'Timeline of quantum mechanics, molecular physics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics' Alternative meanings: Timeline is a 1999 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton Timeline is a 2003 film based on the novel. ... A simple introduction to this subject is provided in Basics of quantum mechanics. ... Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules and of the chemical bonds between atoms that bind them into molecules. ... Atomic physics (or atom physics) is physics of the electron hull of atoms. ... Nuclear physics is the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom. ... Particles erupt from the collision point of two relativistic (100GeV) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ...

• 440 BC Democritus speculates about fundamental indivisible particles---calls them "atoms"

Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 490s BC 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC - 440s BC - 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC Years: 445 BC 444 BC 443 BC 442 BC 441 BC - 440 BC - 439 BC 438 BC... Democritus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace around 460 BC; died in 370 BC). ... Properties An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. ...

The beginning of the chemie

• 1766 Henry Cavendish discovers and studies hydrogen
• 1778 Carl Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier discover that air is composed mostly of nitrogen and oxygen
• 1781 Joseph Priestley creates water by igniting hydrogen and oxygen
• 1800 William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle use electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen
• 1803 John Dalton introduces atomic ideas into chemistry and states that matter is composed of atoms of different weights
• 1805 Thomas Young conducts Double-slit experiment (approximate time)
• 1811 Amedeo Avogadro claims that equal volumes of gases should contain equal numbers of molecules
• 1832 Michael Faraday states his laws of electrolysis
• 1871 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev systematically examines the periodic table and predicts the existence of gallium, scandium, and germanium
• 1873 Johannes van der Waals introduces the idea of weak attractive forces between molecules
• 1885 Johann Balmer finds a mathematical expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths
• 1887 Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect
• 1894 Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay discover argon by spectroscopically analyzing the gas left over after nitrogen and oxygen are removed from air
• 1895 William Ramsay discovers terrestrial helium by spectroscopically analyzing gas produced by decaying uranium
• 1896 Antoine Becquerel discovers the radioactivity of uranium
• 1896 Pieter Zeeman studies the splitting of sodium D lines when sodium is held in a flame between strong magnetic poles
• 1897 J.J. Thomson discovers the electron
• 1898 William Ramsay and Morris Travers discover neon, krypton, and xenon
• 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie isolate and study radium and polonium
• 1899 Ernest Rutherford discovers that uranium radiation is composed of positively charged alpha particles and negatively charged beta particles

1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810) was a British scientist. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Carl Wilhelm Scheele Scheeles house with his pharmacy in Köping. ... Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. ... Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Earths atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 14. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... 1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Joseph Priestley is often credited for the discovery of oxygen. ... 1800 (MDCCC) was an common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... There have been several well-known people named William Nicholson, including: William Nicholson (artist) William Nicholson (chemist) William Nicholson (dramatist) William Nicholson (Mayor of Melbourne) Sir William Nicholson (soldier), British General, and Chief of the Imperial General Staff William Nicholson (naval officer) served in the United States Navy. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... John Dalton John Dalton (September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844) was a British chemist and physicist, born at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth in Cumberland. ... In physics, atomic theory is a theory of the nature of matter. ... Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science that deals with the properties of organic and inorganic substances and their interactions with other organic and inorganic substances. ... Matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed. ... ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Young, English scientist Thomas Young (June 13, 1773 – May 10, 1829) was an English scientist and researcher. ... The double-slit experiment consists of letting light diffract through two slits producing fringes on a screen. ... Joyce Rollins is a lesbian. ... Amedeo Avogadro Count Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e Cerreto (August 9, 1776–July 9, 1856) was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contributions to the theory of molarity and molecular weight. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Michael Faraday Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was a British scientist (a physicist and chemist) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Mendeleyevs portrait by Ilya Repin. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gallium, Ga, 31 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 4, p Appearance silvery white   Atomic mass 69. ... General Name, Symbol, Number scandium, Sc, 21 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 3, 4, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 44. ... General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Atomic mass 72. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... van der Waals Johannes Diderik van der Waals (November 23, 1837 – March 8, 1923) was a Dutch scientist famous for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids, for which he won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1910. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Johann Jakob Balmer (May 1, 1825 – March 12, 1898) was a Swiss mathematician. ... The hydrogen line refers to the spectral line created by changes in the energy state of neutral hydrogen and occurs at 1420. ... The wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894), was the German physicist for whom the hertz, the SI unit of frequency, is named. ... The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from matter upon the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation or x-rays. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... See also Rayleigh fading Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh number Rayleigh waves Rayleigh-Jeans law External links Nobel website bio of Rayleigh About John William Strutt MacTutor biography of Lord Rayleigh Categories: People stubs | 1842 births | 1919 deaths | Nobel Prize in Physics winners | Peers | British physicists | Discoverer of a chemical element ... William Ramsay. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... Extremely high resolution spectrum of the Sun showing thousands of elemental absorption lines (fraunhofer lines) Spectroscopy is the study of spectra, that is, the dependence of physical quantities on frequency. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... William Ramsay. ... General Name, Symbol, Number helium, He, 2 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 4. ... General Name, Symbol, Number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Atomic mass 238. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (December 15, 1852 – August 25, 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. ... Radioactivity may mean: Look up radioactivity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Pieter Zeeman (May 25, 1865 – October 9, 1943) (pronounced zāmän) was a physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect. ... Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet shown by iron filings on paper A magnet is an object that has a magnetic field. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Sir Joseph John Thomson, OM , FRS (December 18, 1756 – August 30, 1940) often known as J. J. Thomson, was an English physicist, the discoverer of the electron. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... William Ramsay. ... Morris Travers (1872-1961) was an English chemist who discovered xenon with Sir William Ramsay. ... General Name, Symbol, Number neon, Ne, 10 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 20. ... General Name, Symbol, Number krypton, Kr, 36 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 4, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 83. ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 131. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Maria Skłodowska-Curie. ... Pierre Curie Pierre Curie (May 15, 1859 – April 19, 1906) was a pioneer in the study of crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. ... General Name, Symbol, Number radium, Ra, 88 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 7, s Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass (226) g/mol Electron configuration [Rn] 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... General Name, Symbol, Number polonium, Po, 84 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 6, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass (209) g/mol Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS (August 30, 1871 - October 19, 1937), called father of nuclear physics, pioneered the orbital theory of the atom notably in his discovery of rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. ... An alpha particle is deflected by a magnetic field Alpha particles (named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α) are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation which have low penetration. ... Beta particles are high-energy electrons or positrons emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40. ...

The age of quantum mechanics

• 1900 Paul Villard discovers gamma-rays while studying uranium decay
• 1900 Johannes Rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths
• 1900 Max Planck states his quantum hypothesis and blackbody radiation law
• 1902 Philipp Lenard observes that maximum photoelectron energies are independent of illuminating intensity but depend on frequency
• 1902 Theodor Svedberg suggests that fluctuations in molecular bombardment cause the Brownian motion
• 1905 Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect
• 1906 Charles Barkla discovers that each element has a characteristic X-ray and that the degree of penetration of these X-rays is related to the atomic weight of the element
• 1909 Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden discover large angle deflections of alpha particles by thin metal foils
• 1909 Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds demonstrate that alpha particles are doubly ionized helium atoms
• 1911 Ernest Rutherford explains the Geiger-Marsden experiment by invoking a nuclear atom model and derives the Rutherford cross section
• 1911 Jean Perrin proves the existence of atoms and molecules
• 1912 Max von Laue suggests using crystal lattices to diffract X-rays
• 1912 Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping diffract X-rays in zinc blende
• 1913 William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg work out the Bragg condition for strong X-ray reflection
• 1913 Henry Moseley shows that nuclear charge is the real basis for numbering the elements
• 1913 Niels Bohr presents his quantum model of the atom
• 1913 Robert Millikan measures the fundamental unit of electric charge
• 1913 Johannes Stark demonstrates that strong electric fields will split the Balmer spectral line series of hydrogen
• 1914 James Franck and Gustav Hertz observe atomic excitation
• 1914 Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons
• 1915 Arnold Sommerfeld develops a modified Bohr atomic model with elliptic orbits to explain relativistic fine structure
• 1916 Gilbert Lewis and Irving Langmuir formulate an electron shell model of chemical bonding
• 1917 Albert Einstein introduces the idea of stimulated radiation emission
• 1921 Alfred Lande introduces the Lande g-factor
• 1922 Arthur Compton studies X-ray photon scattering by electrons
• 1922 Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach show "space quantization"
• 1923 Louis de Broglie suggests that electrons may have wavelike properties
• 1923 Lise Meitner discovers the Auger process
• 1924 John Lennard-Jones proposes a semiempirical interatomic force law
• 1924 Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein introduce Bose-Einstein statistics
• 1925 Wolfgang Pauli states the quantum exclusion principle
• 1925 George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit postulate electron spin
• 1925 Pierre Auger discovers the Auger process (2 years after Lise Meitner)
• 1925 Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan formulate quantum matrix mechanics
• 1926 Erwin Schrödinger states his nonrelativistic quantum wave equation and formulates quantum wave mechanics
• 1926 Erwin Schrödinger proves that the wave and matrix formulations of quantum theory are mathematically equivalent
• 1926 Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon state their relativistic quantum wave equation, now the Klein-Gordon equation
• 1926 Enrico Fermi discovers the spin-statistics connection
• 1926 Paul Dirac introduces Fermi-Dirac statistics
• 1927 Clinton Davission, Lester Germer, and George Paget Thomson confirm the wavelike nature of electrons
• 1927 Werner Heisenberg states the quantum uncertainty principle
• 1927 Max Born interprets the probabilistic nature of wavefunctions
• 1927 Walter Heitler and Fritz London introduce the concepts of valence bond theory and apply it to the hydrogen molecule.
