatorial mathematics, a combination of members of a set is a subset. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301 BC - 300 BC - 299 BC 298 BC... Euclid (also referred to as Euclid of Alexandria) (Greek: ) (c. ... Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... In mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems. ... The infinity symbol âˆž in several typefaces The word infinity comes from the Latin infinitas or unboundedness. ... In mathematics, a prime number (or a prime) is a natural number that has exactly two (distinct) natural number divisors, which are 1 and the prime number itself. ... The Euclidean algorithm (also called Euclids algorithm) is an algorithm to determine the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two integers. ... In mathematics, and in particular number theory, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic or unique factorization theorem is the statement that every positive integer greater than 1 is either a prime number or can be written as a product of prime numbers. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301 BC - 300 BC - 299 BC 298 BC... The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens). ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301 BC - 300 BC - 299 BC 298 BC... Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Southwest Iran. ... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... An abacus is a calculation tool, often constructed as a wooden frame with beads sliding on wires. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301 BC - 300 BC - 299 BC 298 BC... Here is a chronology of the main Indian mathematicians: BC Yajnavalkya, 1800 BC, the author of the altar mathematics of the Shatapatha Brahmana. ... Pingala (à¤ªà¤¿à¤™à¥à¤—à¤² ) is the supposed author of the Chandas shastra (, also Chandas sutra ), a Sanskrit treatise on prosody considered one of the Vedanga. ... 0 (zero) is both a number â€” or, more precisely, a numeral representing a number â€” and a numerical digit. ... The binary numeral system (base 2 numerals) represents numeric values using two symbols, typically 0 and 1. ... In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence defined recursively by: In words: you start with 0 and 1, and then produce the next Fibonacci number by adding the two previous Fibonacci numbers. ... 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 The first six rows of Pascals triangle In mathematics, Pascals triangle is a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC Years: 265 BC 264 BC 263 BC 262 BC 261 BC - 260 BC - 259 BC 258 BC... Archimedes (Greek: ; c. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... Look up Polygon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC - 250s BC - 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC Years: 255 BC 254 BC 253 BC 252 BC 251 BC - 250 BC - 249 BC 248 BC... Monument 1, one of the four Olmec colossal heads at La Venta. ... 0 (zero) is both a number â€” or, more precisely, a numeral representing a number â€” and a numerical digit. ... A medieval artists rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; c. ... 0 (zero) is both a number â€” or, more precisely, a numeral representing a number â€” and a numerical digit. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC Years: 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC - 240 BC - 239 BC 238 BC... Eratosthenes (á¼˜ÏÎ±Ï„Î¿ÏƒÎ¸ÎÎ½Î·Ï‚) Eratosthenes (Greek ) (276 BC - 194 BC) was a Hellenistic mathematician, geographer and astronomer. ... In mathematics, the Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to a specified integer. ... In mathematics, a prime number (or a prime) is a natural number that has exactly two (distinct) natural number divisors, which are 1 and the prime number itself. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 230 BC 229 BC 228 BC 227 BC 226 BC - 225 BC - 224 BC 223 BC... Apollonius of Perga [Pergaeus] (c. ... Types of conic sections Table of conics, Cyclopaedia, 1728 In mathematics, a conic section (or just conic) is a curve formed by intersecting a cone (more precisely, a right circular conical surface) with a plane. ... The ellipse and some of its mathematical properties. ... A parabola The parabola (from the Greek: Ï€Î±ÏÎ±Î²Î¿Î»Î®) is a conic section generated by the intersection of a right circular conical surface and a plane parallel to a generating straight line of that surface. ... A graph of a hyperbola. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC - 150s BC - 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC Years: 155 BC 154 BC 153 BC 152 BC 151 BC - 150 BC - 149 BC 148 BC... Jaina redirects here. ... Table of Geometry, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... In common usage a fraction is any part of a unit. ... A cubic equation is a polynomial equation in which the highest occurring power of the unknown is the third power. ... This article is about permutation, a mathematical concept. ... In combinatorial mathematics, a combination of members of a set is a subset. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC - 140s BC - 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC Years: 145 BC 144 BC 143 BC 142 BC 141 BC - 140 BC - 139 BC 138 BC... Hipparchus. ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Trigonometry Trigonometry (from the Greek trigonon = three angles and metron = measure [1]) is a branch of mathematics which deals with triangles, particularly triangles in a plane where one angle of the triangle is 90 degrees (right triangles). ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47... India has produced many numeral systems. ... Positional notation is a system in which each position has a value represented by a unique symbol or character. ... Decimal, or denary, notation is the most common way of writing the base 10 numeral system, which uses various symbols for ten distinct quantities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, called digits) together with the decimal point and the sign symbols + (plus) and − (minus... A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols that represents a number. ...

1st millennium

1st century - Heron of Alexandria, the earliest fleeting reference to square roots of negative numbers.
ca. 200s - Ptolemy of Alexandria wrote the Almagest,
250 - Diophantus uses symbols for unknown numbers in terms of the syncopated algebra, and he writes Arithmetica, the first systematic treatise on algebra,
300 - the earliest known use of zero as a decimal digit is introduced by Indian mathematicians
400 - the "Bakhshali manuscript" is written by Jaina mathematicians, which describes a theory of the infinite containing different levels of infinity, shows an understanding of indices, as well as logarithms to base 2, and computes square roots of numbers as large as a million correct to at least 11 decimal places
450 - Zu Chongzhi computes π to seven decimal places,
500 - Aryabhata writes the "Aryabhata-Siddhanta", which first introduces the trigonometric functions and methods of calculating their approximate numerical values. It defines the concepts of sine and cosine, and also contains the earliest tables of sine and cosine values (in 3.75-degree intervals from 0 to 90 degrees)
500s - Aryabhata gives accurate calculations for astronomical constants, such as the solar eclipse and lunar eclipse, computes π to four decimal places, and obtains whole number solutions to linear equations by a method equivalent to the modern method
550 - Hindu mathematicians give zero a numeral representation in the positional notation Indian numeral system
600s - Bhaskara I gives a rational approximation of the sine function
600s - Brahmagupta invents the method of solving indeterminate equations of the second degree and is the first to use algebra to solve astronomical problems. He also develops methods for calculations of the motions and places of various planets, their rising and setting, conjunctions, and the calculation of eclipses of the sun and the moon
628 - Brahmagupta writes the Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta, where zero is clearly explained, and where the modern place-value Indian numeral system is fully developed. It also gives rules for manipulating both negative and positive numbers, methods for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and quadratic equations, and rules for summing series, Brahmagupta's identity, and the Brahmagupta theorem
700s - Virasena gives explicit rules for the Fibonacci sequence, gives the derivation of the volume of a frustum using an infinite procedure, and also deals with the logarithm to base 2 and knows its laws
700s - Shridhara gives the rule for finding the volume of a sphere and also the formula for solving quadratic equations
750 - Al-Khawarizmi - Considered father of modern algebra since he was the first to bring Indian mathematics to Europe. First mathematician to work on the details of 'Arithmetic and Algebra of inheritance' besides the systematisation of the theory of linear and quadratic equations.
773 - Kanka brings Brahmagupta's Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta to Baghdad to explain the Indian system of arithmetic astronomy and the Indian numeral system
773 - Al Fazaii translates the Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta into Arabic upon the request of King Khalif Abbasid Al Mansoor
800s - Govindsvamin discovers the Newton-Gauss interpolation formula, and gives the fractional parts of Aryabhata's tabular sines
895 - Thabit ibn Qurra - The only surviving fragment of his original work contains a chapter on the solution and properties of cubic equations.
953 - Al-Uqlidisi writes the earliest translation on the Indian place-value numeral system
975 - Al-Batani - Extended the Indian concepts of sine and cosine to other trigonometrical ratios, like tangent, secant and their inverse functions. Derived the formula: sin α = tan α / (1+tan² α) and cos α = 1 / (1 + tan² α).

