The timeline of radio lists within the history of radio, the technology and events that produced instruments that use radio waves and activies that people undertook. Later, the history is dominated by programming and contents, which is closer to general history. The pre- and early history of radio is the history of technology that produced instruments that use radio waves. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a level of technological mastery sufficient to leave the surface of the planet for the first time and explore space. ... For other senses of this word, see history (disambiguation). ...

Origins and developments

The identity of the original inventor of radio, at the time called wireless telegraphy, is contentious. The key invention for the beginning of "wireless transmission of data using the entire frequency spectrum", known as the spark-gap transmitter, has been attributed to Nikola Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi, and Alexander Popov. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Wireless telegraphy is the practice of remote writing (see telegraphy) without the wires normally involved in an electrical telegraph. ... A typical spark transmitter circuit. ... Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was a world-renowned, Serbian-American[1][2] inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ... Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marchese Marconi, GCVO (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian electrical engineer and Nobel laureate of partially Irish descent, known for the development of a practical wireless telegraphy system commonly known as the radio. Marconi was President of the Accademia dItalia and a member... Alexander Stepanovich Popov (Russian: Александр Степанович Попов) (March 4, 1859 - December 31, 1905) was a Russian physicist who publicly demonstrate transmission of radio waves (March 1896) but didnt apply for a patent an apparatus or method for radio. ...

Radio's prehistory (19th century)

• 1820: Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism in a very simple experiment. He demonstrated that a wire carrying a current was able to deflect a magnetized compass needle.
• 1831: Michael Faraday began a series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. The relation was mathematically modelled by Faraday's law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations. Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around the conductor, but did not complete his work involving that proposal.
• 1861 to 1865: James Clerk Maxwell made experiments with electromagnetic waves.
• July 30, 1872: Mahlon Loomis was issued U.S. Patent 129971.
• 1873: Maxwell, as a result of experiments, first described the theoretical basis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in his paper to the Royal Society A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field.
• 28 November 1875: Thomas Edison announced to the press that while experimenting with the telegraph, he had noted a phenomenon that he termed "etheric force". He abandoned this research when Elihu Thomson, among others, ridiculed the idea.
• 1893 to 1894: Roberto Landell de Moura, a Brazilian priest and scientist, conducted experiments. He did not publicize his achievement until 1900.
• 1878: David E. Hughes was the first to transmit and receive radio waves when he noticed that his induction balance caused noise in the receiver of his homemade telephone.
• 1880: David Hughes demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society, but was told it was merely induction.
• 1884: Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti at Fermo in Italy invented a tube filled with iron filings, called a "coherer".
• 1884 to 1886: Edouard Branly of France produced an improved versions of the coherer.
• 1885: Edison took out a patent on a system of radio communication between ships, which he then sold to Guglielmo Marconi.
  

  

  1887 experimental setup of Hertz's apparatus.
• 1886 to 1888: Heinrich Rudolf Hertz validated Maxwell's theory through experiment. He demonstrated that radio radiation had all the properties of waves (now called Hertzian waves), and discovered that the electromagnetic equations could be reformulated into a partial differential equation called the wave equation.
• 1885 to 1892: Claims have been made that Murray, Kentucky farmer Nathan Stubblefield invented radio, but his devices seem to have worked by induction transmission rather than radio transmission.
• Claims have been made that Nathan Stubblefield invented radio before either Tesla or Marconi, but his device seems to have worked by induction transmission rather than radio transmission.

Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Hans Christian Ørsted (August 14, 1777 – March 9, 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist, influenced by the thinking of Immanuel Kant. ... Lightning strikes during a night-time thunderstorm. ... In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex-+-periri, of (or from) trying), is a set of actions and observations, performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to support or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ... Compass in a wooden box A compass (or mariners compass) is a navigational instrument for finding directions on the earth. ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Michael Faraday from a photograph by John Watkins, British Library [1] Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was a British chemist and physicist (he considered himself a natural philosopher) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electrical potential difference (or voltage) across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic flux. ... Faradays law of induction gives the relation between the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the surface S enclosed by a contour C and the electric field induced along the contour: where E is the induced electric field, dl is an infinitesimal element of the contour C... Maxwells equations (sometimes called the Maxwell equations) are the set of four equations, attributed to James Clerk Maxwell, that describe the behavior of both the electric and magnetic fields, as well as their interactions with matter. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematical physicist, born in Edinburgh. ... 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Mahon Loomis born Oppenheim, NY Invented the wireless telegraph in 1872. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life in the 20th century. ... Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele = far away and grapho = write) is the long distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters, originally over wire. ... Etheric force, a term coined by Thomas Edison to describe a phenomenon that was later to be understood as high frequency electromagnetic waves, effectively, radio. ... Elihu Thomson (March 29, 1853 - March 13, 1937) was an engineer who was instrumental in the founding of major electrical companies in the United States, Britain and France. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... David E. Hughes David Edward Hughes (May 16, 1831 - January 22, 1900) was an accomplished musician and a professor of music as well as chair of natural philosophy at St. ... A U.S. Army soldier uses a metal detector to search for weapons and ammunition in Iraq Metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. ... The telephone or phone (Greek: tele = far away and phone = voice) is a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound (most commonly voice and speech) across distance. ... Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electrical potential difference (or voltage) across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic flux. ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Temistocle Calzecchi Onesti (b. ... Fermo (ancient: Firmum Picenum) is a town and archiepiscopal see of the Marche, Italy, in the province of Ascoli Piceno, on a hill with a fine view, 1046 ft. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... The coherer was the first device used to detect radio signals in wireless telegraphy. ... Eugène Édouard Désiré Branly (23 October 1844 - 24 March 1940) was a French physicist. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marchese Marconi, GCVO (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian electrical engineer and Nobel laureate of partially Irish descent, known for the development of a practical wireless telegraphy system commonly known as the radio. Marconi was President of the Accademia dItalia and a member... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894), was the German physicist and mechanician for whom the hertz, the SI unit, is named. ... A light wave is an example of a transverse wave. ... In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a relation involving an unknown function of several independent variables and its partial derivatives with respect to those variables. ... The wave equation is an important partial differential equation that describes a variety of waves, such as sound waves, light waves and water waves. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Murray is a city located in Calloway County, Kentucky. ... Nathan B. Stubblefield (November 22, 1860 - March 28, 1928) was an American inventor and Kentucky melon farmer. ... Nathan B. Stubblefield (November 22, 1860 - March 28, 1928) was an American inventor and Kentucky melon farmer. ... Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electrical potential difference (or voltage) across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic flux. ... Radio propagation is a term used to explain how radio waves behave when they are transmitted, or are propagated from one point on the Earth to another. ...

Wireless beginnings

In the history of radio and development of "wireless telegraphy", there are multiple claims to the invention of radio. Marconi equipped ships with life saving wireless communications and established the first transatlantic radio service. Tesla developed means to reliably produce radio frequencies, publicly demonstrated the principles of radio, and transmitted long distant signals. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

• 1893: At St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla gave a public demonstration of "wireless" radio communication. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described in detail the principles of radio communication. _[1] The apparatus that he used contained all the elements that were incorporated into radio systems before the development of the "oscillation valve", the early vacuum tube. Tesla was the first to apply the mechanism of electrical conduction to wireless practices. Also, he initially used sensitive electromagnetic receivers _[2], that were unlike the less responsive coherers later used by Marconi and other early experimenters. Afterwards, the principle of radio communication (sending signals through space to receivers) was publicized widely. Various scientists, inventors, and experimenters begin to investigate wireless methods.
• 1894: Heinrich Rudolf Hertz died.
• 19 August 1894: British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge demonstrated the reception of Morse code signalling using radio waves using a "coherer".
• November 1894: The Indian physicist, Jagdish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in Calcutta, but he was not interested in patenting his work. _[3] Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves, proving that communication signals can be sent without using wires.
• 1894: The Russian physicist Alexander Popov built a coherer.
• 7 May 1895: Popov demonstrated in public transmission and reception of radio waves used for communication at the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, using his coherer: this day has since been celebrated in the Russian Federation as "Radio Day". Popov was the first to develop a practical communication system based on the coherer, and is usually considered by the Russians to have been the inventor of radio ^[1].

Marconi's basic coherer to detect radio signals in wireless telegraphy.