• 1927 Thomas and Fermi develop the Thomas-Fermi model
• 1927 Max Born and Robert Oppenheimer introduce the Born-Oppenheimer approximation
• 1928 Chandrasekhara Raman studies optical photon scattering by electrons
• 1928 Paul Dirac states his relativistic electron quantum wave equation
• 1928 Charles G. Darwin and Walter Gordon solve the Dirac equation for a Coulomb potential
• 1928 Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken introduce the concept of molecular orbital
• 1929 Oskar Klein discovers the Klein paradox
• 1929 Oskar Klein and Y. Nishina derive the Klein-Nishina cross section for high energy photon scattering by electrons
• 1929 N.F. Mott derives the Mott cross section for the Coulomb scattering of relativistic electrons
• 1930 Paul Dirac introduces electron hole theory
• 1930 Erwin Schrödinger predicts the zitterbewegung motion
• 1930 Fritz London explains van der Waals forces as due to the interacting fluctuating dipole moments between molecules
• 1931 John Lennard-Jones proposes the Lennard-Jones interatomic potential
• 1931 Irene Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot observe but misinterpret neutron scattering in paraffin
• 1931 Wolfgang Pauli puts forth the neutrino hypothesis to explain the apparent violation of energy conservation in beta decay
• 1931 Linus Pauling discovers resonance bonding and uses it to explain the high stability of symmetric planar molecules
• 1931 Paul Dirac shows that charge conservation can be explained if magnetic monopoles exist
• 1931 Harold Urey discovers deuterium using evaporation concentration techniques and spectroscopy
• 1932 John Cockcroft and Thomas Walton split lithium and boron nuclei using proton bombardment
• 1932 James Chadwick discovers the neutron
• 1932 Werner Heisenberg presents the proton-neutron model of the nucleus and uses it to explain isotopes
• 1932 Carl D. Anderson discovers the positron
• 1933 Ernst Stueckelberg (1932), Lev Davidovich Landau (1932), and Clarence Zener discover the Landau-Zener transition
• 1933 Max Delbruck suggests that quantum effects will cause photons to be scattered by an external electric field
• 1934 Irene Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot bombard aluminum atoms with alpha particles to create artificially radioactive phosphorus-30
• 1934 Leó Szilárd realizes that nuclear chain reactions may be possible
• 1934 Enrico Fermi formulates his theory of beta decay
• 1934 Lev Davidovich Landau tells Edward Teller that nonlinear molecules may have vibrational modes which remove the degeneracy of an orbitally degenerate state (Jahn-Teller effect)
• 1934 Enrico Fermi suggests bombarding uranium atoms with neutrons to make a 93 proton element
• 1934 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov reports that light is emitted by relativistic particles traveling in a nonscintillating liquid
• 1935 Hideki Yukawa presents a theory of strong interactions and predicts mesons
• 1935 Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen put forth the EPR paradox
• 1935 Henry Eyring develop the transition state theory
• 1935 Niels Bohr presents his analysis of the EPR paradox
• 1936 Eugene Wigner develops the theory of neutron absorption by atomic nuclei
• 1936 Hans Jahn and Edward Teller present their systematic study of the symmetry types for which the Jahn-Teller effect is expected
• 1937 H. Hellmann finds the Hellmann-Feynman theorem
• 1937 Seth Neddermeyer, Carl Anderson, J.C. Street, and E.C. Stevenson discover muons using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays
• 1939 Richard Feynman finds the Hellmann-Feynman theorem
• 1939 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman bombard uranium salts with thermal neutrons and discover barium among the reaction products
• 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch determine that nuclear fission is taking place in the Hahn-Strassman experiments
• 1942 Enrico Fermi makes the first controlled nuclear chain reaction
• 1942 Ernst Stueckelberg introduces the propagator to positron theory and interprets positrons as negative energy electrons moving backwards through spacetime
• 1943 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga publishes his paper on the basic physical principles of quantum electrodynamics
• 1947 Willis Lamb and Robert Retheford measure the Lamb-Retheford shift
• 1947 Cecil Powell, C.M.G. Lattes, and G.P.S. Occhialini discover the pi-meson by studying cosmic ray tracks
• 1947 Richard Feynman presents his propagator approach to quantum electrodynamics
• 1948 Hendrik Casimir predicts a rudimentary attractive Casimir force on a parallel plate capacitor
• 1951 Martin Deutsch discovers positronium
• 1952 David Bohm propose his interpretation of quantum mechanics
• 1953 R. Wilson observes Delbruck scattering of 1.33 MeV gamma-rays by the electric fields of lead nuclei
• 1954 Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills investigate a theory of hadronic isospin by demanding local gauge invariance under isotopic spin space rotations---first non-Abelian gauge theory
• 1955 Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segre, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis discover the antiproton
• 1956 Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan detect antineutrino
• 1956 Chen Ning Yang and Tsung Lee propose parity violation by the weak nuclear force
• 1956 Chien Shiung Wu discovers parity violation by the weak force in decaying cobalt
• 1957 Gerhart Luders proves the CPT theorem
• 1957 Richard Feynman, Murray Gell-Mann, Robert Marshak, and Ennackel Sudarshan propose a variational approximation (VA) Lagrangian for weak interactions
• 1958 Marcus Sparnaay experimentally confirms the Casimir effect
• 1959 Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm predict the Aharonov-Bohm effect
• 1960 R.G. Chambers experimentally confirms the Aharonov-Bohm effect
• 1961 Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne'eman discover the Eightfold Way patterns---SU(3) group
• 1961 Jeffery Goldstone considers the breaking of global phase symmetry
• 1962 Leon Lederman shows that the electron neutrino is distinct from the muon neutrino

