Timeline of medicine and medical technology For the novel by Michael Crichton, see Timeline (novel). ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of science and technology to improve the management of health conditions. ...

Antiquity

• c. 2600s BC - Imhotep wrote texts on ancient Egyptian medicine describing diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases in 3rd dynasty Egypt.
• c. 2596 BC¹ - The legendary date of composition of Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine), which lays the framework for the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine
• c. 1500 BC¹ - Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
• c. 500 BC¹ - Sushruta wrote Sushruta Samhita describing over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures, classified human surgery in 8 categories and described cosmetic surgery in the Ayurvedic text Sushruta Samhita
• c. 500 BC - Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis.
• 420 BC - Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath, marking the birth of medicine in the west.
• 300 BC - Charaka writes the Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita which uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of clinical examination.
• 280 BC - Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves
• 250 BC - Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum
• 50-70 - Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica - a precursor of modern pharmacopeias that was in use for almost 1600 years
• 180 - Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of the spinal cord
• 220 - Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun (On Cold Disease Damage), the oldest complete medical textbook in the world, focusing on diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
• 215-282 - Life of Huangfu Mi, who wrote the Zhenjiu Jiayijing (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture.

(Redirected from 2600s BC) (28th century BC - 27th century BC - 26th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2900 - 2334 BC -- Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period 2775 - 2650 BC -- Second Dynasty wars in Egypt Germination of the Bristlecone pine tree Methuselah... This article is about the ancient Egyptian official. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Huangdi Neijing 黃帝內經 ( Note, technically speaking, Thearch is more accurate than Emperor. ... Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. ... (Redirected from 1500 BC) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC - 1500s BC - 1490s BC 1480s BC 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC Events and Trends Stonehenge built in Wiltshire, England The element Mercury has been... Binomial name Crocus sativus L. Saffron (IPA: ) is a spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Sushruta Samhita. ... A surgical instrument is a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during a surgery or operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to provide access or viewing it. ... “Surgeon” redirects here. ... Plastic surgery is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. ... Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ... The Sushruta Samhita is a Sanskrit text on surgery, attributed to Sushruta (lived in ca. ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou (fl. ... Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC - 420s BC - 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC Years: 425 BC 424 BC 423 BC 422 BC 421 BC - 420 BC - 419 BC 418 BC... Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman portrait bust (19th century engraving) Hippocrates of Cos (c. ... For other uses, see Hippocratic Oath (disambiguation). ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC Years: 305 BC 304 BC 303 BC 302 BC 301 BC - 300 BC - 299 BC 298 BC... For a village in Greece, see Charaka (Laconia), Greece Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, (perhaps 1st or 2nd century) is one of the founders of Ayurveda. ... Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ... The Charaka Samhita is an ancient Indian manuscript, originating partly from early as 1000 BCE, on Ayurvedic internal medicine. ... A clinic or outpatient clinic is a small medical facility that provides health care for ambulatory patients - as opposed to inpatients treated in a hospital. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC - 280s BC - 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 285 BC 284 BC 283 BC 282 BC 281 BC 280 BC 279 BC 278 BC 277... Herophilos, sometimes Latinized Herophilus (335-280 BC), was a Greek physician. ... The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC - 250s BC - 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC Years: 255 BC 254 BC 253 BC 252 BC 251 BC - 250 BC - 249 BC 248 BC... Erasistratus of Chios (330? BC - 250? BC) was a Greek anatomist. ... For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... The telencephalon (te-len-seff-a-lon) is the technical name for a large region within the brain which is attributed many functions, which some groups would class as unique features which make humans stand out from other species. ... The cerebellum (Latin: little brain) is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor control. ... This article is about the year 50. ... This article is about the year 70. ... Pedanius Dioscorides Pedanius Dioscorides (c. ... For other uses, see number 180. ... For other uses, see Galen (disambiguation). ... Paralysed redirects here. ... The Spinal cord nested in the vertebral column. ... Events Han Xiandi abdicates his throne to Cao Pi, symbolizing the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Zhang Zhongjing or Chang Chung Ching (Wades-Giles) (張仲景, 150 - 219) , also known as Zhang Ji (張機), was one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Eastern Han era. ... The Shang Han Lin or the Shang Han Bin Lun is the treatasie on Cold Disease Damage by Zhang Zhong Jing published in 220 A.D. by the Hippocrates of Traditional Chinese medicine. ...