The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... Heros aeolipile Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria (c. ... Centuries: 2nd century - 3rd century - 4th century Decades: 150s - 160s - 170s - 180s - 190s - 200s - 210s - 220s - 230s - 240s - 250s Years: 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 Significant people Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor Categories: 200s ... A medieval artists rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; c. ... Alexandria Modern Alexandria. ... Almagest is the Latin form of the Arabic name (al-kitabu-l-mijisti, i. ... Events Diophantus writes Arithmetica the first systematic treatise on algebra. ... Cover of the 1621 edition of Diophantus Arithmetica, translated into Latin by Claude Gaspard Bachet de MÃ©ziriac. ... Algebra is a branch of mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation and quantity. ... Events Romano-Celtic temple-mausoleum complex is constructed in Lullingstone, and also in Anderida (approximate date). ... 0 (zero) is both a number â€” or, more precisely, a numeral representing a number â€” and a numerical digit. ... Here is a chronology of the main Indian mathematicians: BC Yajnavalkya, 1800 BC, the author of the altar mathematics of the Shatapatha Brahmana. ... Events First invasion of Italy by Alaric (probable date). ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... The infinity symbol âˆž in several typefaces The word infinity comes from the Latin infinitas or unboundedness. ... In mathematics, an index is a superscript or subscript to a symbol. ... In mathematics, if two variables of bn = x are known, the third can be found. ... The binary or base-two numeral system is a system for representing numbers in which a radix of two is used; that is, each digit in a binary numeral may have either of two different values. ... In mathematics, the principal square root of a non-negative real number is denoted and represents the non-negative real number whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself) is . ... Events August 25 - Marcian proclaimed Eastern Roman Emperor by Aspar and Pulcheria. ... Zu Chongzhi (祖冲之, pinyin Zǔ Chōngzhī, Wade-Giles Tsu Chung-chih) (429-500) was a Chinese mathematician and astronomer during the Song and Qi Dynasties (of the Southern Dynasties). ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... Events Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 510) Note: This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur. ... Statue of Aryabhata on the grounds of IUCAA, Pune. ... In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are functions of an angle, important when studying triangles and modeling periodic phenomena. ... In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are functions of an angle, important when studying triangles and modeling periodic phenomena. ... Centuries: 5th century - 6th century - 7th century Decades: 450s - 460s - 470s - 480s - 490s - 500s - 510s - 520s - 530s - 540s - 550s Years: 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 Events and Trends: Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the battle of Vouille in 507... Statue of Aryabhata on the grounds of IUCAA, Pune. ... Photo taken during the 1999 eclipse. ... An eclipse refers to the phenomenon of one body passing into the shadow cast by another body. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... A linear equation in algebra is an equation which is constructed by equating two linear functions. ... Events By Place Byzantine Empire Silk reaches Constantinople (approximate date). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 0 (zero) is both a number â€” or, more precisely, a numeral representing a number â€” and a numerical digit. ... Positional notation is a system in which each position has a value represented by a unique symbol or character. ... India has produced many numeral systems. ... Centuries: 6th century 7th century 8th century Decades: 550s - 560s - 570s - 580s - 590s - 600s - 610s - 620s - 630s - 640s - 650s Years: 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 World population grows to about 208 million. ... BhÄskara, or BhÄskara I, (c. ... Centuries: 6th century 7th century 8th century Decades: 550s - 560s - 570s - 580s - 590s - 600s - 610s - 620s - 630s - 640s - 650s Years: 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 World population grows to about 208 million. ... Brahmagupta (à¤¬à¥à¤°à¤¹à¥à¤®à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤) (598-668) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Brahmagupta (à¤¬à¥à¤°à¤¹à¥à¤®à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤) (598-668) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. ... The main work of Brahmagupta, Brahmasphutasiddhanta (The Opening of the Universe), written in 628, contains some remarkably advanced ideas, including a good understanding of the mathematical role of zero, rules for manipulating both positive and negative numbers, a method for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and some quadratic... The place value system is a method of writing numbers with a base 10 numerical system. ... India has produced many numeral systems. ... A negative number is a number that is less than zero, such as −3. ... In mathematics, the principal square root of a non-negative real number is denoted and represents the non-negative real number whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself) is . ... A linear equation is an equation involving only the sum of constants or products of constants and the first power of a variable. ... In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree. ... In mathematics, a series is often represented as the sum of a sequence of terms. ... In mathematics, Brahmaguptas identity says that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of two squares, is itself a sum of two squares. ... Brahmaguptas theorem is a result in geometry. ... Centuries: 7th century - 8th century - 9th century Decades: 650s - 660s - 670s - 680s - 690s - 700s - 710s - 720s - 730s - 740s - 750s Years: 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 Events: Categories: 700s ... Virasena was a 9th century Indian mathematician who gave derivation of the volume of a frustrum by a sort of infinite procedure. ... In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence defined recursively by: In words: you start with 0 and 1, and then produce the next Fibonacci number by adding the two previous Fibonacci numbers. ... Volume is a quantification of how much space a certain region occupies. ... A frustum is the portion of a solid â€“ normally a cone or pyramid â€“ which lies between two parallel planes cutting the solid. ... Infinity is a word carrying a number of different meanings in mathematics, philosophy, theology and everyday life. ... Logarithms to various bases: is to base e, is to base 10, and is to base 1. ... The binary or base-two numeral system is a system for representing numbers in which a radix of two is used; that is, each digit in a binary numeral may have either of two different values. ... Centuries: 7th century - 8th century - 9th century Decades: 650s - 660s - 670s - 680s - 690s - 700s - 710s - 720s - 730s - 740s - 750s Years: 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 Events: Categories: 700s ... Shridhara (à¤¶à¥à¤°à¥€à¤§à¤°) was an 8th century Indian mathematician who gave a good rule for finding the volume of a sphere, and also the formula for solving quadratic equations. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Soviet postage stamp commemorating the 1200th anniversary of Muhammad al‑Khwarizmi in 1983. ... Events Charlemagne crosses the Alps and invades the kingdom of the Lombards. ... Brahmagupta (à¤¬à¥à¤°à¤¹à¥à¤®à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤) (598-668) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. ... The main work of Brahmagupta, Brahmasphutasiddhanta (The Opening of the Universe), written in 628, contains some remarkably advanced ideas, including a good understanding of the mathematical role of zero, rules for manipulating both positive and negative numbers, a method for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and some quadratic... Baghdad ( translit: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... A giant Hubble mosaic of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant. ... India has produced many numeral systems. ... Events Charlemagne crosses the Alps and invades the kingdom of the Lombards. ... The main work of Brahmagupta, Brahmasphutasiddhanta (The Opening of the Universe), written in 628, contains some remarkably advanced ideas, including a good understanding of the mathematical role of zero, rules for manipulating both positive and negative numbers, a method for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and some quadratic... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century Decades: 750s 760s 770s 780s 790s - 800s - 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s Years: 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 Significant Events and Trends Swedish town of Birka founded as a centre of trade on the island of Björk... Govindasvamin was a 9th century Indian mathematician who gave the fractional parts of the Aryabhatas tabular sines. ... Statue of Aryabhata on the grounds of IUCAA, Pune. ... In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are functions of an angle, important when studying triangles and modeling periodic phenomena. ... Events Bohemia breaks away from Great Moravia Arnulf of Carinthia undertakes his second Italian campaign Approximate date of composition of the Musica enchiriadis, the beginnings of western polyphonic music Births Athelstan of England Erik Bloodaxe, king of Norway 933-935 (+954) Deaths Categories: 895 ... Abul Hasan Thabit ibn Qurra ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani, (826 â€“ February 18, 901) was an Arab astronomer and mathematician. ... Graph of a cubic polynomial: y = x3/4 + 3x2/4 âˆ’ 3x/2 âˆ’ 2 = (1/4)(x + 4)(x + 1)(x âˆ’ 2) In mathematics, a cubic equation is a polynomial equation in which the highest occurring power of the unknown is the third power. ... Events First time that PÃ³voa de Varzim, Portugal appeared in a Roman map. ... Abul Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi was an Arab mathematician, possibly from Damascus He wrote the earliest surviving book on the Hindu place-value system, known in the west as Arabic numerals, around 952. ... The place value system is a method of writing numbers with a base 10 numerical system. ... A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols that represents a number. ... Events Coronation of King Edward the Martyr Births Deaths July 8 Edgar of England Categories: 975 ... Al Battani (ca. ...

1000 - 1499

1020 - Abul Wáfa - Gave this famous formula: sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α. Also discussed the quadrature of the parabola and the volume of the paraboloid.
1030 - Ali Ahmad Nasawi - Divides hours into 60 minutes and minutes into 60 seconds.^{[citation needed]}
1070 - Omar Khayyám begins to write Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra and classifies cubic equations.
1100s - Indian numerals have been modified by Arab mathematicians to form the modern Hindu-Arabic numeral system (used universally in the modern world)
1100s - the Hindu-Arabic numeral system reaches Europe through the Arabs
1100s - Bhaskara Acharya writes the Lilavati, which covers the topics of definitions, arithmetical terms, interest computation, arithmetical and geometrical progressions, plane geometry, solid geometry, the shadow of the gnomon, methods to solve indeterminate equations, and combinations
1100s - Bhaskara Acharya writes the "Bijaganita" ("Algebra"), which is the first text to recognize that a positive number has two square roots
1100s - Bhaskara Acharya conceives differential calculus, and also develops Rolle's theorem, Pell's equation, a proof for the Pythagorean Theorem, proves that division by zero is infinity, computes π to 5 decimal places, and calculates the time taken for the earth to orbit the sun to 9 decimal places
1202 - Leonardo Fibonacci demonstrates the utility of Hindu-Arabic numerals in his Book of the Abacus,
1303 - Zhu Shijie publishes Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, which contains ancient method of arranging binomial coefficients in a triangle.
1300s - Madhava is considered the father of mathematical analysis, who also worked on the power series for p and for sine and cosine functions, and along with other Kerala school mathematicians, founded the important concepts of Calculus
1300s - Parameshvara, a Kerala school mathematician, presents a series form of the sine function that is equivalent to its Taylor series expansion, states the mean value theorem of differential calculus, and is also the first mathematician to give the radius of circle with inscribed cyclic quadrilateral
1400 - Madhava discovers the series expansion for the inverse-tangent function, the infinite series for arctan and sin, and many methods for calculating the circumference of the circle, and uses them to compute π correct to 11 decimal places
1424 - Ghiyath al-Kashi - computes π to sixteen decimal places using inscribed and circumscribed polygons,
1400s - Nilakantha Somayaji, a Kerala school mathematician, writes the "Aryabhatiya Bhasya", which contains work on infinite-series expansions, problems of algebra, and spherical geometry
1478 - An anonymous author writes the Treviso Arithmetic.