A simple introduction to this subject is provided in Basics of quantum mechanics. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Paul Ulrich Villard (1860 - 13 January 1934) was a French chemist and physicist, born near Lyon, France. ... Gamma rays (often denoted by the Greek letter gamma, γ) are an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactive decay or other nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Janne Rydberg Johannes Robert Rydberg, commonly known as Janne Rydberg, (November 8, 1854 - December 28, 1919), was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to predict the wavelengths of photons (of light and other electromagnetic radiation) emitted by changes in the energy... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Max Planck This article is about Planck, the German physicist. ... Black body spectrum as a function of wavelength In physics, the spectral intensity of electromagnetic radiation from a black body at temperature T is given by the Plancks law of black body radiation: where: I(ν) is the amount of energy per unit time per unit surface area per unit... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Philipp Lenard in 1905. ... The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from matter upon the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation or x-rays. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Theodor (The) Svedberg (August 30, 1884 – February 25, 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate. ... An example of 1000 simulated steps of Brownian motion in two dimensions. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Albert Einstein photographed by Oren J. Turner in 1947. ... The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from matter upon the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation or x-rays. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Charles Glover Barkla (June 7, 1877 – October 23, 1944) was an English physicist. ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Johannes ( Hans ) Wilhelm Geiger (September 30, 1882 – September 24, 1945) was a German physicist. ... Sir Ernest Marsden (1888 - 1970), was a British-New Zealand physicist. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS (August 30, 1871 - October 19, 1937), called father of nuclear physics, pioneered the orbital theory of the atom notably in his discovery of rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. ... ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS (August 30, 1871 - October 19, 1937), called father of nuclear physics, pioneered the orbital theory of the atom notably in his discovery of rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. ... Rutherford scattering is a phenomenon that was observed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 that led to the development of the orbital theory of the atom. ... Cross section may refer to the following In geometry, Cross section is the intersection of a 3-dimensional body with a plane. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Jean Baptiste Perrin, generally known as Jean Perrin (Lille, September 30, 1870 – April 17, New York, 1942), was a French physicist. ... Properties For alternative meanings see atom (disambiguation). ... In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ... In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... Diffraction is the bending and spreading of waves when they meet an obstruction. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Sir William Henry Bragg OM, Cantab, OKW (Westward, Cumbria, England July 2, 1862 – March 10, 1942) was an English physicist and chemist, educated at King Williams College, Isle of Man, and Trinity College, Cambridge. ... Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH, FRS, (March 31, 1890 - July 1, 1971) was a physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Bragg diffraction. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Henry Moseley Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (November 23, 1887-August 10, 1915) was an English physicist. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Jewish-Danish physicist who made essential contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. ... The Bohr model of the atom In atomic physics, the Bohr model depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbit - similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Robert Millikan. ... The elementary charge (symbol e or sometimes q) is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Johannes Stark (April 15, 1874 – June 21, 1957) was a prominent 20th century physicist, and a Physics Nobel Prize laureate. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... James Franck (August 26, 1882 - May 21, 1964) was a German-born physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Gustav Ludwig Hertz (July 22, 1887, Hamburg – October 30, 1975, Berlin) was a German physicist, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS (August 30, 1871 - October 19, 1937), called father of nuclear physics, pioneered the orbital theory of the atom notably in his discovery of rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. ... Properties In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 – April 26, 1951) was a German physicist who introduced the fine-structure constant in 1919. ... The Bohr model of the atom In atomic physics, the Bohr model depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbit - similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Lewis in the Berkeley Lab Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 23, 1875-March 23, 1946) was a famous physical chemist. ... Irving Langmuir -- chemist and physicist Irving Langmuir (January 31, 1881 in Brooklyn, New York - August 16, 1957 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts) was an American chemist and physicist. ... A chemical bond is the physical phenomenon of chemical substances being held together by attraction of atoms to each other through sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons -or electrostatic forces. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Albert Einstein photographed by Oren J. Turner in 1947. ... Lasers range in size from microscopic diode lasers (top) with numerous applications, to football field sized neodymium glass lasers (bottom) used for inertial confinement fusion, nuclear weapons research and other physics experiments. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Alfred Landé was a German physicist (1888-1976) known for his contributions to Quantum Theory. ... The Landé g-factor, , is a multiplicative term in the lifting of the energy degeneracy in for an atom in a weak uniform external magnetic field. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Arthur H. Compton on the cover of Time Magazine, January 13, 1936 Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1927) for discovery of the effect named after him. ... In particle physics, scattering is a class of phenomena by which particles are deflected by collisions with other particles. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Otto Stern Otto Stern (February 17, 1888 – August 17, 1969) was an German physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Walter Gerlach (Germany, 1889‑1979) was a nuclear physicist: suspected of making nuclear weapons for Germany, he was taken to England for questioning. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, generally known as Louis de Broglie (August 15, 1892–March 19, 1987), was a French physicist and Nobel Prize laureate. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lise Meitner ca. ... When an electron is removed from a core level of an energy. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... John Edward Lennard-Jones (October 27, 1894 - November 1, 1954) was a mathematician who held a chair of theoretical physics at Bristol University, and then a chair of theoretical science at Cambridge University. ... Intermolecular forces are electromagnetic forces which act between molecules or between widely separated regions of a macromolecule. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Satyendra Nath Bose /sɐθ. ... In statistical mechanics, Bose-Einstein statistics determines the statistical distribution of identical indistinguishable bosons over the energy states in thermal equilibrium. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (April 25, 1900 – December 15, 1958) was an Austrian physicist noted for his work on the theory of spin, and in particular the discovery of the Exclusion principle, which underpins the whole of chemistry. ... The Pauli exclusion principle, commonly referred to simply as the exclusion principle, is a quantum mechanical principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925, which states that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... George Eugene Uhlenbeck (1900 - 1988) was a U.S. (Indonesian-born) physicist. ... Samuel Goudsmit (1902–1978) was a Dutch-American physicist famous for jointly proposing the concept of electron spin with George Eugene Uhlenbeck. ... In physics, spin refers to the angular momentum intrinsic to a body, as opposed to orbital angular momentum, which is generated by the motion of its center of mass about an external point. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pierre Victor Auger (May 14, 1899 - December 25, 1993) was a French physicist, born in Paris. ... When an electron is removed from a core level of an energy. ... Lise Meitner ca. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. ... Max Born Max Born (born December 11, 1882 in Breslau, died January 5, 1970 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician and physicist of Jewish heritage. ... Pascual Jordan (October 18, 1902 in Hanover - July 31, 1980 in Hamburg) was a German physicist. ... Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg in 1925, it is also known as The Heisenberg Picture Matrix mechanics involves associating the properties of matter with matrices. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Erwin Schrödinger, as depicted on the former Austrian 1000 Schilling bank note. ... In physics, the Schrödinger equation, proposed by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1925, describes the time-dependence of quantum mechanical systems. ... A simple introduction to this subject is provided in Basics of quantum mechanics. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Erwin Schrödinger, as depicted on the former Austrian 1000 Schilling bank note. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Klein-Gordon equation (Klein-Fock-Gordon equation or sometimes Klein-Gordon-Fock equation) is the relativistic version of the Schrödinger equation. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Enrico Fermi in the 1940s. ... The spin-statistics theorem in quantum mechanics relates the spin of a particle to the statistics obeyed by that particle. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... Fermi-Dirac statistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lester Germer (full name Lester Halbert Germer; 1896–1971), American physicist. ... George Paget Thomson (May 3, 1892 – September 10, 1975), British physicist and son of Nobel Prize winning physicist J. J. Thomson. ... In physics, wave-particle duality holds that light and matter can exhibit properties of both waves and of particles. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. ... In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that one cannot assign, with full precision, values for certain pairs of observable variables, including the position and momentum, of a single particle at the same time even in theory. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Max Born Max Born (born December 11, 1882 in Breslau, died January 5, 1970 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician and physicist of Jewish heritage. ... The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics formulated by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg while collaborating in Copenhagen around 1927. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Walter Heinrich Heitler (02. ... Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900–March 30, 1954) was a Jewish German-American physicist for whom the London force is named. ... The valence bond theory considers that the overlapping atomic orbitals of the participating atoms form a chemical bond. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas born in 1903 died in 1992. ... Enrico Fermi in the 1940s. ... The results of the quantum particle in a box can be used to look at the equilibrium situation for a quantum ideal gas in a box which is a box containing a large number particles which do not interact with each other except for instantaneous thermalizing collisions. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Max Born Max Born (born December 11, 1882 in Breslau, died January 5, 1970 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician and physicist of Jewish heritage. ... J. Robert Oppenheimer, father of the atomic bomb, served as the first director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, beginning in 1943. ... The Born-Oppenheimer approximation, also known as the adiabatic approximation, is a technique used in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics in order to de-couple the motion of nuclei and electrons (i. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (चन्द्रशेखर वेङ्कट रामन्) (November 7, 1888-November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... In physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation formulated by Paul Dirac in 1928 and provides a description of elementary spin-½ particles, such as electrons, consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... In physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation formulated by Paul Dirac in 1928 and provides a description of elementary spin-½ particles, such as electrons, consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity. ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... ... Robert Sanderson Mulliken (June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986) was an American physicist and chemist, primarily responsible for the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In quantum chemistry, the molecular electronic states, i. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Klein Paradox is a particle interacting with a potential and receiving three particles as a solution to the problem. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Erwin Schrödinger, as depicted on the former Austrian 1000 Schilling bank note. ... Zitterbewegung (English: jitter) is a theoretical helical or circular motion of elementary particles, in particular electrons, which is responsible for producing their spin and magnetic moment. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900–March 30, 1954) was a Jewish German-American physicist for whom the London force is named. ... In chemistry, the term van der Waals force originally referred to all forms of intermolecular forces; however, in modern usage it tends to refer to intermolecular forces that deal with forces due to the polarization of molecules. ... This article is about the electromagnetic phenomenon. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... John Edward Lennard-Jones (October 27, 1894 - November 1, 1954) was a mathematician who held a chair of theoretical physics at Bristol University, and then a chair of theoretical science at Cambridge University. ... Neutral atoms and molecules are subject to two distinct forces in the limit of large distance, and short distance. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Irène Joliot-Curie née Curie (September 12, 1897 – March 17, 1956) was a French scientist, the daughter of Marie and Pierre Curie and the wife of Frédéric Joliot-Curie. ... Frédéric Joliot-Curie Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie né Joliot (March 19, 1900 – August 14, 1958) was a French physicist and Nobel laureate. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (April 25, 1900 – December 15, 1958) was an Austrian physicist noted for his work on the theory of spin, and in particular the discovery of the Exclusion principle, which underpins the whole of chemistry. ... The neutrino is an elementary particle. ... Natural gas stoves are more energy-efficient than electric models. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American quantum chemist and biochemist, widely regarded as the premier chemist of the twentieth century. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... Charge conservation is the principle that electric charge can neither be created nor destroyed. ... In physics, a magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle that may be loosely described as a magnet with only one pole (see electromagnetic theory for more on magnetic poles). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was a chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 and later led him to theories of planetary evolution. ... Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance of one atom in 6500 of hydrogen. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... See also: John Cockroft (politician) Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (May 27, 1897 - September 18, 1967) was a British physicist. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lithium, Li, 3 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 2, s Appearance silvery white/gray Atomic mass 6. ... General Name, Symbol, Number boron, B, 5 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 13, 2, p Appearance black/brown Atomic mass 10. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Sir James Chadwick (October 20, 1891 – July 24, 1974) was an English physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Carl David Anderson (3 September 1905 – 11 January 1991) was a U.S. experimental physicist. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg (February 1, 1905, Basel - September 4, 1984, Basel) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. ... Lev Davidovich Landau (Ле́в Дави́дович Ланда́у) (January 22, 1908 – April 1, 1968) was a prominent Soviet physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics whose broad field of work included the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity, quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics and particle physics. ... Clarence Melvin Zener (December 1, 1905 _ July 15, 1993) was the American physicist who first described the electrical property exploited by the Zener diode, which Bell Labs then named after him. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Max Delbrück (September 4, 1906 - March 9, 1981) was a German biologist. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Irène Joliot-Curie née Curie (September 12, 1897 – March 17, 1956) was a French scientist, the daughter of Marie and Pierre Curie and the wife of Frédéric Joliot-Curie. ... Frédéric Joliot-Curie Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie né Joliot (March 19, 1900 – August 14, 1958) was a French physicist and Nobel laureate. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Leó Szilárd (right) and Albert Einstein re-enact the signing of the famous letter to Franklin Delano Roosevelt. ... Albert Einsteins letter to President Roosevelt in 1939 about his concern, about (Nuclear chain reactions) Click for closeup of letter A nuclear chain reaction occurs when on average more than one nuclear reaction is caused by another nuclear reaction, thus leading to an exponential increase in the number of... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Enrico Fermi in the 1940s. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lev Davidovich Landau (Ле́в Дави́дович Ланда́у) (January 22, 1908 – April 1, 1968) was a prominent Soviet physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics whose broad field of work included the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity, quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics and particle physics. ... Edward Teller in 1958 as Director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. ... Various normal modes in a 1D-lattice. ... The word degeneracy has more than one meaning: In general, degeneracy means reverting to an earlier, simpler, state In mathematics, a limiting case in which a class of object changes its nature so as to belong to another, usually simpler, class. ... The Jahn- Teller effect, sometimes also known as the Jahn-Teller distortion, describes the geometrical distortion of the electron cloud in a non-linear molecule under certain situations. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Enrico Fermi in the 1940s. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russian Павел Алексеевич Черенков) (July 28, 1904 - January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist and Nobel Prize winner. ... Cherenkov effect at the UMRs nuclear reactor Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Cerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a speed greater than that of light in the medium. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hideki Yukawa Hideki Yukawa (湯川 秀樹, January 23, 1907 - September 8, 1981) was a Japanese theoretical physicist and the first Japanese person to win the Nobel prize. ... The strong nuclear force or strong interaction (also called color force or colour force) is a fundamental force of nature which affects only quarks and antiquarks, and is mediated by gluons in a similar fashion to how the electromagnetic force is mediated by photons. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Albert Einstein photographed by Oren J. Turner in 1947. ... In quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox is a thought experiment which demonstrates that the result of a measurement performed on one part of a quantum system can have an instantaneous effect on the result of a measurement performed on another part, regardless of the distance separating the two parts. ... Nathan Rosen (March 22, 1909 – December 18, 1995) was a physicist. ... In quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) is a thought experiment that demonstrates that the result of a measurement performed on one part of a quantum system can have an instantaneous effect on the result of a measurement performed on another part, regardless of the distance separating the... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Henry Eyring (February 20, 1901 - December 26, 1981) was a theoretical chemist whose primary contribution was in the study of chemical reaction rates and intermediates. ... The transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Jewish-Danish physicist who made essential contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Eugene Wigner (left) and Alvin Weinberg Eugene Paul Wigner (Hungarian Wigner Pál JenÅ‘) (November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian physicist and mathematician. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Edward Teller in 1958 as Director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. ... The Jahn- Teller effect, sometimes also known as the Jahn-Teller distortion, describes the geometrical distortion of the electron cloud in a non-linear molecule under certain situations. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Hellmann-Feynman theorem is a theorem in quantum mechanics, which relates the energy eigenvalues of a time-independent Hamiltonian operator to the parameters composing it. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Seth Neddermeyer was a physicist who worked in the Manhattan project. ... The moons shadow, as seen in muons 700m below ground at the Soudan 2 detector. ... The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of ionizing radiation. ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) (surname pronounced FINE-man; in IPA) was one of the most influential American physicists of the 20th century, expanding greatly the theory of quantum electrodynamics. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Otto Hahn (March 8, 1879 – July 28, 1968) was a German chemist. ... ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... General Name, Symbol, Number barium, Ba, 56 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 6, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 137. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Lise Meitner ca. ... Otto Robert Frisch (1 October 1904–22 September 1979), Austrian-British physicist. ... An induced nuclear fission event. ... This article is about the year. ... Enrico Fermi in the 1940s. ... This article is about the year. ... Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg (February 1, 1905, Basel - September 4, 1984, Basel) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday. ... Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Sin-Itiro Tomonaga or Shinichirō Tomonaga (朝永 振一郎 Tomonaga Shinichirō, March 31, 1906–July 8, 1979) was a Japanese physicist, influential in the development of quantum electrodynamics, work for which he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 along with Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger. ... Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a quantum field theory of electromagnetism. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Willis Eugene Lamb, Junior (b. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Cecil Frank Powell (December 5, 1903 _ August 9, 1969) was a British physicist, awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1950 for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and for the resulting discovery of the pion (pi-meson), a heavy subatomic particle. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) (surname pronounced FINE-man; in IPA) was one of the most influential American physicists of the 20th century, expanding greatly the theory of quantum electrodynamics. ... This article is about a formulation of quantum mechanics. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir (July 15, 1909 – May 4, 2000) was a Dutch physicist. ... In 1948 Dutch physicist Hendrik B. G. Casimir of Philips Research Labs predicted that two uncharged parallel metal plates will be subject to a force pressing them together. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Positronium is a quasi-stable system consisting of a positron and its anti-particle, an electron, bound together into an exotic atom. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... David Bohm. ... The Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics, sometimes called the Causal interpretation, or Ontological interpretation, is an interpretation postulated by David Bohm in which the existence of a non-local universal wavefunction (Schrödinger equation) allows distant particles to interact instantaneously. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... An electronvolt (symbol: eV) is the amount of energy gained by a single unbound electron when it falls through an electrostatic potential difference of one volt. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr. Chen Ning Franklin YANG Chen Ning Franklin YANG (楊振寧 pinyin: Yáng Zhènníng) (born September 22, 1922) is a Chinese American physicist, who worked on statistical mechanics and symmetry principles. ... For other persons of the same name please see Robert Mills (disambiguation). ... Gauge theories are a class of physical theories based on the idea that symmetry transformations can be performed locally as well as globally. ... Isospin (isotopic spin, isobaric spin) is a physical quantity which is mathematically analogous to spin. ... Gauge theories are a class of physical theories based on the idea that symmetry transformations can be performed locally as well as globally. ... Isospin (isotopic spin, isobaric spin) is a physical quantity which is mathematically analogous to spin. ... Gauge theories are a class of physical theories based on the idea that symmetry transformations can be performed locally as well as globally. ... 1955 (MCMLV in Roman) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Owen Chamberlain Owen Chamberlain (July 10, 1920–February 28, 2006) was a prominent American physicist. ... Emilio Gino Segr (February 1, 1905 - April 22, 1989) was an Italian American physicist who, with Owen Chamberlain, won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the antiproton. ... Clyde Wiegand (May 23, 1915 – July 5, 1996) was an American physicist. ... Thomas (Tom) John Ypsilantis (June 24, 1928 – August 16, 2000) was a Greek-American physicist. ... The antiproton (aka pbar) is the antiparticle of the proton. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Frederick Reines Frederick Reines (March 16, 1918 - August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. ... Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr (1919–1974) was a captain in the United States Army Air Force. ... Antineutrinos, the antiparticles of neutrinos, are neutral particles produced in nuclear beta decay. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr. Chen Ning Franklin YANG Chen Ning Franklin YANG (楊振寧 pinyin: Yáng Zhènníng) (born September 22, 1922) is a Chinese American physicist, who worked on statistical mechanics and symmetry principles. ... U.S. government photo Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道 Pinyin: Lǐ Zhèngdào) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese American physicist who did work on high energy particle physics, symmetry principles, and statistical mechanics. ... In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity) is the simultaneous flip in the sign of all spatial coordinates: A 3×3 matrix representation of P would have determinant equal to -1, and hence cannot reduce to a rotation. ... The weak nuclear force or weak interaction is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Chien-Shiung Wu (吳健雄 Pinyin: Wú Jiànxíong) (May 31, 1912 - February 16, 1997) was a female Chinese American physicist with an expertise in radioactivity. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... CPT-symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of physical laws under transformations that involve the inversions of charge, parity and time simultaneously. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) (surname pronounced FINE-man; in IPA) was one of the most influential American physicists of the 20th century, expanding greatly the theory of quantum electrodynamics. ... Murray Gell-Mann at Harvard University Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... A Lagrangian of a dynamical system, named after Joseph Louis Lagrange, is a function of the dynamical variables and concisely describes the equations of motion of the system. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In 1948 Dutch physicist Hendrik B. G. Casimir of Philips Research Labs predicted that two uncharged parallel metal plates will be subject to a force pressing them together. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... David Bohm. ... The Aharonov-Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg-Siday-Aharonov-Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon by which a charged particle is affected by electromagnetic fields in regions from which the particle is excluded. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Murray Gell-Mann at Harvard University Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. ... Yuval Neeman is an Israeli physicist and politician. ... In physics, the Eightfold Way is a term coined by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann for a theory for organizing microscopical particles like quarks and hadrons. ... In mathematics, the special unitary group of degree is the group of by unitary matrices with determinant and entries from the field of complex numbers, with the group operation that of matrix multiplication. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988 for his work on neutrinos. ...

The formation and success of the Standard Modell

• 1963 Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig propose the quark/aces model
• 1964 Peter Higgs considers the breaking of local phase symmetry
• 1964 John Stewart Bell shows that all local hidden variable theories must satisfy Bell's inequality
• 1964 Val Fitch and James Cronin observe CP violation by the weak force in the decay of K mesons
• 1967 Steven Weinberg puts forth his electroweak model of leptons
• 1969 J.C. Clauser, M. Horne, A. Shimony, and R. Holt propose a polarization correlation test of Bell's inequality
• 1970 Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and Luciano Maiani propose the charm quark
• 1971 Gerard 't Hooft shows that the Glashow-Salam-Weinberg electroweak model can be renormalized
• 1972 S. Freedman and J.C. Clauser perform the first polarization correlation test of Bell's inequality
• 1973 David Politzer proposes the asymptotic freedom of quarks
• 1974 Burton Richter and Samuel Ting discover the psi meson implying the existence of the charm quark
• 1974 Robert J. Buenker and Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff introduce the multireference configuration interaction method.
• 1975 Martin Perl discovers the tau lepton
• 1977 S.W. Herb finds the upsilon resonance implying the existence of the beauty/bottom quark
• 1982 A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and G. Roger perform a polarization correlation test of Bell's inequality that rules out conspiratorial polarizer communication
• 1983 Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer, and the CERN UA-1 collaboration find the W and Z intermediate vector bosons
• 1989 The Z intermediate vector boson resonance width indicates three quark-lepton generations
• 1989 A Z-bozon rezonanciaszélességének mérése a CERN-ben megmutatta, hogy csak három kvark-lepton család létezik
• 1995 after 18 years searching at Fermilab was discovered the top quark, it had very big mass
• 1998 The Super-Kamiokande (Japan) announced that they find the neutrino oscillation, so minimum one neutrino from the three has mass.
• 2001 The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (Canada) affirmed the existing of the neutrino oscillation
• 2005 At the RHIC accelerator of Brookhaven National Laboratory they have created a quark-gluon liquid of very low viscosity, perhaps the quark-gluon plasma
• 2007 The Large Hadron Collider at CERN has a big chance to find the Higgs boson