• 1895: Marconi received telegraph message without wires, but he did not send voice over the airwaves.
• Beginning of 1895: Tesla detected signals from his New York lab's transmissions at West Point (a distance of 50 miles).
• March 1895: Popov transmitted radio waves between different campus buildings in Saint Petersburg, but did not apply for a patent. This features in the case against Marconi in radio's invention.
• 1895: The New Zealander Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson was awarded an Exhibition of 1851 Science Research Scholarship to Cambridge. He was instrumental in the development of radio. He arrived in England with a reputation as an innovator and inventor, and distinguished himself in several fields, initially by working out the electrical properties of solids and then using wireless waves as a method of signalling. Rutherford was encouraged in his work by Sir Robert Ball, who had been scientific adviser to the body maintaining lighthouses on the Irish coast; he wished to solve the difficult problem of a ship’s inability to detect a lighthouse in fog. Sensing fame and fortune, Rutherford increased the sensitivity of his apparatus until he could detect electromagnetic waves over a distance of several hundred metres. Thomson quickly realised that Rutherford was a researcher of exceptional ability and invited him to join in a study of the electrical conduction of gases. The commercial development of wireless technology was thus left for others (such as Guglielmo Marconi).
• 1896: Marconi was awarded a patent for radio with British Patent 12039, Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus There-for. This is the initial patent for radio, though it used various earlier techniques of various other experimenters (primarily Tesla) and resembled the instrument demonstrated by others (including Popov). During this time spark-gap wireless telegraphy is widely researched.
• 1896: Bose went to London on a lecture tour and met Marconi, who was conducting wireless experiments for the British post office.
• 1897: Marconi established the radio station on the Isle of Wight, England. In the U.S. during 1897, Tesla applied for two key radio patents. Those two patents were issued in early 1900.
• 1898: Marconi opened a radio factory in Hall Street, Chelmsford, England, employing around 50 people.
• 1899: Bose announced his invention of the "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at Royal Society, London.
• 1900: Reginald Fessenden made a weak transmission of voice over the airwaves.
• Around 1900: Tesla opened the Wardenclyffe Tower facility and advertised services.
• 1901: Marconi claims to have received in Newfoundland a radio signal transmitted in Poldhu in Cornwall (UK), but this is disputed. The claims of Marconi's signal and case against it are still discussed.
• 1903: Wardenclyffe Tower neared completion.
• Various theories exist on how Tesla intended to achieve the goals of this wireless system (reportedly, a 200 kW system). Tesla claimed that Wardenclyffe, as part of a World System of transmitters, would have allowed secure multichannel transceiving of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.
• 1904: The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. This also allowed the U.S. government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla for use of his patents.

1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Flag Seal Nickname: Gateway City, Gateway to the West, or Mound City Location Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Missouri Independent City Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 66. ... Official language(s) None Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St. ... Tesla can refer to: Scientist and inventor Nikola Tesla The tesla, an SI unit named after Nikola Tesla. ... Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver, referring to its use as a wireless telegraph; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. ... The Franklin Institute is the memorial to Benjamin Franklin, that serves to perpetuate his legacy; the museum contains many of Franklins personal effects. ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... The National Electric Light Association (NELA) was a national trade association including the operators of central power generation stations and interested individuals. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube (U.S. and Canadian English) or (thermionic) valve (outside North America) is a device generally used to amplify, or otherwise modify, a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. ... Categories: Stub | Science ... Electrical conduction is the movement of electrically charged particles through matter. ... Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field, encompassing all of space, composed of the electric field and the magnetic field. ... The coherer was the first device used to detect radio signals in wireless telegraphy. ... Categories: Technology stubs | Consumer electronics ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894), was the German physicist and mechanician for whom the hertz, the SI unit, is named. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Vanity Fair cartoon. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Jagdish Chandra Bose (1858-1937) Jagdish Chandra Bose (Bengali: জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু) (November 30, 1858 – November 23, 1937) was an Indian physicist who pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Alexander Stepanovich Popov (Russian: Александр Степанович Попов) (March 4, 1859 - December 31, 1905) was a Russian physicist who publicly demonstrate transmission of radio waves (March 1896) but didnt apply for a patent an apparatus or method for radio. ... The coherer was the first device used to detect radio signals in wireless telegraphy. ... Radio Day (Russian: День радио), Communications Workers Day (as it is officially known in Russia) or Radio and Television Day (as it is known in Bulgaria) is a May 7 commemoration of the invention of radio, as reckoned by an 1895 demonstration of Alexander Popov. ... Image File history File links Coherer. ... Image File history File links Coherer. ... The coherer was the first device used to detect radio signals in wireless telegraphy. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... It has been suggested that Electrical telegraph be merged into this article or section. ... Alternate meanings: West Point (disambiguation). ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Ernest Rutherford Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, PC, OM, FRS (August 30, 1871 – October 19, 1937), was a New Zealand nuclear physicist. ... Sir Robert Stawell Ball (1840-1913) was an English astronomer to Lord Rosse in 1865 and Irish Astronomer-Royal in 1874. ... Thomson has several meanings: Thomson SA, formerly known as Thomson Multimedia, a French electronics manufacturer and media services provider. ... Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marchese Marconi, GCVO (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian electrical engineer and Nobel laureate of partially Irish descent, known for the development of a practical wireless telegraphy system commonly known as the radio. Marconi was President of the Accademia dItalia and a member... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a person for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which is new, inventive, and... 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Isle of Wight is an English island and county, off the southern English coast, to the south of the county of Hampshire. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population –mid-2004... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Arms of Chelmsford Borough Council This article is about the town of Chelmsford in Essex. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 - July 22, 1932) was a Canadian inventor and radio pioneer born in East Bolton, Quebec, the son of a Protestant minister. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Wardenclyffe Tower located in Shoreham, Long Island, New York. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Marconi may be: People Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) Corporations: Alenia Marconi Systems GEC Marconi Marconi plc (formerly GEC) Marconi Electronic Systems Matra Marconi Space This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Newfoundland (French: Terre-Neuve; Irish: Talamh an Éisc; Latin: Terra Nova) is a large island off the northeast coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Poldhu is a small area in south Cornwall, England, situated on the Lizard Peninsula it comprises Poldhu Point and Poldhu Cove. ... Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) is a county in South West England. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO or USPTO) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that provides patent and trademark protection to inventors and businesses for their inventions and corporate and product identification. ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life in the 20th century. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Spark-gap telegraphy

Using various patents, the company called "British Marconi" was established and began communication between coast radio stations and ships at sea. This company along with its subsidiary American Marconi, had a stranglehold on ship to shore communication. It operated much the way American Telephone and Telegraph operated until 1983, owning all of its own equipment and refusing to communicate with non-Marconi equipped ships. Many inventions improved the quality of radio, and amateurs experimented with uses of radio, thus the first seeds of broadcasting were planted. Around the turn of the century, the Slaby-Arco wireless system was developed by Adolphus Slaby and Georg von Arco (later incorporated into Telefunken). A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a person for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which is new, inventive, and... The Marconi Company Ltd. ... Coast radio station is a maritime radio station situated on shore which monitores radio distress frequencies and relays ship-to-ship and ship-to-land communications. ... AT&T (formerly an abbreviation for American Telephone and Telegraph) Corporation (NYSE: T) is an American telecommunications company. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Telefunken is a German radio- and television company, founded in 1903. ...

A spark-gap transmitter for generating radio frequency electromagnetic waves. Such devices served as the transmitters for most early wireless systems.

• 24 December 1906: Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter to make the first radio audio broadcast, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.
• 1909: Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".
• April 1909: Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, California constructed a broadcasting station. It used spark gap technology, but modulated the carrier frequency with the human voice, and later music. The station "San Jose Calling" (there were no call letters), continued in an unbroken lineage to eventually become today's KCBS in San Francisco. Herrold, the son of a Santa Clara Valley farmer, coined the terms "narrowcasting" and "broadcasting", respectively to identify transmissions destined for a single receiver such as that on board a ship, and those transmissions destined for a general audience. (The term "broadcasting" had been used in farming to define the tossing of seed in all directions.) Charles Herrold did not claim to be the first to transmit the human voice, but he claimed to be the first to conduct "broadcasting". To help the radio signal to spread in all directions, he designed omni-directional antennas, which he mounted on the rooftops of various buildings in San Jose. Herrold also claims to be the first broadcaster to accept advertising, although advertising generally involves paid announcements. He exchanged publicity for a local record store for records to play on his station.
• 1912: The RMS Titanic sank. After this, wireless telegraphy using spark-gap transmitters quickly became universal on large ships.
• 1913: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea was convened and produced a treaty requiring shipboard radio stations to be manned 24 hours a day. A typical high-power spark gap was a rotating commutator with six to twelve contacts per wheel, nine inches to a foot wide, driven by about 2000 volts DC. As the gaps made and broke contact, the radio wave was audible as a tone in a crystal set. The telegraph key often directly made and broke the 2000 volt supply. One side of the spark gap was directly connected to the antenna. Receivers with thermionic valves became commonplace before spark-gap transmitters were replaced by continuous wave transmitters.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 13 KB) Summary Alternate Tesla Coil Configuration. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 13 KB) Summary Alternate Tesla Coil Configuration. ... A typical spark transmitter circuit. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 - July 22, 1932) was a Canadian inventor and radio pioneer born in East Bolton, Quebec, the son of a Protestant minister. ... An Alexanderson alternator is a rotating machine for the generation of high frequency with frequencies until 100 kHz. ... A typical spark transmitter circuit. ... Ocean Bluff and Brant Rock are villages located in the town of Marshfield in Plymouth County, Massachusetts. ... O Holy Night is a well-known Christmas carol composed by Adolphe Adam in 1847 to the French poem Minuit, chrétiens by Placide Cappeau (also known as Cantique de Noël). In the carol, the singer recalls the birth of Jesus. ... A violin The violin is a bowed stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a perfect fifth apart. ... The Gutenberg Bible owned by the United States Library of Congress The Bible (Hebrew: תנ״ך tanakh, Greek: η Βίβλος hē biblos, the book) (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Work of God, The Word of God, The Word, The Good Book, Scripture, or The Scriptures), is the name used by Jews and Christians... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ferdinand Braun Karl Ferdinand Braun (June 6, 1850–April 20, 1918) was a German physicist. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Capital of Silicon Valley Location Location of San Jose within Santa Clara County, California. ... A spark plug. ... KCBS is the callsign of the Columbia Broadcasting Systems three flagship broadcast stations in the United States: KCBS-TV (Channel 2) is the CBS television affiliate serving the Los Angeles area. ... The Santa Clara Valley is a valley just south of the San Francisco Bay in northern California in the United States. ... Advertising, generally speaking, is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually performed by an identified sponsor. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... RMS Titanic was an Olympic class passenger liner that became infamous for its collision with an iceberg and dramatic sinking in 1912. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is the most important treaty protecting the safety of merchant ships. ... Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube (American English) or (thermionic) valve (British English) is a device generally used to amplify a signal. ...

Audio broadcasting (1915 to 1950s)

Ad for an Atwater Kent radio receiver in the Ladies' Home Journal (September, 1926)

• 1920: Regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina, pioneered by the group around Enrique Telémaco Susini.
• 1920: Spark-gap telegraphy stopped.
• 20 August 1920: E.W. Scripps's WWJ in Detroit received its commercial broadcasting license and started broadcasting. It has carried a regular schedule of programming to the present. Broadcasting was not yet supported by advertising. The stations owned by manufacturers and department stores were established to sell radios and those owned by newspapers to sell papers and express the opinions of the owners.
• 31 August 1920: The first known radio news program was broadcast by station 8MK, the unlicensed predecessor of WWJ (AM) in Detroit, Michigan.
• October 1920: Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became the first US licensed commercial broadcasting station when it was granted call letters KDKA. (Their engineer Frank Conrad had been broadcasting from his own station since 1916.)
• 1922: Regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. Early radios ran the entire power of the transmitter through a carbon microphone.
• Mid 1920s:
  • Amplifying vacuum tubes revolutionized radio receivers and transmitters; Westinghouse engineers improved them. (Before that, the commonest type of receiver was the crystal set, although some early radios used some type of amplification through electric current or battery.)
  • Inventions of the triode amplifier, generator, and detector enabled audio radio.
  • Fessenden and Lee de Forest pioneered the invention of amplitude-modulated radio (AM radio), so more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of spectra). Westinghouse bought DeForest's and Armstrong's patent.
• 1920s: Radio was first used to transmit pictures visible as television.
• Early 1930s: Single sideband (SSB) and frequency modulation (FM) were invented by amateur radio operators. By 1940, they were established commercial modes.

Westinghouse was brought into the patent allies group, General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, and Radio Corporation of America, and became a part owner of RCA. All radios made by GE and Westinghouse were sold under the RCA label 60% GE and 40% Westinghouse. ATT's Western Electric would build radio transmitters. The patent allies attempted to set up a monopoly, but they failed due to successful competition. Much to the dismay of the patent allies, several of the contracts for inventor's patents held clauses protecting "amateurs" and allowing them to use the patents. Whether the competing manufacturers were really amateurs was ignored by these competitors. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (550x749, 58 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (550x749, 58 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A. Atwater Kent 1873-1949 Arthur Atwater Kent was a thrifty New Englander born in Vermont, educated in Massachusetts who invented the closely timed ignition system, and operated Atwater Kent the worlds largest radio factory in Pennsylvania. ... A cover of Ladies Home Journal from 1906 Ladies Home Journal was first published February 16, 1883 as a womens supplement to the Tribune and Farmer. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... Portrait of Enrique Telémaco Susini by photographer Annemarie Heinrich Enrique Telémaco Susini (January 31, 1891 - July 4, 1972) was an Argentine entrepreneur and media pioneer. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... Edward W. Scripps was a United States publisher and media financier. ... WWJ (Newsradio 950) is Detroit, Michigans only 24-hour all-news radio station. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Advertising, generally speaking, is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually performed by an identified sponsor. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... WWJ (Newsradio 950) is Detroit, Michigans only 24-hour all-news radio station. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Motor City, Motown, D-Town, The D, The Renaissance City, Detroit Rock City Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (Latin for, We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) Location Location in Wayne County, Michigan Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Michigan Wayne County... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ... Westinghouse logo (designed by Paul Rand) The Westinghouse Electric Company, headquartered in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, is an organization founded by George Westinghouse in 1886. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Steel City Location Location in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Pennsylvania Allegheny County Founded 1758 Mayor Bob OConnor (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 151. ... KDKA AM is a U.S. class A clear channel AM radio station located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that operates on 1020 kHz. ... Dr. Frank Conrad (1874-1941) was a radio broadcasting pioneer who worked as the Assistant Chief Engineer for the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marchese Marconi, GCVO (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian electrical engineer and Nobel laureate of partially Irish descent, known for the development of a practical wireless telegraphy system commonly known as the radio. Marconi was President of the Accademia dItalia and a member... The village of Writtle lies in Essex, England, just two miles to the west of Chelmsford. ... Arms of Chelmsford Borough Council This article is about the town of Chelmsford in Essex. ... Generally, amplification is a basic process sometimes seen in nature, and often used in processes which involve a signal which must be made stronger. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube (U.S. and Canadian English) or (thermionic) valve (outside North America) is a device generally used to amplify, or otherwise modify, a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. ... For the device which is a tuner (radio) and a amplifier and/or loudspeaker, see receiver (home stereo). ... Antenna tower of Crystal Palace transmitter, London A transmitter (sometimes abbreviated XMTR) is an electronic device which with the aid of an antenna propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other telecommunications. ... The crystal radio receiver (also known as a crystal set) is a passive radio receiver consisting of a variable LC circuit tuned circuit, a diode detector, and audio transducer. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube (American English) or (thermionic) valve (British English) is a device generally used to amplify a signal. ... Electrical generator Generator (Mathematics) ... A detector is a device that detects or measures some phenomenon or stimulus, and produces some signal in response. ... The Fessenden School is a private day and boarding school for boys founded in 1903 by Fredrick Fessenden. ... Lee De Forest patented a three-electrode version of the Audion. ... Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal. ... The name Westinghouse can refer to any number of devices and independent businesses that can trace their roots to the work of George Westinghouse: // People George Westinghouse, founder of Westinghouse Electric Corporation Devices Westinghouse air brake. ... Lee De Forest patented a three-electrode version of the Audion. ... People Armstrong is or was a surname or second name of several people: Billie Joe Armstrong, American pop/punk musician (born 1972) B.J. Armstrong, former NBA guard, most notably with the Chicago Bulls Craig Armstrong, a Scottish composer (born 1958) Edwin Armstrong, American electrical engineer and inventor of FM... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Social issues of the 1920s. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Single-sideband modulation (SSB) is a refinement of the technique of amplitude modulation designed to be more efficient in its use of electrical power and bandwidth. ... When used in supervisory signaling in telephony, the term frequency-change signaling has been used to describe frequency modulation. ... GE redirects here; for other uses, see GE (disambiguation). ... AT&T (formerly an abbreviation for American Telephone and Telegraph) Corporation (NYSE: T) is an American telecommunications company. ... RCA, formerly an initialism for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark used by two companies for products descended from that common ancestor: Thomson Consumer Electronics, which manufactures RCA-branded televisions, DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, audio equipment, telephones, and related accessories; and...

Federal Communications Commission.

Federal Radio Commission.

These features arose:- Image File history File links FCCSeal. ... Image File history File links FCCSeal. ... The FCCs official seal. ... Federal Radio Commission seal This was copied from a site on early radio station lists. ... Federal Radio Commission seal This was copied from a site on early radio station lists. ... The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was a government body that regulated radio use in the United States from its creation in 1927 until its replacement by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1935. ...

• Commercial (United States) or governmental (Europe) station networks
• Federal Radio Commission
• Federal Communications Commission
• Birth of the soap opera
• Race towards shorter waves and FM

• 1933: FM radio was patented; Edwin H. Armstrong invented it. FM uses frequency modulation of the radio wave to minimize static and interference from electrical equipment and the atmosphere, in the audio program.
• 1937: W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station, was granted a construction permit by the FCC.
• 1940s: Standard analog television transmissions started in North America and Europe.
• 1943: Tesla's patent (number 645576) was reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court shortly after Tesla's death, because prior art existed before Marconi's patent was established. Ignoring Tesla's prior art, the decision may have let the U.S. government avoid paying damages that the Marconi Company was claiming for use of its patents during World War I; it is speculated that the U.S. government initially refused to grant Marconi the patent right, to nullify any claims Tesla had for compensation.
• After World War II: The FM radio broadcast was introduced in Germany.
• 1948: A new wavelength plan was set up for Europe at a meeting in Copenhagen. Because of the recent war, Germany (which was not even invited) was only given a few medium-wave frequencies, which are not very good for broadcasting. For this reason Germany began broadcasting on USW, "ultra short wave" (nowadays called VHF). After some amplitude modulation experience with VHF, it was realized that FM radio was a much better alternative for VHF radio than AM.

World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was a government body that regulated radio use in the United States from its creation in 1927 until its replacement by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1935. ... The FCCs official seal. ... The first TIME cover devoted to soap operas: Dated January 12, 1976, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes of Days of Our Lives are featured with the headline Soap Operas: Sex and suffering in the afternoon. A soap opera is an ongoing, episodic work of fiction, usually broadcast on television... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... FM radio is a broadcast technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that uses frequency modulation to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. ... Edwin Howard Armstrong (December 18, 1890 – January 31, 1954) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. ... When used in supervisory signaling in telephony, the term frequency-change signaling has been used to describe frequency modulation. ... For other uses of the term white noise, see white noise (disambiguation). ... Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing signals, as a by-product of their normal operation, and which causes unwanted signals (interference or noise) to be induced in other circuits. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The abbreviation FCC can refer to: Face-centered cubic (usually fcc), a crystallographic structure Federal Communications Commission, a US government organization Farm Credit Corporation/Farm Credit Canada, a Canadian government organization Families with Children from China, an adoption support organization Florida Christian College, a college in central Florida Fresno City... // Events and trends World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atomic bomb. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Below is a list of Tesla patents. ... The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... In most patent laws, prior art or state of the art is all information that has been disclosed to the public in any form before a given date. ... In most patent laws, prior art or state of the art is all information that has been disclosed to the public in any form before a given date. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead: 5 million Military dead: 4 million The First World War, also known as The Great War, The War to End All Wars, and World War I (abbreviated WWI) was... Speculative reason is theoretical (or logical, deductive) thought (sometimes called theoretical reason), as opposed to practical (active, willing) thought. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, France/Free France, United States, China, Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece, Norway, Honduras, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... Copenhagen (IPA: , rhyming with pagan, or , with a as in spa; Danish IPA: ) is the capital of Denmark and the countrys largest city (metropolitan population 1,115,035 (2006), at present made up of 16 municipalities. ... Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal. ...

Later 20th century developments

• Early 1960s: VOR systems finally became widespread; before that, aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. (AM stations are still marked on U.S. aviation charts).
• 1954: Regency introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22.5V Battery".
• 1960: Sony introduced their first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was durable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next twenty years, transistors displaced tubes almost completely except for very high power, or very high frequency, uses.
• 1963: Color television was commercially transmitted, and the first (radio) communication satellite, TELSTAR, was launched. In lLate 1960s, the U.S. long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing digital radios for many of its links.
• 1970s: LORAN became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the U.S. Navy experimented with satellite navigation.
• 1987: The GPS constellation of satelliotes was launched.
• Early 1990s: Amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals.
• 1994: The U.S. Army and DARPA launched an aggressive successful project to construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software.
• Late 1990s: The digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting.

The outrageously crowded Woodstock festival epitomized the popular antiwar movement of the 60s. ... D-VOR (Doppler VOR) ground station, co-located with DME. VOR, short for VHF Omni-directional Radio Range, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. ... Airbus A380 An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight. ... First flight, December 17, 1903 Aviation or air transport refers to the activities surrounding human flight and the aircraft industry. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Regency may have several meanings: A regency may be a period of time when a regent holds power in the name of the current monarch, or in the name of the Crown itself, if the throne is vacant. ... Assorted transistors The transistor is a solid state semiconductor device that can be used for amplification, switching, voltage stabilization, signal modulation and many other functions. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Sony Corporation ) is one of the worlds largest media conglomerates founded in Tokyo, Japan. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... U.S. military MILSTAR communications satellite A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications using radio at microwave frequencies. ... The outrageously crowded Woodstock festival epitomized the popular antiwar movement of the 60s. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation) is a terrestrial navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters that use the time interval between radio signals received from three or more stations to determine the position of a ship or aircraft. ... Satellite navigation systems use radio time signals transmitted by satellites to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Over fifty GPS satellites such as this NAVSTAR have been launched since 1978. ... See also 1990s, the band The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, sometimes informally including popular culture from 2000 and 2001. ... Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is a hobby enjoyed by about 3 million people[1] throughout the world. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal. // Events January Bill Clinton January 1 : North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect. ... The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ... A software-defined radio (SDR) system is a radio communication system which uses software for the modulation and demodulation of radio signals. ... A digital system is one that uses discrete numbers, especially binary numbers, or non-numeric symbols such as letters or icons, for input, processing, transmission, storage, or display, rather than a continuous spectrum of values (an analog system). ...

Telex on Radio

Telegraphy did not go away on radio. Instead, the degree of automation increased. On land-lines in the 1930s, Teletypewriters automated encoding, and were adapted to pulse-code dialing to automate routing, a service called telex. For thirty years, telex was the absolute cheapest form of long-distance communication, because up to 25 telex channels could occupy the same bandwidth as one voice channel. For business and government, it was an advantage that telex directly produced written documents. It has been suggested that Electrical telegraph be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is a now largely obsolete electro-mechanical typewriter which can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point through a simple electrical communications channel, often just a pair of wires. ... Teletype machines in World War II A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is a now largely obsolete electro-mechanical typewriter which can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point through a simple electrical communications channel, often just a pair of wires. ...

Telex systems were adapted to short-wave radio by sending tones over single sideband. CCITT R.44 (the most advanced pure-telex standard) incorporated character-level error detection and retransmission as well as automated encoding and routing. For many years, telex-on-radio (TOR) was the only reliable way to reach some third-world countries. TOR remains reliable, though less-expensive forms of e-mail are displacing it. Many national telecom companies historically ran nearly pure telex networks for their governments, and they ran many of these links over short wave radio. Single-sideband modulation (SSB) is a refinement of the technique of amplitude modulation designed to be more efficient in its use of electrical power and bandwidth. ... The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...

21st century development

Internet radio

Internet radio consists of sending radio-style audio programming over streaming Internet connections: no radio transmitters need be involved at any point in the process. Internet radio is a broadcasting service transmitted via the Internet. ...

• Early technology wars: Push or pull, streaming media or multicast
• Run your own station with live365 or almost like Geocities or Hotmail