Events Hospice built in Jerusalem by Knights Hospitaller City of Saint-Germain-en-Laye founded Third Italian campaign of Henry II of Germany Canute the Great codifies the laws of England Births Harold II of England (approximate) Empress Agnes of Poitou, regent of the Holy Roman Empire (d. ... Abul Wafa Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Ismail Buzjani (940 â€“ 997 or 998) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer. ... A parabola The parabola (from the Greek: Ï€Î±ÏÎ±Î²Î¿Î»Î®) is a conic section generated by the intersection of a right circular conical surface and a plane parallel to a generating straight line of that surface. ... Paraboloid of revolution Hyperbolic paraboloid In mathematics, a paraboloid is a quadric, a type of surface in three dimensions, described by the equation: (elliptic paraboloid), or (hyperbolic paraboloid). ... Events July 29 - Battle of Stiklestad in Norway. ... Abu lHasan Ali ibn Ahmad Al-Nasawi (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„ØØ³Ù† Ø¹Ù„ÙŠ Ø¨Ù† Ø£ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø³ÙˆÙŠ), also spelled Nasavi, (1010 - 1075), was a Persian mathematician from Khurasan, now Afghanistan and Iran. ... Events Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England. ... Fictional drawing of Omar KhayyÃ¡m For other people, places or with similar names of Khayam, see Khayyam (disambiguation). ... Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Decades: 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s - 1100s - 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s Years: 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 Events and Trends 1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is... India has produced many numeral systems. ... The Arabs (Arabic: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨) are a heterogeneous ethnic group who are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Arabic numerals is the term usually applied to the Western variant of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, commonly used in conjunction with the Latin alphabet since Early Modern times (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9). ... Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Decades: 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s - 1100s - 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s Years: 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 Events and Trends 1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is... Arabic numerals is the term usually applied to the Western variant of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, commonly used in conjunction with the Latin alphabet since Early Modern times (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9). ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the six inhabited continents of the Earth. ... The Arabs (Arabic: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Decades: 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s - 1100s - 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s Years: 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 Events and Trends 1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is... Bhaskara (1114-1185), also called Bhaskara II and Bhaskara AchÄrya (Bhaskara the teacher) was an Indian mathematician-astronomer. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... In mathematics, plane geometry may mean: geometry of the Euclidean plane; or sometimes geometry of a projective plane, most commonly the real projective plane but possibly the complex projective plane, Fano plane or others; or geometry of the hyperbolic plane or two-dimensional spherical geometry. ... In mathematics, solid geometry was the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space â€” for practical purposes the kind of space we live in. ... The gnomon is the part of a sundial which casts the shadow. ... In combinatorial mathematics, a combination of members of a set is a subset. ... Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Decades: 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s - 1100s - 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s Years: 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 Events and Trends 1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is... Bhaskara (1114-1185), also called Bhaskara II and Bhaskara AchÄrya (Bhaskara the teacher) was an Indian mathematician-astronomer. ... Algebra is a branch of mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation and quantity. ... Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Decades: 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s - 1100s - 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s Years: 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 Events and Trends 1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is... Bhaskara (1114-1185), also called Bhaskara II and Bhaskara AchÄrya (Bhaskara the teacher) was an Indian mathematician-astronomer. ... Differential calculus is the theory of and computations with differentials; see also derivative and calculus. ... In calculus, Rolles theorem states that if a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b), and f(a) = f(b) then there is some number c in the open interval (a,b) such that f (c) = 0. ... Pells equation is any Diophantine equation of the form where n is a nonsquare integer. ... In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras theorem is a relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... // Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... Drawing of Leonardo Pisano Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano (Pisa, c. ... Hindu-Arabic numerals also known as Arabic Numerals, Hindu numerals, European numerals, and Western numerals are the most common set of symbols used to represent numbers around the world. ... // Events 24 February: Battle of Roslin 20 April: Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome La Sapienza Edward I of England reconquers Scotland (see also: William Wallace, Wars of Scottish Independence) The Khilji Dynasty conquers time travel Births Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (died 1373) Gegeen Khan, Mongol emperor of... Zhu Shijie (Chinese: æœ±ä¸–æ°, Styled Hanqing å—æ¼¢å¿ï¼Œè™Ÿæ¾åº) ( mid-1270s?-1330?) also known as Chu Shih-Chieh was one of the greatest Chinese mathematicians. ... In mathematics, particularly in combinatorics, the binomial coefficient of the natural number n and the integer k is defined to be the natural number and (Here, for a natural number m, m! denotes the factorial of m. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s - 1300s - 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s Years: 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 Events and Trends MARF Categories: 1300s ... Madhava (à¤®à¤¾à¤§à¤µ) of Sangamagrama (1350-1425) was a major mathematician from Kerala, South India. ... Analysis is the generic name given to any branch of mathematics that depends upon the concepts of limits and convergence. ... The Kerala School was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India which included as its prominent members Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. ... For other uses of Calculus, see Calculus (disambiguation) Calculus is an important branch of mathematics. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s - 1300s - 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s Years: 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 Events and Trends MARF Categories: 1300s ... Parameshvara (परमेश्वर) (1360-1425) was a major mathematician of the Kerala school. ... The Kerala School was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India which included as its prominent members Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. ... In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are functions of an angle, important when studying triangles and modeling periodic phenomena. ... As the degree of the Taylor series rises, it approaches the correct function. ... For any function that is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) there exists some c in the interval (a, b) such that the secant joining the endpoints of the interval [a, b] is parallel to the tangent at c. ... Differential calculus is the theory of and computations with differentials; see also derivative and calculus. ... In geometry, a cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose vertices all lie on a single circle. ... Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of... Madhava (à¤®à¤¾à¤§à¤µ) of Sangamagrama (1350-1425) was a major mathematician from Kerala, South India. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of AlenÃ§on, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... Kashani, dubbed, the Second Ptolemy, was an outstanding Persian mathematician of the middle ages. ... When a circles diameter is 1, its circumference is Ï€. The mathematical constant Ï€ is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3. ... Events and Trends Categories: 1400s ... Nilakantha Somayaji (à¤¨à¥€à¤²à¤•à¤£à¥à¤ à¤¸à¥‹à¤®à¤¯à¤¾à¤œà¤¿) (1444-1544), from Kerala, was a major mathematician and astronomer. ... The Kerala School was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India which included as its prominent members Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. ... Events February 18 - George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London. ... The Treviso Arithmetic, or Arte dellAbbaco, is an Italian mathematics textbook written by an anonymous teacher in Treviso, Italy in 1478. ...

16th century

1501 - Nilakantha Somayaji writes the "Tantra Samgraha", which lays the foundation for a complete system of fluxions (derivatives), and expands on concepts from his previous text, the "Aryabhatiya Bhasya"
1520 - Scipione dal Ferro develops a method for solving "depressed" cubic equations (cubic equations without an x² term), but does not publish,
1535 - Niccolo Tartaglia independently develops a method for solving depressed cubic equations but also does not publish,
1539 - Gerolamo Cardano learns Tartaglia's method for solving depressed cubics and discovers a method for depressing cubics, thereby creating a method for solving all cubics,
1540 - Lodovico Ferrari solves the quartic equation,
1544 - Michael Stifel publishes "Arithmetica integra",
1550 - Jyeshtadeva, a Kerala school mathematician, writes the "Yuktibhasa", the world's first calculus text, which gives detailed derivations of many calculus theorems and formulae
1596 - Ludolf van Ceulen computes π to twenty decimal places using inscribed and circumscribed polygons,

1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nilakantha Somayaji (à¤¨à¥€à¤²à¤•à¤£à¥à¤ à¤¸à¥‹à¤®à¤¯à¤¾à¤œà¤¿) (1444-1544), from Kerala, was a major mathematician and astronomer. ... In mathematics, the derivative of a function is one of the two central concepts of calculus. ... mary elline m. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga June 24 - The Anabaptist state of MÃ¼nster (see MÃ¼nster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. ... Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia. ... Events May 30 - In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold. ... Gerolamo Cardano or Jerome Cardan or Girolamo Cardan (September 24, 1501 - September 21, 1576) was a celebrated Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer, and gambler. ... Events January 6 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort. ... Lodovico Ferrari (February 2, 1522 - October 5, 1565) was an Italian mathematician. ... In mathematics, a quartic equation is the result of setting a quartic function equal to zero. ... Events April 11 - Battle of Ceresole - French forces under the Comte dEnghien defeat Imperial forces under the Marques Del Vasto near Turin. ... Michael Stifel (1487 - 1567) was a German mathematician. ... Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... Jyestadeva (1500-1610), was an astronomer of the Kerala school founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama and a student of Damodara. ... The Kerala School was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India which included as its prominent members Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. ... For other uses of Calculus, see Calculus (disambiguation) Calculus is an important branch of mathematics. ... Events February 5 - 26 catholics crucified in Nagasaki, Japan. ...