Middle Ages

• c. 610-800 - Muhammad discussed the contagious nature of leprosy, mange and sexually transmitted disease.^[1]
• 750 - Madhav writes the Ayurvedic text Nidana where he lists diseases along with their causes, symptoms, and complications.
• c. 800-873 - Al-Kindi (Alkindus) introduces quantification into medicine with his De Gradibus
• c. 830-870 - Hunayn ibn Ishaq translates Galen's works into Arabic

• c. 838-870 - Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, a pioneer of pediatrics and the field of child development, writes the first encyclopedia of medicine.^[2]

• c. 865-925 - Rhazes pioneers pediatrics,^[3] and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi. He also writes the Doubts about Galen, where he refutes Galen's theory of humorism using an experiment.

• 1000 - Abulcasis establishes surgery as a profession of in his Kitab al-Tasrif, which remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 16th century. The book first introduced the plaster,^[4] inhalant anesthesia, and many surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women,^[5] as well as the surgical uses of catgut and forceps, the ligature, surgical needle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod, specula,^[6] and bone saw.^[7]

• 1021 - Alhazen completes his Book of Optics, which made important advances in ophthalmology and eye surgery, as it correctly explained the process of visual perception for the first time.^[5]

• c. 1030 - Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, in which he establishes experimental medicine and evidence-based medicine. The Canon remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century. The book's contributions to medicine includes the introduction of clinical trials, systematic experimentation and quantification in medicine and physiology,^[8] the discovery of contagious diseases, the distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy, the contagious nature of phthisis, the distribution of diseases by water and soil, and the first careful descriptions of skin troubles, sexually transmitted diseases, perversions, and nervous ailments,^[9] as well the use of ice to treat fevers, and the separation of medicine from pharmacology, which was important to the development of the pharmaceutical sciences.^[5]

• 1100-1161 - Avenzoar invents the surgical procedure of tracheotomy in al-Andalus.^[10] He is also the first physician known to have carried out human dissections and postmortem autopsy, and proves that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, which contradicted the erroneous theory of humorism.^[11] He was also the first to provide a real scientific etiology for the inflammatory diseases of the ear, and the first to clearly discuss the causes of stridor.^[12] Modern anesthesia was also developed in al-Andalus by the Muslim anesthesiologists Ibn Zuhr and Abulcasis. They were the first to utilize oral as well as inhalant anesthetics, and they performed hundreds of surgeries under inhalant anesthesia with the use of narcotic-soaked sponges which were placed over the face.^[13]

• 1242 - Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation (the cycle involving the ventricles of the heart and the lungs) and coronary circulation,^[14] for which he is considered the pioneer of circulation theory^[15] and one of the greatest physiologists.^[16] He emphasized the rigours of verification by measurement, observation and experiment, and was an early proponent of experimental medicine, postmortem autopsy, and human dissection.^[17] He also discredited many other erroneous Avicennian and Galenic doctrines on the four humours, pulse bones, muscles, intestines, sensory organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, and the anatomy of other parts of the human body.^[18] Ibn al-Nafis also drew diagrams to illustrate different body parts in his new physiological system.^[19]

• c. 1248 - Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine, and was a pioneer of veterinary medicine.

• 1249 - Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness

• 1300s - When the Black Death bubonic plague reached al-Andalus, Ibn Khatima hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms which enter the human body.^[20]

• 1313-1374 - Ibn Khatima wrote a treatise called On the Plague, in which he establishes the existence of contagion through "experience, investigation, the evidence of the senses and trustworthy reports." He also discovers that "transmission is affected through garments, vessels and earrings."^[20]

• 1403 - concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
• early 16th century: Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine

Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... For the malady found in the Hebrew Bible, see the article Tzaraath. ... Mange (from Middle English manjeue, from Old French manjue, from mangier, meaning to eat)[1] is a parasitic infestation of the skin of animals. ... A sexually transmitted disease (STD), a. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Madhav was an 8th century Indian physician who wrote the Nidāna, which soon assumed a position of authority. ... Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ... Events Viking raid of Dorestad. ... For the Christian theologian, see Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi. ... In language and logic, quantification is a construct that specifies the extent of validity of a predicate, that is the extent to which a predicate holds over a range of things. ... De gradibus was a book published by the Arab scientist Al-Kindi(c. ... Events Christian missionary Ansgar visits Birka, trade city of the Swedes. ... Events February 28 - End of the Fourth Council of Constantinople. ... Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (809—873) was Nestorian physician in the House of Wisdom. ... Events At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh. ... Events February 28 - End of the Fourth Council of Constantinople. ... Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (ca 838 - ca 870) was a scholar physician in who produced the first encyclopedia of medicine. ... Cyclopedia redirects here. ... Events Ethelred succeeds as king of Wessex (or 866). ... Events Alfonso IV the Monk becomes king of Leon Ha-Mim proclaims himself a prophet among the Ghomara of Morocco Tomislav, duke of the Croatian duchies of Pannonia and Dalmatia, is crowned King of Croatia at Duvno field. ... Rhazes-Treating a Patient (artist unknown) Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (born in Rayy, Iran, 864; died in Baghdad, Iraq, 930 AD) was a versatile Persian philosopher (hakim), who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. ... This article is about the branch of medicine. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... This article is about humors in Greco-Roman medicine. ... In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex- periri, of (or from) trying) is a set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to retain or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ... Europe in 1000 The year 1000 of the Gregorian Calendar was the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the first millennium. ... Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936 - 1013), (Arabic: أبو القاسم بن خلف بن العباس الزهراوي) also known in the West as Abulcasis, was an Andalusian-Arab physician, surgeon, and scientist. ... “Surgeon” redirects here. ... Al-Tasrif was an influential medieval treatise on medicine. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... This article is about the building material. ... An aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) used for administration of asthma medication. ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... A surgical instrument is a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during a surgery or operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to provide access or viewing it. ... Catgut is the name applied to cord of great toughness and tenacity prepared from the intestines of sheep/goat, or occasionally from those of the hog, horse, mule, pig, and donkey. ... Plastic forceps are intended to be disposable Forceps are a handheld, hinged instrument used for grasping and holding objects. ... In medicine, a ligature is a device, similar to a tourniquet, usually of thread or string, tied around a limb, blood vessel or similar to restrict blood flow. ... For other uses, see Suture (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Scalpel (disambiguation). ... Noun A spoon-shaped surgical instrument for cleaning a diseased surface. ... Retracting and exposing instruments that are used to hold back or retract organs or tissue to gain exposure to the operative site. ... For other uses, see Spoon (disambiguation). ... In medicine, sounds are instruments for probing and dilating passages within the body, the best-known of example of which are urethral sounds. ... Look up Hook in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rod may mean: Rod (geometry), a straight and slender stick; a wand; a cylinder; hence, any slender bar Rod cell, a cell found in the retina that is sensitive to light/dark (black/white) Rod (unit), an Imperial unit of length, also known as the pole or perch Rod (cryptozoology... Two varieties of 19th-century speculums. ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... Portable saw A saw is a tool for cutting wood or other material, consisting of a serrated blade (a blade with the cutting edge dentated or toothed) and worked either by hand or by steam, water, electric or other power. ... // Events Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, sixth Fatimid Caliph of Egypt disappears on a trip to al-Muqattam hills. ... (Arabic: أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated) Alhazen) (965 – 1039), was an Arab[1] Muslim polymath[2][3] who made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the... The title page of a 1572 Latin manuscript of Ibn al-Haythams Book of Optics The Book of Optics (Arabic: Kitab al-Manazir, Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva) was a seven volume treatise on optics written by the Iraqi Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized as Alhacen or Alhazen... The oculist or kahhal, a somewhat despised professional in Galen’s time, was an honored member of the medical profession by the Abbasid period, occupying a unique place in royal households. ... Eye surgery in the middle ages. ... In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes which is then made available for planning and action. ... Events July 29 - Battle of Stiklestad in Norway. ... (Persian: ابن سينا) (c. ... The Book of Healing (in Arabic, Kitab ash-Shifa) is a scientific encyclopedia written by the great Iranian peoples Muslim polymath AbÅ« AlÄ« ibn SÄ«nā (Avicenna) from Afshana, near Bukhara in Central Asia (now Uzbekistan), in the 1000s. ... A Latin copy of the Canon of Medicine, dated 1484, located at the P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. ... Medical research (or experimental medicine) is basic research or applied research conducted to aid the body of knowledge in the field of medicine. ... Evidence-based medicine (EBM) or scientific medicine is an attempt to apply more uniformly the standards of evidence gained from the scientific method to certain aspects of medical practice. ... For the community in Florida, see University, Florida. ... In health care, including medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a process in which a medicine or other medical treatment is tested for its safety and effectiveness, often in comparison to existing treatments. ... In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex- periri, of (or from) trying) is a set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to retain or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ... In language and logic, quantification is a construct that specifies the extent of validity of a predicate, that is the extent to which a predicate holds over a range of things. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum. ... Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs, which can cause painful respiration (also called pleuritic chest pain) and other symptoms. ... Tuberculous lungs show up on an X-ray image Tuberculosis is an infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (miliary TB), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ... This article is about the medical term. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For the American hard rock band, see SOiL. For the System of a Down song, see Soil (song). ... This article is about the organ. ... A sexually transmitted disease (STD), a. ... Pervert redirects here. ... This article is about state anxiety. ... This article is about water ice. ... An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... The pharmaceutical sciences are a group of interdisciplinary areas of study involved with the design, action, delivery, disposition, and use of drugs. ... August 5 - Henry I becomes King of England. ... Events Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar, Abumeron, ibn-Zohr) (1090? - 1162) was an Arab (Spanish-born) physician. ... Completed tracheotomy: 1 - Vocal cords 2 - Thyroid cartilage 3 - Cricoid cartilage 4 - Tracheal cartilages 5 - Balloon cuff A tracheotomy is a procedure performed by paramedics, emergency physicians and surgeons in order to secure an airway. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Dissected rat showing major organs. ... This article is about the medical procedure. ... This is a list of diseases of the skin. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... This article is about humors in Greco-Roman medicine. ... This article is about the medical term. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... For other uses, see Ear (disambiguation). ... Stridor is a high pitched sound resulting from turbulent gas flow in the upper airway. ... Anesthesia or anaesthesia (see spelling differences) has traditionally meant the condition of having the perception of pain and other sensations blocked. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... An anesthesiologist (American English), or anaesthetist (British English), also anaesthesiologist, is a medical doctor trained to administer anesthesia and manage the medical care of patients before, during, and after surgery. ... Abu al-Qasim (936 - 1013), (Arabic: أبو القاسم) also known as Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi known in the West as Abucalsis, is medieval Islams most prominent scholar of medicine. ... Inhalational anaesthetics are gases or vapours possessing anaesthetic qualities. ... An aerosol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) used for administration of asthma medication. ... 19th century Heroin bottle This article is about the drug classification. ... This article is about the aquatic animal. ... // Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Chudskoye Lake, Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... Ibn Nafis (1210-1288) was the first person to accurately describe the process of blood circulation in the human body (in 1242). ... In the heart, a ventricle is a heart chamber which collects blood from an atrium (another heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) and pumps it out of the heart. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. ... In the heart, a ventricle is a heart chamber which collects blood from an atrium (another heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) and pumps it out of the heart. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ... The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to and from the heart muscle itself. ... For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement. ... For other uses, see Observation (disambiguation). ... In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex- periri, of (or from) trying) is a set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to retain or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ... Medical research (or experimental medicine) is basic research or applied research conducted to aid the body of knowledge in the field of medicine. ... This article is about the medical procedure. ... Dissected rat showing major organs. ... (Persian: ابن سينا) (c. ... For other uses, see Galen (disambiguation). ... This article is about humors in Greco-Roman medicine. ... For other uses, see Pulse (disambiguation). ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... For other uses of Muscles, see Muscles (disambiguation). ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... The human eye is the first element of a sensory system: in this case, vision, for the visual system. ... Bile (or gall) is a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. ... The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences), sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... Physical Features of the Human Body The human body is the entire physical structure of a human organism. ... Sample flowchart diagram A diagram is a 2D symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. ... For broader historical context, see 1240s and 13th century. ... Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort Example of a cross section of a stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Veterinary medicine is the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ... Events University, the first College at Oxford founded Births Emperor Kameyama of Japan Pope John XXII Frederick I, Margrave of Baden Deaths July 6 - Alexander II of Scotland (b. ... For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician). ... This article is about the optical device. ... Glasses, spectacles, or eyeglasses are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes, sometimes for purely aesthetic reasons but normally for vision correction or eye protection. ... Hyperopia (or more rarely, hypermetropia), also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short), causing inability to focus on near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... This article concerns the mid fourteenth century pandemic. ... Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilisation and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. ... A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. ... Events Siege of Rostock ends Foundation year of the Order of the Rose Cross (Rosicrucian Order), according to the Rosicrucian Fellowship. ... Events June 24 - Dancing mania begins in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), possibly due to ergotism King Gongmin is assassinated and King U ascends to the Goryeo throne Births April 11 - Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (died 1398) Leonardo Bruni, Italian humanist (died 1444... In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilisation and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. ... Events July 21 - Battle of Shrewsbury. ... This article is about the optical device. ... For other uses, see Myopia (disambiguation). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Presumed portrait of Paracelsus, attributed to the school of Quentin Matsys. ... For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ... For other uses of this term, see occult (disambiguation). ...