17th century

1600s - Putumana Somayaji writes the "Paddhati", which presents a detailed discussion of various trigonometric series
1614 - John Napier discusses Napierian logarithms in Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio,
1617 - Henry Briggs discusses decimal logarithms in Logarithmorum Chilias Prima,
1618 - John Napier publishes the first references to e in a work on logarithms.
1619 - René Descartes discovers analytic geometry (Pierre de Fermat claimed that he also discovered it independently),
1619 - Johannes Kepler discovers two of the Kepler-Poinsot solids.
1629 - Pierre de Fermat develops a rudimentary differential calculus,
1634 - Gilles de Roberval shows that the area under a cycloid is three times the area of its generating circle,
1637 - Pierre de Fermat claims to have proven Fermat's last theorem in his copy of Diophantus' Arithmetica,
1637 - First use of the term imaginary number by René Descartes, it was meant to be derogatory.
1654 - Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat create the theory of probability,
1655 - John Wallis writes Arithmetica Infinitorum,
1658 - Christopher Wren shows that the length of a cycloid is four times the diameter of its generating circle,
1665 - Isaac Newton works on the fundamental theorem of calculus and develops his version of infinitesimal calculus,
1668 - Nicholas Mercator and William Brouncker discover an infinite series for the logarithm while attempting to calculate the area under a hyperbolic segment,
1671 - James Gregory develops a series expansion for the inverse-tangent function (originally discovered by Madhava)
1673 - Gottfried Leibniz also develops his version of infinitesimal calculus,
1675 - Isaac Newton invents an algorithm for the computation of functional roots,
1691 - Gottfried Leibniz discovers the technique of separation of variables for ordinary differential equations,
1693 - Edmund Halley prepares the first mortality tables statistically relating death rate to age,
1696 - Guillaume de L'Hôpital states his rule for the computation of certain limits,
1696 - Jakob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli solve brachistochrone problem, the first result in the calculus of variations,

November 5, 1605 â€” The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... John Napier For other people with the same name, see John Napier (disambiguation). ... Logarithms to various bases: is to base e, is to base 10, and is to base 1. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). ... Henry Briggs (February 1556 - January 26, 1630) was an English mathematician notable for changing Napiers logarithms into common/Briggesian logarithms He was born at Warley Wood, near Halifax, in Yorkshire Enland. ... Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). ... John Napier For other people with the same name, see John Napier (disambiguation). ... e is the unique number such that the value of the derivative (slope of a tangent line) of f (x)=ex for any value of x is equal to the value of f (x). ... In mathematics, if two variables of bn = x are known, the third can be found. ... Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... RenÃ© Descartes (March 31, 1596 â€“ February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, was a noted French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. ... Analytic geometry, also called coordinate geometry and earlier referred to as Cartesian geometry or analytical geometry, is the study of geometry using the principles of algebra. ... Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat (August 17, 1601 â€“ January 12, 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician who is given credit for the development of modern calculus. ... Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 â€“ November 15, 1630), a key figure in the scientific revolution, was a German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and an early writer of science fiction stories. ... A Kepler solid (also called Kepler-Poinsot solid) is a regular non-convex polyhedron, all the faces of which are identical regular polygons and which has the same number of faces meeting at all its vertices (compare to Platonic solids). ... Events March 4 - Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter. ... Differential calculus is the theory of and computations with differentials; see also derivative and calculus. ... Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published CuraÃ§ao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the AcadÃ©mie franÃ§aise The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... Gilles Personne de Roberval (August 8, 1602 - October 27, 1675), French mathematician, was born at Roberval, near Beauvais, France. ... Cycloid (red) generated by a rolling circle A cycloid is the curve defined by a fixed point on a wheel as it rolls, or, more precisely, the locus of a point on the rim of a circle rolling along a straight line. ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... Pierre de Fermat Problem II.8 in the Arithmetica of Diophantus, annotated with Fermats comment which became Fermats Last Theorem (edition of 1670). ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... RenÃ© Descartes (March 31, 1596 â€“ February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, was a noted French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Blaise Pascal (pronounced []), (June 19, 1623 â€“ August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... John Wallis John Wallis (November 22, 1616 - October 28, 1703) was an English mathematician who is given partial credit for the development of modern calculus. ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (StorebÃ¦lt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632â€“25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ... Cycloid (red) generated by a rolling circle A cycloid is the curve defined by a fixed point on a wheel as it rolls, or, more precisely, the locus of a point on the rim of a circle rolling along a straight line. ... 1665 (MDCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (4 January 1643 â€“ 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 â€“ 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science. ... The fundamental theorem of calculus is the statement that the two central operations of calculus, differentiation and integration, are inverse functions of one another. ... Infinitesimal calculus is an area of mathematics pioneered by Gottfried Leibniz based on the concept of infinitesimals, as opposed to the calculus of Isaac Newton, which is based upon the concept of the limit. ... 1668 (MDCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Nicholas (Nikolaus) Mercator (c. ... Lord William Brouncker (born 1620 in Castlelyons, County Cork, Ireland and died on 5 April 1684 in Westminster, London, UK) was an English mathematician. ... In mathematics, a series is a sum of a sequence of terms. ... Events May 9 - Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. ... James Gregory James Gregory (November 1638 â€“ October 1675), was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer. ... In mathematics, the word tangent has two distinct but etymologically-related meanings: one in geometry and one in trigonometry. ... Madhava (à¤®à¤¾à¤§à¤µ) of Sangamagrama (1350-1425) was a major mathematician from Kerala, South India. ... Events January 22 - Impostor Mary Carleton is hanged in Newgate prison in England for multiple thefts and returning from penal transportation March 18 - John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton sells his part of New Jersey to the Quakers. ... This article is 82 kilobytes or more in size. ... Infinitesimal calculus is an area of mathematics pioneered by Gottfried Leibniz based on the concept of infinitesimals, as opposed to the calculus of Isaac Newton, which is based upon the concept of the limit. ... Events January 5 - The Battle of Turckeim June 18 - Battle of Fehrbellin August 10 - King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London - construction begins November 11 - Guru Gobind Singh becomes the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs. ... In numerical analysis, Newtons method (or the Newtonâ€“Raphson method or the Newtonâ€“Fourier method) is an efficient algorithm for finding approximations to the zeros (or roots) of a real-valued function. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the cityâ€™s surrender May 6... An illustration of a differential equation. ... Events January 11 - Eruption of Mt. ... Edmond Halley. ... The year 1696 had the earliest equinoxes and solstices for 400 years in the Gregorian calendar, because this year is a leap year and the Gregorian calendar would have behaved like the Julian calendar since March 1500 had it have been in use that long. ... Guillaume FranÃ§ois Antoine, Marquis de lHÃ´pital (1661 - February 2, 1704) was a French mathematician. ... In calculus, lHÃ´pitals rule (alternatively, and quite incorrectly, lHospitals rule) uses derivatives to help compute limits with indeterminate forms. ... In mathematics, the concept of a limit is used to describe the behavior of a function as its argument either gets close to some point, or as it becomes arbitrarily large; or the behavior of a sequences elements, as their index increases indefinitely. ... The year 1696 had the earliest equinoxes and solstices for 400 years in the Gregorian calendar, because this year is a leap year and the Gregorian calendar would have behaved like the Julian calendar since March 1500 had it have been in use that long. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Johann Bernoulli (Basel, July 27, 1667 - January 1, 1748) was a Swiss mathematician. ... A Brachistochrone curve, or curve of fastest descent, is the curve between two points that is covered in the least time by a body that starts at the first point with zero speed and passes down along the curve to the second point, under the action of constant gravity and... Calculus of variations is a field of mathematics that deals with functions of functions, as opposed to ordinary calculus which deals with functions of numbers. ...

18th century

1706 - John Machin develops a quickly converging inverse-tangent series for π and computes π to 100 decimal places,
1712 - Brook Taylor develops Taylor series,
1722 - Abraham De Moivre states De Moivre's theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers,
1724 - Abraham De Moivre studies mortality statistics and the foundation of the theory of annuities in Annuities on Lives,
1730 - James Stirling publishes The Differential Method,
1733 - Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri studies what geometry would be like if Euclid's fifth postulate were false,
1733 - Abraham de Moivre introduces the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution in probability,
1734 - Leonhard Euler introduces the integrating factor technique for solving first-order ordinary differential equations,
1735 - Leonhard Euler solves the Basel problem, relating an infinite series to π,
1736 - Leonhard Euler solves the problem of the Seven bridges of Königsberg, in effect creating graph theory,
1739 - Leonhard Euler solves the general homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients,
1742 - Christian Goldbach conjectures that every even number greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two primes, now known as Goldbach's conjecture,
1748 - Maria Gaetana Agnesi discusses analysis in Instituzioni Analitiche ad Uso della Gioventu Italiana,
1761 - Thomas Bayes proves Bayes' theorem,
1762 - Joseph Louis Lagrange discovers the divergence theorem,
1789 - Jurij Vega improves Machin's formula and computes π to 140 decimal places,
1794 - Jurij Vega publishes Thesaurus Logarithmorum Completus,
1796 - Carl Friedrich Gauss proves that the regular 17-gon can be constructed using only a compass and straightedge
1796 - Adrien-Marie Legendre conjectures the prime number theorem,
1797 - Caspar Wessel associates vectors with complex numbers and studies complex number operations in geometrical terms,
1799 - Carl Friedrich Gauss proves the fundamental theorem of algebra (every polynomial equation has a solution among the complex numbers),
1799 - Paolo Ruffini partially proves the Abel–Ruffini theorem that quintic or higher equations cannot be solved by a general formula,

Events March 27 - Concluding that Emperor Iyasus I of Ethiopia had abdicated by retiring to a monastery, a council of high officials appoint Tekle Haymanot I Emperor of Ethiopia May 23 - Battle of Ramillies September 7 - The Battle of Turin in the War of Spanish Succession - forces of Austria and... John Machin, (1680â€”June 9, 1751), a professor of astronomy in London, is best known for developing a quickly converging series for Ï€ in 1706 and using it to compute Ï€ to 100 decimal places. ... // Events Treaty of Aargau signed between Catholic and Protestants. ... Brook Taylor (August 18, 1685 – December 29, 1731) was an English mathematician. ... As the degree of the Taylor series rises, it approaches the correct function. ... // Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... Abraham de Moivre. ... De Moivres formula states that for any real number x and any integer n, The formula is important because it connects complex numbers (i stands for the imaginary unit) and trigonometry. ... All of the trigonometric functions of an angle Î¸ can be constructed geometrically in terms of a unit circle centered at O. In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are functions of an angle; they are important when studying triangles and modeling periodic phenomena, among many other applications. ... In mathematics, a complex number is a number of the form where a and b are real numbers, and i is the imaginary unit, with the property i 2 = âˆ’1. ... Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births April 16 - Henry Clinton, British general (d. ... James Stirling (April 22, 1692–December 5, 1770) was an important Scottish mathematician. ... Events February 12 - British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia. ... Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri (September 5, 1667 â€“ October 25, 1733) was an Italian Jesuit priest and mathematician. ... a and b are parallel, the transversal t produces congruent angles. ... Events February 12 - British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia. ... Abraham de Moivre. ... The normal distribution, also called Gaussian distribution (although Gauss was not the first to work with it), is an extremely important probability distribution in many fields. ... In probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent yes/no experiments, each of which yields success with probability p. ... Events January 8 - Premiere of George Frideric Handels opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. ... Euler redirects here. ... An illustration of a differential equation. ... Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ... The Basel problem is a famous problem in number theory, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644, and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1735. ... Events January 26 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. ... Map of KÃ¶nigsberg in Eulers time showing the actual layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the bridges. ... A pictorial representation of a graph In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects from a certain collection. ... // About the number 1739 1739 is the smallest integer that can be written as sum of three perfect cubes, in two ways. ... In mathematics, constant coefficients is a term applied to differential operators, and also some difference operators, to signify that they contain no functions of the independent variables, other than constant functions. ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Christian Goldbach (March 18, 1690 - November 20, 1764), was a Prussian mathematician, who was born in KÃ¶nigsberg, Prussia, as son of a pastor. ... Goldbachs conjecture is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory and in all of mathematics. ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... Ä†:Maria Agnesi redirects here. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Bayes. ... Bayess theorem (also known as Bayess rule) is a result in probability theory, which relates the conditional and marginal probability distributions of random variables. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Joseph-Louis Lagrange Joseph-Louis Lagrange, comte de lEmpire (January 25, 1736 â€“ April 10, 1813; b. ... In vector calculus, the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss theorem, Ostrogradskys theorem, or Ostrogradskyâ€“Gauss theorem is a result that links the divergence of a vector field to the value of surface integrals of the flow defined by the field. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Baron Jurij Bartolomej Vega (also correct Veha; official Latin Georgius Bartholomaei Vecha; German Georg Freiherr von Vega) (March 23, 1754 â€“ September 26, 1802) was a Slovenian mathematician, physicist and artillery officer. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... (30 April 1777 â€“ 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist of profound genius who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy and optics. ... Erchingers heptadecagon In geometry, a heptadecagon (or 17-gon) is a seventeen-sided polygon. ... Creating a regular hexagon with a ruler and compass Construction of a regular pentagon Compass and straightedge or ruler-and-compass construction is the construction of lengths or angles using only an idealized ruler and compass. ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... Adrien-Marie Legendre (September 18, 1752 â€“ January 10, 1833) was a French mathematician. ... In number theory, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the approximate, asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Caspar Wessel (June 8, 1745 - March 25, 1818) was a Norwegian-Danish mathematician. ... In mathematics, a complex number is a number of the form where a and b are real numbers, and i is the imaginary unit, with the property i 2 = âˆ’1. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of algebra states that every complex polynomial in one variable and of degree â‰¥ has some complex root. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Paolo Ruffini (Valentano, 1765 â€“ Modena, 1822) was an Italian mathematician and philosopher. ... The Abelâ€“Ruffini theorem (also known as Abels Impossibility Theorem) states that there is no general solution in radicals to polynomial equations of degree five or higher. ... Polynomial of degree 5: f(x) = (x+4)(x+2)(x+1)(x-1)(x-3)/20+2 In mathematics, a quintic equation is a polynomial equation in which the greatest exponent on the independent variable is five. ...

19th century

1801 - Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, Carl Friedrich Gauss's number theory treatise, is published in Latin
1805 - Adrien-Marie Legendre introduces the method of least squares for fitting a curve to a given set of observations,
1806 - Louis Poinsot discovers the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot solid.
1807 - Joseph Fourier announces his discoveries about the trigonometric decomposition of functions,
1811 - Carl Friedrich Gauss discusses the meaning of integrals with complex limits and briefly examines the dependence of such integrals on the chosen path of integration,
1815 - Siméon-Denis Poisson carries out integrations along paths in the complex plane,
1817 - Bernard Bolzano presents the intermediate value theorem---a continuous function which is negative at one point and positive at another point must be zero for at least one point in between,
1822 - Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for integration around the boundary of a rectangle in the complex plane,
1824 - Niels Henrik Abel partially proves the Abel–Ruffini theorem that the general quintic or higher equations cannot be solved by a general formula involving only arithmetical operations and roots,
1825 - Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for general integration paths -- he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative, and he introduces the theory of residues in complex analysis,
1825 - Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Adrien-Marie Legendre prove Fermat's last theorem for n = 5,
1825 - André-Marie Ampère discovers Stokes' theorem,
1828 - George Green proves Green's theorem,
1829 - Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky publishes his work on hyperbolic non-Euclidean geometry,
1831 - Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky rediscovers and gives the first proof of the divergence theorem earlier described by Lagrange, Gauss and Green,
1832 - Évariste Galois presents a general condition for the solvability of algebraic equations, thereby essentially founding group theory and Galois theory,
1832 - Peter Dirichlet proves Fermat's last theorem for n = 14,
1835 - Peter Dirichlet proves Dirichlet's theorem about prime numbers in arithmetical progressions,
1837 - Pierre Wantsel proves that doubling the cube and trisecting the angle are impossible with only a compass and straightedge, as well as the full completion of the problem of constructability of regular polygons
1841 - Karl Weierstrass discovers but does not publish the Laurent expansion theorem,
1843 - Pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem,
1843 - William Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative,
1847 - George Boole formalizes symbolic logic in The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, defining what are now called Boolean algebras,
1849 - George Gabriel Stokes shows that solitary waves can arise from a combination of periodic waves,
1850 - Victor Alexandre Puiseux distinguishes between poles and branch points and introduces the concept of essential singular points,
1850 - George Gabriel Stokes rediscovers and proves Stokes' theorem,
1854 - Bernhard Riemann introduces Riemannian geometry,
1854 - Arthur Cayley shows that quaternions can be used to represent rotations in four-dimensional space,
1858 - August Ferdinand Möbius invents the Möbius strip,
1859 - Bernhard Riemann formulates the Riemann hypothesis which has strong implications about the distribution of prime numbers,
1870 - Felix Klein constructs an analytic geometry for Lobachevski's geometry thereby establishing its self-consistency and the logical independence of Euclid's fifth postulate,
1873 - Charles Hermite proves that e is transcendental,
1873 - Georg Frobenius presents his method for finding series solutions to linear differential equations with regular singular points,
1874 - Georg Cantor shows that the set of all real numbers is uncountably infinite but the set of all algebraic numbers is countably infinite. Contrary to widely held beliefs, his method was not his famous diagonal argument, which he published three years later. (Nor did he formulate set theory at this time.)
1878 - Charles Hermite solves the general quintic equation by means of elliptic and modular functions
1882 - Ferdinand von Lindemann proves that π is transcendental and that therefore the circle cannot be squared with a compass and straightedge,
1882 - Felix Klein invents the Klein bottle,
1895 - Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries derive the KdV equation to describe the development of long solitary water waves in a canal of rectangular cross section,
1895 - Georg Cantor publishes a book about set theory containing the arithmetic of infinite cardinal numbers and the continuum hypothesis,
1896 - Jacques Hadamard and Charles de La Vallée-Poussin independently prove the prime number theorem,
1896 - Hermann Minkowski presents Geometry of numbers,
1899 - Georg Cantor discovers a contradiction in his set theory,
1899 - David Hilbert presents a set of self-consistent geometric axioms in Foundations of Geometry,

The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... The Disquisitiones Arithmeticae is a textbook of number theory written by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss and first published in 1801 when Gauss was 24. ... Number theory is the branch of pure mathematics concerned with the properties of numbers in general, and integers in particular, as well as the wider classes of problems that arise from their study. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Least squares is a mathematical optimization technique that attempts to find a best fit to a set of data by attempting to minimize the sum of the squares of the differences (called residuals) between the fitted function and the data. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Louis Poinsot (1777 - 1859) was a French mathematician and physicist. ... A Kepler solid (also called Kepler-Poinsot solid) is a regular non-convex polyhedron, all the faces of which are identical regular polygons and which has the same number of faces meeting at all its vertices (compare to Platonic solids). ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (March 21, 1768 - May 16, 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist who is best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their application to problems of heat flow. ... The Fourier series is a mathematical tool used for analyzing an arbitrary periodic function by decomposing it into a weighted sum of much simpler sinusoidal component functions sometimes referred to as normal Fourier modes, or simply modes for short. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Simeon Poisson. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Bernard Bolzano Bernard Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano (October 5, 1781 â€“ December 18, 1848) was a Czech mathematician, theologian, philosopher and logician. ... In analysis, the intermediate value theorem is either of two theorems of which an account is given below. ... In mathematics, a continuous function is a function for which, intuitively, small changes in the input result in small changes in the output. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Augustin Louis Cauchy Augustin Louis Cauchy (August 21, 1789 – May 23, 1857) was a French mathematician. ... In mathematics, the Cauchy integral theorem in complex analysis, named after Augustin Louis Cauchy, is an important statement about path integrals for holomorphic functions in the complex plane. ... In mathematics, the complex plane is a way of visualising the space of the complex numbers. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Niels Henrik Abel (August 5, 1802â€“April 6, 1829), Norwegian mathematician, was born in FinnÃ¸y. ... The Abelâ€“Ruffini theorem (also known as Abels Impossibility Theorem) states that there is no general solution in radicals to polynomial equations of degree five or higher. ... Polynomial of degree 5: f(x) = (x+4)(x+2)(x+1)(x-1)(x-3)/20+2 In mathematics, a quintic equation is a polynomial equation in which the greatest exponent on the independent variable is five. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... In mathematics, the Cauchy integral theorem in complex analysis, named after Augustin Louis Cauchy, is an important statement about path integrals for holomorphic functions in the complex plane. ... In complex analysis, the residue is a complex number which describes the behavior of path integrals of a meromorphic function around a singularity. ... Complex analysis is the branch of mathematics investigating functions of complex numbers, and is of enormous practical use in many branches of mathematics, including applied mathematics. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... André-Marie Ampère (January 22, 1775 – June 10, 1836), was a French physicist who is generally credited as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism. ... Stokes theorem in differential geometry is a statement about the integration of differential forms which generalizes several theorems from vector calculus. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In physics and mathematics, Greens theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C and a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C. Greens theorem was named after British scientist George Green and is a special two-dimensional case of... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÌÐ¹ Ð˜Ð²Ð°ÌÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð›Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ñ‡ÐµÌÐ²ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹) (December 1, 1792â€“February 24, 1856 (N.S.); November 20, 1792â€“February 12, 1856 (O.S.)) was a Russian mathematician. ... Behavior of lines with a common perpendicular in each of the three types of geometry The term non-Euclidean geometry (also spelled: non-euclidian geometry) describes hyperbolic, elliptic and absolute geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky (transcribed also Ostrogradskii, OstrogradskiÄ, Mykhailo Vasylovych Ostrohradskyi[1]) (ÐœÐ¸Ñ…Ð°Ð¸Ð» Ð’Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑŒÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐžÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð´ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹) (September 24, 1801 - January 1, 1862) was a Ukrainian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Galois at the age of fifteen from the pencil of a classmate. ... Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which, as the name suggests, combines abstract algebra, especially commutative algebra, with geometry. ... Group theory is that branch of mathematics concerned with the study of groups. ... In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, Galois theory, named after Ã‰variste Galois, provides a connection between field theory and group theory. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... In number theory, Dirichlets theorem states that for any two positive coprime integers a and d, there are infinitely many primes of the form a + nd, where n > 0, or in other words: there are infinitely many primes which are congruent to a modulo d. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Karl WeierstraÃŸ Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (WeierstraÃŸ) (October 31, 1815 â€“ February 19, 1897) was a German mathematician who is often cited as the father of modern analysis. // Biography Karl Weierstrass was born in Ostenfelde, Westphalia (today Germany). ... In mathematics, a Laurent series is an infinite series. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... William Rowan Hamilton Sir William Rowan Hamilton (August 4, 1805 â€“ September 2, 1865) was an Irish mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who made important contributions to the development of optics, dynamics, and algebra. ... In mathematics, the quaternions are a non-commutative extension of the complex numbers. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... George Boole [], (November 2, 1815 â€“ December 8, 1864) was a British mathematician and philosopher. ... Mathematical logic is a discipline within mathematics, studying formal systems in relation to the way they encode intuitive concepts of proof and computation as part of the foundations of mathematics. ... In abstract algebra, a Boolean algebra is an algebraic structure (a collection of elements and operations on them obeying defining axioms) that captures essential properties of both set operations and logic operations. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... George Gabriel Stokes Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet (13 August 1819â€“1 February 1903) was an Anglo-Irish mathematician and physicist. ... In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a self-reinforcing solitary wave caused by nonlinear effects in the medium. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In mathematics, a singularity is in general a point at which a given mathematical object is not defined, or a point of an exceptional set where it fails to be well-behaved in some particular way, such as differentiability. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Stokes theorem in differential geometry is a statement about the integration of differential forms which generalizes several theorems from vector calculus. ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Bernhard Riemann. ... In differential geometry, Riemannian geometry is the study of smooth manifolds with Riemannian metrics, i. ... 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Arthur Cayley (August 16, 1821 - January 26, 1895) was a British mathematician. ... In mathematics, the quaternions are a non-commutative extension of the complex numbers. ... Space has been an interest for philosophers and scientists for much of human history. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... August Ferdinand MÃ¶bius (November 17, 1790, Schulpforta, Saxony, Germany - September 26, 1868, Leipzig) was a German mathematician and theoretical astronomer. ... A MÃ¶bius strip made with a piece of paper and tape. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Unsolved problems in mathematics: Is the real part of a non-trivial zero of the Riemann zeta function always Â½? In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis (also called the Riemann zeta-hypothesis), first formulated by Bernhard Riemann in 1859, is one of the most famous unsolved problems. ... In mathematics, a prime number (or a prime) is a natural number that has exactly two (distinct) natural number divisors, which are 1 and the prime number itself. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Felix Christian Klein (April 25, 1849, DÃ¼sseldorf, Germany â€“ June 22, 1925, GÃ¶ttingen) was a German mathematician, known for his work in group theory, function theory, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections between geometry and group theory. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Charles Hermite (pronounced in IPA, , or phonetically air-meet) (December 24, 1822 - January 14, 1901) was a French mathematician who did research on number theory, quadratic forms, invariant theory, orthogonal polynomials, elliptic functions, and algebra. ... e is the unique number such that the value of the derivative (slope of a tangent line) of f (x)=ex for any value of x is equal to the value of f (x). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Picture of Frobenius Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (October 26, 1849 - August 3, 1917) was a German mathematician, best-known for his contributions to the theory of differential equations and to group theory. ... In mathematics, in the theory of ordinary differential equations in the complex plane C, the points of C are classified into ordinary points, at which the equations coefficients are analytic functions, and singular points, at which some coefficient has a singularity. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Georg Cantor Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (March 3, 1845, St. ... In mathematics, the real numbers may be described informally in several different ways. ... In mathematics, an uncountable set is a set which is not countable. ... In mathematics, an algebraic number is any number that is a root of an algebraic equation, a non-zero polynomial with integer (or equivalently, rational) coefficients. ... In mathematics the term countable set is used to describe the size of a set, e. ... Cantors diagonal argument is a proof devised by Georg Cantor to demonstrate that the real numbers are not countably infinite. ... Set theory is the mathematical theory of sets, which represent collections of abstract objects. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann (April 12, 1852 - March 6, 1939) was a German mathematician, noted for his proof, published in 1882, that π is a transcendental number, i. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... The Klein bottle immersed in three-dimensional space. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Diederik Johannes Korteweg (1848-1941) was a Dutch mathematician. ... Gustav de Vries (1866-1934) was a Dutch mathematician, who is best remembered for his work on the Korteweg-de Vries equation with Diederik Korteweg. ... The Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV equation for short) is the following partial differential equation for a function φ of two real variables, x and t: Its solutions clump up into solitons. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Georg Cantor Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (March 3, 1845, St. ... Aleph-0, the smallest infinite cardinal In mathematics, cardinal numbers, or cardinals for short, are a generalized kind of number used to denote the size of a set. ... In mathematics, the continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... In number theory, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the approximate, asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Hermann Minkowski. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Georg Cantor Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (March 3, 1845, St. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... David Hilbert (January 23, 1862, Wehlau, East Prussia â€“ February 14, 1943, GÃ¶ttingen, Germany) was a German mathematician, recognized as one of the most influential mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. ...

20th century

1900 - David Hilbert states his list of 23 problems which show where some further mathematical work is needed,
1901 - Élie Cartan develops the exterior derivative,
1903 - Carle David Tolme Runge presents a fast Fourier Transform algorithm,
1903 - Edmund Georg Hermann Landau gives considerably simpler proof of the prime number theorem,
1908 - Ernst Zermelo axiomizes set theory, thus avoiding Cantor's contradictions,
1908 - Josip Plemelj solves the Riemann problem about the existence of a differential equation with a given monodromic group and uses Sokhotsky - Plemelj formulae,
1912 - Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer presents the Brouwer fixed-point theorem,
1912 - Josip Plemelj publishes simplified proof for the Fermat's last theorem for exponent n = 5,
1913 - Srinivasa Aaiyangar Ramanujan sends a long list of complex theorems without proofs to G. H. Hardy,
1914 - Srinivasa Aaiyangar Ramanujan publishes Modular Equations and Approximations to π,
1910s - Srinivasa Aaiyangar Ramanujan develops over 3000 theorems, including properties of highly composite numbers, the partition function and its asymptotics, and mock theta functions. He also makes major breakthroughs and discoveries in the areas of gamma functions, modular forms, divergent series, hypergeometric series and prime number theory
1919 - Viggo Brun defines Brun's constant B₂ for twin primes,
1928 - John von Neumann begins devising the principles of game theory and proves the minimax theorem,
1930 - Casimir Kuratowski shows that the three cottage problem has no solution,
1931 - Kurt Gödel proves his incompleteness theorem which shows that every axiomatic system for mathematics is either incomplete or inconsistent,
1931 - Georges de Rham develops theorems in cohomology and characteristic classes,
1933 - Karol Borsuk and Stanislaw Ulam present the Borsuk-Ulam antipodal-point theorem,
1933 - Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov publishes his book Basic notions of the calculus of probability (Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung) which contains an axiomatization of probability based on measure theory,
1940 - Kurt Gödel shows that neither the continuum hypothesis nor the axiom of choice can be disproven from the standard axioms of set theory,
1942 - G.C. Danielson and Cornelius Lanczos develop a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm,
1943 - Kenneth Levenberg proposes a method for nonlinear least squares fitting,
1948 - John von Neumann mathematically studies self-reproducing machines,
1949 - John von Neumann computes π to 2,037 decimal places using ENIAC,
1950 - Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann present cellular automata dynamical systems,
1953 - Nicholas Metropolis introduces the idea of thermodynamic simulated annealing algorithms,
1955 - H. S. M. Coxeter et al. publish the complete list of uniform polyhedron,
1955 - Enrico Fermi, John Pasta, and Stanislaw Ulam numerically study a nonlinear spring model of heat conduction and discover solitary wave type behavior,
1960 - C. A. R. Hoare invents the quicksort algorithm,
1960 - Irving Reed and Gustave Solomon present the Reed-Solomon error-correcting code,
1961 - Daniel Shanks and John Wrench compute π to 100,000 decimal places using an inverse-tangent identity and an IBM-7090 computer,
1962 - Donald Marquardt proposes the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm,
1963 - Paul Cohen uses his technique of forcing to show that neither the continuum hypothesis nor the axiom of choice can be proven from the standard axioms of set theory,
1963 - Martin Kruskal and Norman Zabusky analytically study the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam heat conduction problem in the continuum limit and find that the KdV equation governs this system,
1963 - meteorologist and mathematician Edward Norton Lorenz published solutions for a simplified mathematical model of atmospheric turbulence - generally known as chaotic behaviour and strange attractors or Lorenz Attractor - also the Butterfly Effect
1965 - Martin Kruskal and Norman Zabusky numerically study colliding solitary waves in plasmas and find that they do not disperse after collisions,
1965 - James Cooley and John Tukey present an influential Fast Fourier Transform algorithm,
1966 - E.J. Putzer presents two methods for computing the exponential of a matrix in terms of a polynomial in that matrix,
1966 - Abraham Robinson presents Non-standard analysis.
1967 - Robert Langlands formulates the influential Langlands program of conjectures relating number theory and representation theory,
1968 - Michael Atiyah and Isadore Singer prove the Atiyah-Singer index theorem about the index of elliptic operators,
1975 - Benoît Mandelbrot published Les objets fractals, forme, hasard et dimension,
1976 - Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken use a computer to prove the Four color theorem,
1983 - Gerd Faltings proves the Mordell conjecture and thereby shows that there are only finitely many whole number solutions for each exponent of Fermat's last theorem,
1983 - the classification of finite simple groups, a collaborative work involving some hundred mathematicians and spanning thirty years, is completed,
1985 - Louis de Branges de Bourcia proves the Bieberbach conjecture,
1987 - Yasumasa Kanada, David Bailey, Jonathan Borwein, and Peter Borwein use iterative modular equation approximations to elliptic integrals and a NEC SX-2 supercomputer to compute π to 134 million decimal places,
1991 - Alain Connes and John W. Lott develop non-commutative geometry,
1994 - Andrew Wiles proves part of the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture and thereby proves Fermat's last theorem,
1998 - Thomas Hales (almost certainly) proves the Kepler conjecture,
1999 - the full Taniyama-Shimura conjecture is proved.

1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Hilberts problems are a list of twenty-three problems in mathematics put forth by German mathematician David Hilbert at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Ã‰lie Joseph Cartan (9 April 1869 - 6 May 1951) was an influential French mathematician, who did fundamental work in the theory of Lie groups and their geometric applications. ... In mathematics, the exterior derivative operator of differential topology, extends the concept of the differential of a function to differential forms of higher degree. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Carle David Tolm Runge (August 30, 1856 – January 3, 1927) was a German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist. ... A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an efficient algorithm to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its inverse. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (February 14, 1877 - February 19, 1938) was a German mathematician and author of over 250 papers on number theory. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (July 27, 1871, Berlin, German Empire â€“ May 21, 1953, Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany) was a German mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics and hence on philosophy. ... Set theory is the mathematical theory of sets, which represent collections of abstract objects. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Josip Plemelj (December 11, 1873 - May 22, 1967) was a Slovene mathematician. ... In mathematics, monodromy is the study of how objects from mathematical analysis, algebraic topology and differential geometry behave as they run round a singularity. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (February 27, 1881 - December 2, 1966), usually cited as L. E. J. Brouwer, was a Dutch mathematician, a graduate of the University of Amsterdam, who worked in topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis. ... In mathematics, the Brouwer fixed point theorem states that every continuous function from the closed unit ball D n to itself has a fixed point. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Ramanujan Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan (Tamil: ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ஐயங்கார் ராமானுஜன்) (December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920) was a groundbreaking Indian mathematician. ... G. H. Hardy Professor Godfrey Harold Hardy FRS (February 7, 1877 â€“ December 1, 1947) was a prominent British mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Ramanujan Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan (Tamil: ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ஐயங்கார் ராமானுஜன்) (December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920) was a groundbreaking Indian mathematician. ... // Events and trends The 1910s represent the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th Century. ... Ramanujan Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan (Tamil: ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ஐயங்கார் ராமானுஜன்) (December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920) was a groundbreaking Indian mathematician. ... A highly composite number is a positive integer which has more divisors than any positive integer below it. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Integer partition. ... In mathematics and applications, particularly the analysis of algorithms, asymptotic analysis is a method of classifying limiting behaviour, by concentrating on some trend. ... In mathematics, the Ramanujan theta function generalizes the form of the Jacobi theta functions, while capturing their general properties. ... The Gamma function along part of the real axis In mathematics, the Gamma function extends the factorial function to complex and non integer numbers (it is already defined on the naturals, and has simple poles at the negative integers). ... Modular form - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... In mathematics, a divergent series is an infinite series that does not converge. ... In mathematics, a hypergeometric series is a power series in which the ratios of successive coefficients k is a rational function of k. ... In number theory, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the approximate, asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Viggo Brun (October 13, 1882 - August 15, 1978) was a Norwegian mathematician. ... In 1919 Viggo Brun showed that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes (pairs of prime numbers which differ by 2) converges to a mathematical constant now called Bruns constant for twin primes and usually denoted by B2 (sequence A065421 in OEIS): in stark contrast to the... A twin prime is a prime number that differs from another prime number by two. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... John von Neumann in the 1940s. ... Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics and economics that studies situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns. ... Minimax is a method in decision theory for minimizing the expected maximum loss. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... Kazimierz Kuratowski (born February 2, 1896, Warsaw, died June 18, 1980, Warsaw) was a Polish mathematician. ... The three cottage problem is a problem in mathematical graph theory: Suppose there are three cottages that each need to be connected to the gas, water, and electric companies. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Kurt GÃ¶del Kurt GÃ¶del (IPA: ) (April 28, 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic â€“ January 14, 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics. ... In mathematical logic, GÃ¶dels incompleteness theorems are two celebrated theorems proven by Kurt GÃ¶del in 1931. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... Georges de Rham (10 September 1903-9 October 1990) was a Swiss mathematician, known for his contributions to differential topology. ... In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, cohomology is a general term for a sequence of abelian groups defined from a cochain complex. ... In mathematics, a characteristic class is a way of associating to each principal bundle on a topological space X a cohomology class of X. The cohomology class measures the extent to which the bundle is twisted â€” particularly, whether it possesses sections or not. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Karol Borsuk (May 8, 1905 - January 24, 1982) was a Polish mathematician born in Warsaw. ... Stanisław Marcin Ulam (April 13, 1909–May 13, 1984) was a Polish-American mathematician who helped develop the key theory behind the hydrogen bomb. ... The Borsuk-Ulam theorem states that any continuous function from an n-sphere into Euclidean n-space maps some pair of antipodal points to the same point. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (Андре́й Никола́евич Колмого́ров) (kahl-mah-GAW-raff) (April 25, 1903 in Tambov - October 20, 1987 in Moscow) was a Russian mathematician... The probability of some event (denoted ) is defined with respect to a universe or sample space of all possible elementary events in such a way that must satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms. ... In mathematics, a measure is a function that assigns a number, e. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... In mathematics, the continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. ... In mathematics, the axiom of choice, or AC, is an axiom of set theory. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Cornelius Lanczos, born KornÃ©l LÃ¶wy (February 2, 1893â€“June 25, 1974), was a Hungarian mathematician and physicist. ... A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an efficient algorithm to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its inverse. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... ENIAC ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer[1], was the first large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems[2], although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A cellular automaton (plural: cellular automata) is a discrete model studied in computability theory and mathematics. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Nicholas Constantine Metropolis (June 11, 1915 â€“ October 17, 1999) was a Greek-American mathematician, physicist, and computer scientist. ... Simulated annealing (SA) is a generic probabilistic meta-algorithm for the global optimization problem, namely locating a good approximation to the global optimum of a given function in a large search space. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Harold Scott MacDonald Donald Coxeter, CC , Ph. ... A uniform polyhedron is a polyhedron with regular polygons as faces and identical vertices. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 â€“ November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for the development of quantum theory. ... John R. Pasta (1918-1984) was a computer scientist who is remembered today for the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam experiment (a result much discussed among physicists and dynamical systems/chaos theory experts), and as the head of the department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign from... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (Tony Hoare or C.A.R. Hoare, born January 11, 1934) is a British computer scientist, probably best known for the development of Quicksort, the worlds most widely used sorting algorithm, in 1960. ... Quicksort in action on a list of random numbers. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Gustave Solomon was a mathematician and engineer best known for developing, along with Irving S. Reed, algebraic error-detecting and error-correcting codes known as Reed-Solomon codes. ... Reed-Solomon error correction is a coding scheme which works by first constructing a polynomial from the data symbols to be transmitted and then sending an over-sampled plot of the polynomial instead of the original symbols themselves. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ... Donald W. Marquardt (1929-1997) is the founder of the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm. ... The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm provides a numerical solution to the mathematical problem of minimizing a sum of squares of several, generally nonlinear functions that depend on a common set of parameters. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... In axiomatic set theory, forcing is a technique, invented by Paul Cohen, for proving consistency and independence results with respect to the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms. ... In mathematics, the continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. ... In mathematics, the axiom of choice, or AC, is an axiom of set theory. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Martin David Kruskal (b. ... The Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV equation for short) is the following partial differential equation for a function φ of two real variables, x and t: Its solutions clump up into solitons. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Dr. Lorenz at work Edward Norton Lorenz is an American mathematician and meteorologist, and a contributor to the chaos theory and inventor of the strange attractor notion. ... A plot of the trajectory Lorenz system for values r=28, Ïƒ = 10, b = 8/3 The Lorenz attractor, introduced by Edward Lorenz in 1963, is a non-linear three-dimensional deterministic dynamical system derived from the simplified equations of convection rolls arising in the dynamical equations of the atmosphere. ... Point attractors in 2D phase space. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... A solitary wave is a special sort of solution of a non-linear partial differential equation. ... A Plasma lamp, illustrating some of the more complex phenomena of a plasma, including filamentation A solar coronal mass ejection blasts plasma throughout the solar system. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Dr. James Cooley (born 1926) is an American mathematician. ... John Wilder Tukey (June 16, 1915 - July 26, 2000) was a statistician. ... A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an efficient algorithm to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its inverse. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... In mathematics, the matrix exponential is a function on square matrices analogous to the ordinary exponential function. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... Abraham Robinson Abraham Robinson (October 6, 1918 - April 11, 1974) was a mathematician who is most widely known for development of nonstandard analysis, a mathematically rigorous system whereby infinitesimal and infinite numbers were incorporated into mathematics. ... Non-standard analysis is that branch of mathematics that formulates analysis using a rigorous notion of infinitesimal, where an element of an ordered field F is infinitesimal if and only if its absolute value is smaller than any element of F of the form 1/n, for n a natural... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Robert Langlands (born 1936 in Canada) is one of the most significant mathematicians of the 20th century, with profound insights in number theory and representation theory. ... In mathematics, the Langlands program is a web of far-reaching and influential conjectures that connect number theory and the representation theory of certain groups. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Sir Michael Francis Atiyah, OM, FRS (born 22 April 1929) is a mathematician who was born in London. ... Isadore Singer (born 1924) is an Institute Professor in the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... In the mathematics of manifolds and differential operators, the Atiyah-Singer index theorem is an important unifying result that connects topology and analysis. ... In mathematics, an elliptic operator is one of the major types of differential operator P. It can also be defined on spaces of complex-valued functions, or some more general function-like objects. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... BenoÃ®t Mandelbrot in 2006 BenoÃ®t B. Mandelbrot (born November 20, 1924) is a Polish-French mathematician, best known as the father of fractal geometry. BenoÃ®t Mandelbrot was born in Poland, but his family moved to France when he was a child; he is a French citizen and... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Kenneth Appel is a mathematician who, in 1976 with colleague Wolfgang Haken at the University of Illinois in Urbana, solved one of the most famous problems in mathematics, the four-color theorem. ... Wolfgang Haken (born June 21, 1928) is a mathematician who specialized in topology, in particular 3-manifolds. ... Example of a four color map The four color theorem (also known as the four color map theorem) states that given any plane separated into regions, such as a political map of the counties of a state, the regions may be colored using no more than four colors in such... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gerd Faltings (born 28 July 1954) is a German mathematician known for his work in arithmetic algebraic geometry. ... In number theory, the Mordell conjecture stated a basic result regarding the rational number solutions to Diophantine equations. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The classification of the finite simple groups is a vast body of work in mathematics, mostly published between around 1955 and 1983, which is thought to classify all of the finite simple groups. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Louis de Branges de Bourcia (born August 21, 1932 in Paris, France) is a French-American mathematician. ... In complex analysis, de Branges theorem, formerly the Bieberbach conjecture, states a necessary condition on an analytic function to map the unit disk injectively to itself. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Yasumasa Kanada (é‡‘ç”° åº·æ£) is a Japanese mathematician most known for his numerous world records over the past two decades for calculating digits of Ï€. Kanada is a professor in the Department of Information Science at the University of Tokyo in Tokyo, Japan. ... David H. Bailey is a mathematician who, together with Peter Borwein and Simon Plouffe, found a formula for Ï€ in 1996 that permits one to calculate binary or hexadecimal digits of Ï€ beginning at an arbitrary position. ... Jonathan M. Borwein (born 1951) was Shrum Professor of Science (1993-2003) and a Canada Research Chair in Information Technology (2001-08) at Simon Fraser University, and was founding Director of the Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics. ... Peter B. Borwein is a Canadian mathematician, co-developer of an algorithm for calculating Ï€ to the nth digit, co-discoverer of the billionth, four billionth, 40th billionth, and quadrillionth digits of Ï€, and professor at Simon Fraser University. ... A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alain Connes (born April 1, 1947) is a French mathematician, currently Professor at the College de France (Paris, France), IHES (Bures-sur-Yvette, France) and Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tennessee). ... In mathematics, there is a close relationship between spaces, which are geometric in nature, and the numerical functions on them. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Andrew Wiles should not be confused with AndrÃ© Weil, another famous mathematician who, like Wiles, did important work in the area of elliptic curves. ... The Taniyama-Shimura theorem establishes an important connection between elliptic curves, which are objects from algebraic geometry, and modular forms, which are certain periodic holomorphic functions investigated in number theory. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Thomas Callister Hales is an American mathematician who provided computer-aided proof of the Kepler Conjecture. ... In mathematics, the Kepler conjecture is a conjecture about sphere packing in three dimensional Euclidean space. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The Taniyama-Shimura theorem establishes an important connection between elliptic curves, which are objects from algebraic geometry, and modular forms, which are certain periodic holomorphic functions investigated in number theory. ...

21st century

2000 - the Clay Mathematics Institute establishes the seven Millennium Prize Problems of unsolved important classic mathematical questions,
2002 - Manindra Agrawal, Nitin Saxena, and Neeraj Kayal of IIT Kanpur present an unconditional deterministic polynomial time algorithm to determine whether a given number is prime,
2002 - Yasumasa Kanada, Y. Ushiro, Hisayasu Kuroda, Makoto Kudoh and a team of nine more compute π to 1241.1 billion digits using a Hitachi 64-node supercomputer,
2002 - Preda Mihăilescu proves Catalan's conjecture,

This article is about the year 2000. ... The Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Manindra Agrawal (à¤®à¤£à¥€à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥à¤° à¤…à¤—à¥à¤°à¤µà¤¾à¤²) (born 20 May 1966 in Allahabad) is a professor of computer science at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. ... Nitin Saxena is a Doctoral student at the Computer Science Department of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. ... Neeraj Kayal graduated with a B.Tech from the Computer Science Department of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India in 2002. ... The Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) is one of the Indian Institutes of Technology, set up in the (then) industrial city of Kanpur in 1960. ... In computational complexity theory, polynomial time refers to the computation time of a problem where the time, m(n), is no greater than a polynomial function of the problem size, n. ... In mathematics, a prime number (or a prime) is a natural number that has exactly two (distinct) natural number divisors, which are 1 and the prime number itself. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Yasumasa Kanada (é‡‘ç”° åº·æ£) is a Japanese mathematician most known for his numerous world records over the past two decades for calculating digits of Ï€. Kanada is a professor in the Department of Information Science at the University of Tokyo in Tokyo, Japan. ... It has been suggested that Hitachi Works be merged into this article or section. ... A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Preda MihÄƒilescu (born 1955) is a Romanian mathematician who received his education at the ETH ZÃ¼rich and later did research at the University of Paderborn, Germany. ... Catalans conjecture is a simple conjecture in number theory that was proposed by the mathematician EugÃ¨ne Charles Catalan. ...

Note

This article is based on a timeline developed by Niel Brandt (1994) who has given permission for its use in Wikipedia. (See Talk:Timeline of mathematics.)

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | History of mathematics | Mathematics timelines

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Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Mathematics (2298 words)
	Nowadays mathematics is the investigation of axiomatically defined abstract structures using mathematical notation and symbolic logic.
	Mathematics is usually regarded as an important tool for science, even though the development of mathematics is not necessarily done with science in mind (See pure mathematics and applied mathematics.).
	Mathematics might accordingly be seen as an extension of spoken and written natural languages, with an extremely precisely defined vocabulary and grammar, for the purpose of describing and exploring physical and conceptual relationships.

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