1500 - 1800

• 1543 - Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicine
• 1546 - Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
• 1553 - Spanish physician Miguel Serveto describes the circulation of blood through the lungs and is accused of heresy by Catholics and Protestants alike; burned at the stake for heresy the same year at age 44
• 1556 - Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the Ázigos vein
• 1559 - Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail
• 1563 - Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments
• 1596 - Li Shizhen publishes Běncǎo Gāngmù or Compendium of Materia Medica, containing 1,892 distinct herbs and other materia medica. There are some 11,096 side prescriptions to treat common illness.
• 1603 - Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart
• 1628 - William Harvey explains that the vein-artery system is a continuous loop and that the heart works like a pump to push blood in a one-way circuit through the body, in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
• 1701 - Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox innoculations in Europe. They were widely practised in the east before then.
• 1747 - James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
• 1763 - Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
• 1785 - William Withering publishes "An Account of the Foxglove" the first systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsy
• 1790s - Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy
• 1796 - Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method

// Events February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn. ... Andreas Vesalius or Andreas Vesal (1514 - Belgian anatomist and the author of the first complete textbook on human anatomy: De Humanis Corporis Fabrica (On the workings of the Human Body) (Basel, 1543). ... // Events Spanish conquest of Yucatan Peace between England and France Foundation of Trinity College, Cambridge by Henry VIII of England Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg Science Architecture Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. ... Girolamo Fracastoro (Fracastorius) (1478‑1553) was an Italian physician, scholar and poet. ... // Events June 26 - Christs Hospital in London gets a Royal Charter July 6 - Edward VI of England dies July 10 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England - for the next nine days July 18 - Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen - Lady Jane Grey... Michael Servetus. ... For the village in Tibet, see Lung, Tibet. ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco better known as Amato Lusitano was a notable portuguese jewish physician of the 16th Century. ... January 15 - Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey. ... Matteo Realdo Colombo or Renaldus Columbus (c. ... Events February 1 - Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia February 18 - The Duke of Guise is assassinated while besieging Orléans March - Peace of Amboise. ... Garcia de Orta was a Renaissance Portuguese medical doctor and naturalist. ... Tropical medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with health problems that either occur uniquely in tropical and subtropical regions or are either more widespread in the tropics or more difficult to prevent or control. ... Events February 5 - 26 catholics crucified in Nagasaki, Japan. ... Li Shizhen (Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Li Shih-Chen) (1518 - 1593 CE, Ming Dynasty), was one of the greatest physicians and pharmacologists in Chinese history. ... The Compendium of Materia Medica (Chinese: 本草綱目; pinyin: BÄ›ncÇŽo Gāngmù) is a pharmaceutical text written by Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD) during the Ming Dynasty of China. ... Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Hieronymus Fabricius Hieronymus Fabricius is the Latin name by which the Italian anatomist Girolamo Fabrici (1537-1619) is better known. ... In the circulatory system, a vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. ... 1628 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about William Harvey, the English doctor. ... In the circulatory system, a vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. ... Section of an artery For other uses, see Artery (disambiguation). ... Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) is the best-known work of the physician William Harvey. ... Events January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia. ... Giacomo Pylarini was a physician who gave the first smallpox inoculation. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... Inoculation was a method of minimising the harm done by infection with smallpox. ... Year 1747 (MDCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... James Lind (1716 in Edinburgh – 1794 in Gosport) was the pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy. ... For other uses, see Citrus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Scurvy (N.Lat. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Claudius Aymand was the first person to perform a successful appendectomy. ... An appendicectomy (or appendectomy) is the surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. ... 1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... William Withering William Withering (March 17, 1741, Wellington, Shropshire - October 6, 1799) was an English botanist, geologist, chemist, physician and the discoverer of digitalis. ... Species About 20 species, including: Digitalis cariensis Digitalis ciliata Digitalis davisiana Digitalis dubia Digitalis ferruginea Digitalis grandiflora Digitalis laevigata Digitalis lanata Digitalis leucophaea Digitalis lutea Digitalis obscura Digitalis parviflora Digitalis purpurea Digitalis thapsi Digitalis trojana Digitalis viridiflora Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and... Edema (BE: oedema, formerly known as dropsy) is swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess fluid. ... Events and Trends French Revolution (1789 - 1799). ... Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (10th April 1755 in Meißen, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire - 2nd July 1843 in Paris, France) was a physician who, beginning with an article he published in a German medical journal in 1796, coined homoeopathic medicine. ... Ancient Greek painting in a vase, showing a physician (iatros) bleeding a patient. ... Homeopathic remedy Rhus toxicodendron, derived from poison ivy. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Edward Jenner, FRS, (May 17, 1749 – January 26, 1823) was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England. ... A vial of the vaccine against influenza. ...

1800 - Present

• 1800 - Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
• 1816 - Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
• 1818 - British obstetrician James Blundell performs the first successful human blood transfusion.
• 1842 - Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anaesthesia with ether
• 1847 - Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever, childbed fever, a blood infection passed to women during childbirth by their doctors. The fever killed one-third of mothers in some hospitals of the time.
• 1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree
• 1867 - Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work.
• 1870 - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease
• 1879 - first vaccine for cholera
• 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine
• 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine
• 1890 - Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
• 1895 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging
• 1901 - Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
• 1901 - Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease
• 1906 - Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
• 1907 - Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
• 1908 - Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
• 1917 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
• 1921 - Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
• 1921 - Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin important for the treatment of diabetes
• 1923 - First vaccine for Diphtheria
• 1926 - First vaccine for Pertussis
• 1927 - First vaccine for Tuberculosis
• 1927 - First vaccine for Tetanus
• 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
• 1929 - Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
• 1932 - Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
• 1933 - Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
• 1935 - Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
• 1935 - First vaccine for Yellow Fever
• 1936 - Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases
• 1938 - Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
• 1949 - First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley
• 1952 - Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine
• 1957 - William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope)
• 1960 - Invention of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• 1962 - First Oral Polio Vaccine
• 1964 - First vaccine for Measles
• 1965 - Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator
• 1967 - First vaccine for Mumps
• 1970 - First vaccine for Rubella
• 1981 - First vaccine for Hepatitis B
• 1987 - Ben Carson, leading a 70-member medical team in Germany, was the first to separate occipital craniopagus twins.
• 1999 - Great Ormand Street Hospital discovers XLP (X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome) and finds how to find it in childern / adults.

• 2003 - Carlo Urbani, of Doctors without Borders alerted the World Health Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month.

• 2005 - [David Hartley] in the UK sets up the XlP Research Trust to find a genetic cure for XLP instead of a Bone Marrow Transplant.

// ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet FRS (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and physicist. ... Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Year 1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec (February 17, 1781- August 13, 1826), French physician; inventor of the stethoscope. ... Look up stethoscope in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Blood transfusion is the taking of blood or blood-based products from one individual and inserting them into the circulatory system of another. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Crawford Long. ... This article is about a general class of chemical compounds. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ignaz Semmelweis (1860 portrait): advised handwashing with a chlorinated-lime solution in 1847. ... Puerperal fever (from the latin puer, child), also called childbed fever or puerperal sepsis, is a serious form of septicaemia contracted by a woman during or shortly after childbirth or abortion. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Blackwell was commemorated on a U.S. postage stamp. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister (April 5, 1827-February 10, 1912) was a famous British surgeon who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Infirmary. ... Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery is a paper regarding antiseptics written by Joseph Lister in 1867. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Louis Pasteur (December 27 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. ... For the American lobbyist, see Bobby Koch. ... The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. ... Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Distribution of cholera Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Anthrax bacteria. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Emil Adolf von Behring (March 15, 1854 - March 31, 1917) was born at Hansdorf, Germany. ... An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. ... Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Hand mit Ringen: print of Wilhelm Röntgens first medical x-ray, of his wifes hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Professor Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg, on 1 January 1896[1][2] Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (March 27, 1845 – February... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... Medical imaging designates the ensemble of techniques and processes used to create images of the human body (or parts thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and function). ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Karl Landsteiner Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 – June 26, 1943), was an Austrian biologist and physician. ... This article is about human blood types (or blood groups). ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Aloysius Alois Alzheimer (14 June 1864, Marktbreit, Bavaria - 19 December 1915, Breslau, now WrocÅ‚aw, Poland) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (June 20, 1861 – May 16, 1947) was an English biochemist, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929 with Christiaan Eijkman for the discovery of vitamins. ... Retinol (one vitamer of Vitamin A) A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. ... Scurvy (N.Lat. ... Rickets is a softening of the bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Paul Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich in his workroom Paul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 – August 20, 1915) was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ... Sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease in people and animals, caused by protozoa of genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly. ... Year 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley (April 14, 1857-July 16, 1916) was an accomplished scientist and professor. ... The Horsley-Clarke apparatus is a device invented in 1908 by British neurosurgeon and scientist Sir Victor A.H. Horsley and his colleague Robert H. Clarke at University College London to allow experimental and surgical intervention in deep-seated structures of the brain in vertebrates. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Julius Wagner Ritter von Jauregg, after the abolition of titles of nobility in Austria in 1919 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, (March 7, 1857 Wels, Upper Austria – September 27, 1940 Vienna) was an Austrian physician. ... Shock therapy is the deliberate and controlled induction of some form or state of shock for the purpose of psychiatric treatment. ... General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a now-rare neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain and central nervous system. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Professor Edward Mellanby (1884 - 1955) discovered vitamin D and the role of the vitamin in preventing rickets in 1919. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... Rickets is a softening of the bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Sir Frederick Grant Banting, KBE, MC, MD, FRSC (November 14, 1891 – February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, doctor and Nobel laureate noted as one of the co-discovers of insulin. ... Not to be confused with inulin. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis; it derived its name from a characteristic severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like whoop; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ...