The timeline below shows the date of publication of major scientific experiments. For the novel by Michael Crichton, see Timeline (novel). ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... In the scientific method, an experiment (Latin: ex- periri, of (or from) trying) is a set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question, to retain or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. ...

See also timeline of scientific discoveries, timeline of technological discoveries, list of timelines of science and technology, list of famous experiments. The timeline below shows the date of publication of major scientific theories and discoveries. ... This is a list of inventions, listed in chronological order. ... For other uses of Timeline, see Timeline (disambiguation). ... The following is a list of historically important scientific experiments and observations. ...

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Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of a body of techniques known as scientific methods, emphasizing the observation, experimentation and scientific explanation of real world phenomena. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1020x1508, 359 KB) Book cover Frontispiece of : Tabulae Rudolphinae : quibus astronomicae . ... The sociology and philosophy of science, as well as the entire field of science studies, have in the 20th century been preoccupied with the question of large-scale patterns and trends in the development of science, and asking questions about how science works both in a philosophical and practical sense. ... The historiography of science is the historical study of the history of science (which often overlaps the history of technology, the history of medicine, and the history of mathematics). ... A pseudoscience is any body of knowledge purported to be scientific or supported by science but which fails to comply with the scientific method. ... In prehistoric times, advice and knowledge was passed from generation to generation in an oral tradition. ... The Ptolemaic system of celestial motion, from Harmonia Macrocosmica, 1661. ... Science, and particularly geometry and astronomy, was linked directly to the divine for most medieval scholars. ... Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man, an example of the blend of art and science during the Renaissance. ... This article is about the period or event in history. ... Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature, known in Latin as philosophia naturalis, is a term applied to the objective study of nature and the physical universe before the development of modern science. ... Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a... The history of biology dates as far back as the rise of various civilization as classic philosophers did their own ways of biology as a system of understanding life. ... Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier and his Wife, by Jacques-Louis David The history of chemistry is long and convoluted. ... ÛEcology is generally spoken of as a new science, having only become prominent in the second half of the 20th Century. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The history of paleontology has been an ongoing effort to understand the history of life on Earth by understanding the fossil record left behind by living organisms. ... Since antiquity, human beings have sought to understand the workings of nature: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, the character of the universe such as the form of the Earth and the behavior of celestial objects such as the Sun and the Moon... For more, see: Social science#History In ancient philosophy, there was no difference between the liberal arts of mathematics and the study of history, poetry or politics—only with the development of mathematical proof did there gradually arise a perceived difference between scientific disciplines and others, the humanities or liberal... It has been suggested that History of economics be merged into this article or section. ... Efforts to describe and explain the human language faculty have been undertaken throughout recorded history. ... While the study of politics is first found in ancient Greece and ancient India, political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences. ... The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates, in Europe, back to the Late Middle Ages. ... Sociology is a relatively new academic discipline among other social sciences including economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology. ... The wheel was invented circa 4000 BC, and has become one of the worlds most famous, and most useful technologies. ... Agronomy today is very different from what it was before about 1950. ... The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the twentieth century. ... The History of materials science is rooted in the history of the Earth and the culture of the peoples of the Earth. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses of Timeline, see Timeline (disambiguation). ...

2nd century BC

• 240 BC - Eratosthenes measures the earth's circumference and diameter

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC Years: 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC 241 BC - 240 BC - 239 BC 238 BC... This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. For the ancient Athenian statesman of the fifth century BC, see Eratosthenes (statesman). ...

8th century AD

• Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) introduces the experimental method and controlled experiment in chemistry

booger booger booger Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. ... A scientific control augments integrity in experiments by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about such variables. ... Alchemy in Islam differs from the general alchemy in certain ways, one of which is that Muslim alchemists didnt believe in the creation of life in the laboratory. ...

10th century

• Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) introduces controlled experiment into the field of medicine and carried out the first medical experiment in order to find the most hygienic place to build a hospital
• Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi proves both Galen's theory of humorism and Aristotle's theory of classical elements false using experiments described in his Doubts about Galen

For other uses, see Razi. ... A scientific control augments integrity in experiments by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about such variables. ... In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilisation and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. ... Bimaristan is a Middle and New Persian (بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning hospital, with Bimar- meaning sick and -stan as location and place. ... For other uses, see Razi. ... For other uses, see Galen (disambiguation). ... This article is about humors in Greco-Roman medicine. ... For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ... Many ancient philosophies used a set of archetypal classical elements to explain patterns in nature. ...

11th century

• 1020 - Avicenna (Ibn Sina) introduces experimentation and quantification into the study of medicine and physiology, including the introduction of experimental medicine and clinical trials, in The Canon of Medicine
• 1021 - Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) pioneers the experimental scientific method and experimental physics in his Book of Optics, where he devises the first scientific experiments on optics, including the first use of the camera obscura to prove that light travels in straight lines and the first experimental proof that visual perception is caused by light rays travelling to the eyes, which also marks the beginning of experimental psychology and psychophysics
• 1030 - Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī conducts the first elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena and introduces the experimental method into mechanics

Events Hospice built in Jerusalem by Knights Hospitaller City of Saint-Germain-en-Laye founded Third Italian campaign of Henry II of Germany Canute the Great codifies the laws of England Births Harold II of England (approximate) Empress Agnes of Poitou, regent of the Holy Roman Empire (d. ... (Persian: ابن سينا) (c. ... In language and logic, quantification is a construct that specifies the extent of validity of a predicate, that is the extent to which a predicate holds over a range of things. ... In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilisation and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Biomedical research (or experimental medicine), in general simply known as medical research, is the basic research or applied research conducted to aid the body of knowledge in the field of medicine. ... In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ... A Latin copy of the Canon of Medicine, dated 1484, located at the P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. ... // Events Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, sixth Fatimid Caliph of Egypt disappears on a trip to al-Muqattam hills. ... (Arabic: أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated) Alhazen) (965 – 1039), was an Arab[1] Muslim polymath[2][3] who made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the... Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. ... Experimental physics is the part of physics that deals with experiments and observations pertaining to natural/physical phenomena, as opposed to theoretical physics. ... The title page of a 1572 Latin manuscript of Ibn al-Haythams Book of Optics The Book of Optics (Arabic: Kitab al-Manazir, Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva) was a seven volume treatise on optics written by the Iraqi Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized as Alhacen or Alhazen... In the history of science, Islamic science refers to the science developed under the Islamic civilisation between the 8th and 15th centuries (the Islamic Golden Age). ... For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. ... The camera obscura (Lat. ... For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from visible light reaching the eyes. ... Experimental psychology approaches psychology as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. ... Psychophysics is a subdiscipline of psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates, or percepts. ... Events July 29 - Battle of Stiklestad in Norway. ... (September 15, 973 in Kath, Khwarezm – December 13, 1048 in Ghazni) was a Persian[1][2][3] Muslim polymath[4] of the 11th century, whose experiments and discoveries were as significant and diverse as those of Leonardo da Vinci or Galileo, five hundred years before the Renaissance; al-Biruni was... This is a sub-article of Islamic science and astronomy. ... In the history of science, Islamic science refers to the science developed under the Islamic civilisation between the 8th and 15th centuries (the Islamic Golden Age). ...

12th century

• 1121 - Al-Khazini makes extensive use of the experimental method to prove his theories on mechanics in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom
• Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) is the first physician to carry out human postmortem dissections and autopsies. He proves that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, a discovery which upsets the Hippocratic and Galenic theory of humorism

Events Concordat of Worms condemns Pierre Abélards writings on the Holy Trinity. ... This article is about a 12th century scientist. ... In the history of science, Islamic science refers to the science developed under the Islamic civilisation between the 8th and 15th centuries (the Islamic Golden Age). ... Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar, Abumeron, ibn-Zohr) (1090? - 1162) was an Arab (Spanish-born) physician. ... Dissected rat showing major organs. ... For the former Death Metal band called Autopsy, see Autopsy (band). ... This is a list of diseases of the skin. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman portrait bust (19th century engraving) Hippocrates of Cos (c. ... For other uses, see Galen (disambiguation). ... This article is about humors in Greco-Roman medicine. ...

13th century

• 1200 - Abd-el-latif observes and examines a large number of skeletons, and he discovered that Galen was incorrect regarding the formation of the bones of the lower jaw and sacrum
• 1242 - Ibn al-Nafis carries out autopsies which leads him to the discovery of pulmonary circulation and the circulatory system
• Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī provides the first correct explanation of the rainbow phenomenon and uses the experimental method to prove his theory

Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed Births Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265) Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died... Abdallatif, Abd-el-latif or Abd-Ul-Latif (1162-1231), a celebrated physician and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the East, was born at Baghdad. ... Look up Examination in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Skeleton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Galen (disambiguation). ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... Human jaw front view Human jaw left view Human jaw top view The jaw is either of the two opposable structures forming, or near the entrance to, the mouth. ... For the record label, see Sacrum Torch. ... // Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Chudskoye Lake, Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي ) known as ibn Al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس ), was an Arab physician who is mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. ... For the former Death Metal band called Autopsy, see Autopsy (band). ... Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. ... For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ... Kamal al-Din Abul-Hasan Muhammad Al-Farisi (1260-1320) (Arabic: ) (Tabriz, Iran) was a prominent Persian Muslim mathematician and physicist. ... For other uses, see Rainbow (disambiguation). ...

17th century

• 1609 - Galileo Galilei observes moons of Jupiter in support of the heliocentric model
• 1638 - Galileo Galilei uses rolling balls to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion
• 1665 - Robert Hooke, using a microscope, observes cells
• 1676 - Ole Rømer measures the speed of light for the first time

// Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ... Galileo redirects here. ... Jupiters 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter (Great Red Spot visible). ... In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... Galileo redirects here. ... Aristotle (Greek: Aristotélēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Year 1665 (MDCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Robert Hooke, FRS (July 18, 1635 – March 3, 1703) was an English polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. ... A microscope (Greek: (micron) = small + (skopein) = to look at) is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... Events January 29 - Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia First measurement of the speed of light, by Ole Rømer Bacons Rebellion Russo-Turkish Wars commence. ... Ole Rømer. ... The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness.[1] It is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, in a vacuum. ...

18th century

• 1798 - Henry Cavendish: Torsion bar experiment to measure the gravitational constant
• 1796 - Edward Jenner tests the first vaccine

Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other persons named Henry Cavendish, see Henry Cavendish (disambiguation). ... In physics, the purpose of the torsion bar experiment is to estimate the gravitational constant. ... The gravitational constant G is a key element in Newtons law of universal gravitation. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Edward Jenner, FRS, (May 17, 1749 – January 26, 1823) was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ...

19th century

• 1801 - Thomas Young: double-slit experiment showing wave-particle duality
• 1820 - Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the connection of electricity and magnetism
• 1843 - James Prescott Joule measures the equivalence between mechanical work and heat, resulting in the law of conservation of energy
• 1845 - Christian Doppler demonstrates the Doppler shift
• 1851 - Léon Foucault uses Foucault pendulum is to demonstrate the rotation of the earth
• 1859 - Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species showing that evolution occurs by natural selection
• 1861 - Louis Pasteur disproves the theory of spontaneous generation
• 1863 - Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments (Mendel's laws of inheritance)
• 1887 - Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect
• 1887 - Michelson and Morley: Michelson-Morley experiment, showing that the speed of light is invariant
• 1896 - Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity
• 1897 - Joseph John Thomson discovers the electron

The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Thomas Young, English scientist Thomas Young (June 13, 1773-May 10, 1829) was an English polymath, contributing to the scientific understanding of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, and Egyptology. ... Slit experiment redirects here. ... In physics, wave-particle duality holds that light and matter exhibit properties of both waves and of particles. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Ørsted redirects here. ... Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... Year 1843 (MDCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... James Prescott Joule, FRS (IPA: ; December 24, 1818 – October 11, 1889) was an English physicist (and brewer), born in Salford, Lancashire. ... This article is about the law of conservation of energy in physics. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Christian Doppler Johann Christian Andreas Doppler (November 29, 1803 – March 17, 1853) was an Austrian mathematician and physicist, most famous for the hypothesis of what is now known as the Doppler effect which is the apparent change in frequency and wavelength of a wave that is perceived by an observer... The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency or wavelength of a wave that is perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (IPA: ) (18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for the invention of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earths rotation. ... Foucaults Pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... Charles Darwins Origin of Species (publ. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Louis Pasteur (December 27 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. ... Abiogenesis, in its most general sense, is the hypothetical generation of life from non-living matter. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... “Mendel” redirects here. ... Binomial name L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children; it underlies much of genetics. ... Year 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894) was the German physicist and mechanician for whom the hertz, an SI unit, is named. ... A diagram illustrating the emission of electrons from a metal plate, requiring energy gained from an incoming photon to be more than the work function of the material. ... Year 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Michelson-Morley experiment, one of the most important and famous experiments in the history of physics, was performed in 1887 by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University, and is considered by some to be the first strong evidence against the theory of... The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness.[1] It is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, in a vacuum. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... For the SI unit of radioactivity, see Becquerel. ... Radioactivity may mean: Look up radioactivity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Sir Joseph John Thomson Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940), often known as J. J. Thomson, was an English physicist, the discoverer of the electron. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ...

20th century

• 1909 - Robert Millikan: oil-drop experiment which suggests that electric charge occurs as quanta (the electron)
• 1911 - Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment determines the shape of the atom
• 1911 - Onnes: superconductivity
• 1919 - Arthur Eddington: Our sun as gravitational lens, a proof of the Theory of relativity
• 1920 - Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach conduct the Stern-Gerlach experiment, which demonstrates particle spin
• 1920 - John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conduct the Little Albert experiment
• 1928 - Griffith's experiment shows that living cells can be transformed via a transforming principle, later discovered to be DNA
• 1934 - Enrico Fermi splits the atom
• 1940 - Karl von Frisch decodes the "dance" honeybees use to communicate the location of flowers
• 1944 - Barbara McClintock breeds maize plants for color, which leads to the discovery of jumping genes
• 1947 - John Bardeen and Walter Brattain fabricate the first working transistor
• 1951 - Solomon Asch shows how group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion
• 1952 - Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase: Hershey-Chase experiment proves that DNA is the hereditary material
• 1953 - Stanley L. Miller & Harold C. Urey: Miller-Urey experiment demonstrates that organic compounds can arise spontaneously from inorganic ones
• 1955 - Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines confirm the existence of the neutrino in the neutrino experiment
• 1958 - Meselson-Stahl experiment proves that DNA replication is semiconservative
• 1960 - B.F. Skinner's demonstrations of operant conditioning
• 1961 - Crick, Brenner et al. experiment
• 1961 - Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment
• 1964 - Nirenberg and Leder experiment
• 1965 - Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson: Cosmic microwave background radiation, evidence of the Big Bang
• 1967 - Kerim Kerimov launches the Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188 as experiments on automatic docking eventually leading to the development of space stations
• 1970 - Allan and Beatrice Gardner teach American Sign Language to the chimpanzee Washoe
• 1971 - Muhammad Yunus carries out experiments on the applications of microcredit and microfinance in rural Bangladesh
• 1974 - Stanley Milgram: Milgram experiment on obedience to authority
• 1995 - Eric A. Cornell and Carl E. Wieman synthesize Bose-Einstein condensate

Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22, 1868 – December 19, 1953) was an American experimental physicist who won the 1923 Nobel Prize for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect. ... The purpose of Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletchers oil-drop experiment (1909) was to measure the electric charge of the electron. ... This box:      Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. ... In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is an indivisible entity of energy. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson OM PC FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937), widely referred to as Lord Rutherford, was a chemist (B.Sc. ... Top: Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom undisturbed. ... For other uses, see Atom (disambiguation). ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 – February 21, 1926) was a Dutch physicist. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor, cooled with liquid nitrogen. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... One of Sir Arthur Stanley Eddingtons papers announced Einsteins theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. ... Sol redirects here. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Two-dimensional analogy of space-time curvature described in General Relativity. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Otto Stern Otto Stern (February 17, 1888 – August 17, 1969) was an German physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Walter Gerlach (1 August 1889 - 10 August 1979) was a German physicist. ... In quantum mechanics, the Stern–Gerlach experiment, named after Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach, is a celebrated experiment in 1920 on deflection of particles, often used to illustrate basic principles of quantum mechanics. ... In physics, spin refers to the angular momentum intrinsic to a body, as opposed to orbital angular momentum, which is the motion of its center of mass about an external point. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878–September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. ... The Little Albert experiment was an experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Griffiths experiment discovering the transforming principle in pneumococcus bacteria. ... Griffiths experiment was conducted in 1928 by Frederick Griffith which was one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information, otherwise known as the “transforming principle”, which was later discovered to be DNA. Griffith used two strains of Pneumococcus (which infects mice), a S... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fermi redirects here. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Karl von Frisch 1961 Karl Ritter von Frisch (November 20, 1886 – June 12, 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, along with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. ... Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was a pioneering American scientist and one of the worlds most distinguished cytogeneticists. ... This article is about the maize plant. ... A DNA composite transposon. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer... Walter Houser Brattain (February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was a physicist who, along with John Bardeen, invented the transistor. ... Assorted discrete transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically controlled switch. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Solomon E. Asch (September 14, 1907 - February 20, 1996) was a world-renowned American Gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alfred Day Hershey (December 4, 1908 – May 22, 1997) was an American Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist. ... Martha Cowles Chase (1927 – 2003) was a young laboratory assistant in the early 1950s when she and Alfred Hershey conducted one of the most famous experiments in 20th century biology. ... The Hershey-Chase experiment was a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Stanley L. Miller (born 1930) is an American chemist famous for his role in the Miller-Urey experiment he performed in 1953, while a graduate student. ... Harold Urey, circa 1963. ... The experiment The Miller-Urey experiment (or Urey-Miller experiment) was an experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions present on the early Earth and tested for the occurrence of chemical evolution. ... Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. ... Traditionally, inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral, not biological, origin. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr (1919–1974) was a captain in the United States Army Air Force. ... Frederick Reines Frederick Reines (March 16, 1918 - August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. ... For other uses, see Neutrino (disambiguation). ... The neutrino experiment, also called the Cowan and Reines neutrino experiment, was performed by Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. ... Jan. ... A summary of the three postulated methods of DNA synthesis The Meselson-Stahl experiment was an experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl to prove that DNA replication was semiconservative. ... DNA replication. ... A summary of the three postulated methods of DNA synthesis Semiconservative replication describes the method by which DNA is replicated in all known cells. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 _ August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist and author. ... Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment was a scientific experiment performed in 1961 by Marshall W. Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... The Nirenberg and Leder experiment was a scientific experiment performed in 1964 by Marshall W. Nirenberg and Philip Leder. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Arno Allan Penzias (born April 26, American physicist. ... Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American physicist. ... CMB redirects here. ... For other uses, see Big Bang (disambiguation). ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Kerim Kerimov Kerim Kerimov (Azerbaijani: KÉ™rim Əli oÄŸlu KÉ™rimov, Russian: Керим Алиевич Керимов; 1917 – 2003) was a Soviet rocket scientist, one of the founders of the Soviet space industry, and for many years a central figure in the Soviet space program. ... Cosmos 186 incorporated a Soyuz programme descent module for landing scientific instruments and test objects. ... Cosmos 188 incorporated a Soyuz programme descent module for landing scientific instruments and test objects. ... The International Space Station in 2007 A space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live in outer space. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that ASL Grammar be merged into this article or section. ... Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 distribution of Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often shortened to chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of apes in the genus Pan. ... Washoe (around September of 1965[1] - October 30, 2007) was a chimpanzee who was the first non-human to learn American Sign Language. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... For the Indian diplomat, see Mohammad Yunus (diplomat). ... Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to the unemployed, to poor entrepreneurs and to others living in poverty who are not considered bankable. ... Microfinance is a term for the practice of providing financial services, such as microcredit, microsavings or microinsurance to poor people. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was a psychologist at Yale University, Harvard University and the City University of New York. ... The experimenter (V) orders the subject (L) to give what the subject believes are painful electric shocks to another subject (S), who is actually an actor. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Eric Allin Cornell (born December 19, 1961) is a physicist who, along with Carl E. Wieman, was able to synthesize Bose-Einstein condensate in 1995. ... Carl Edwin Wieman (born March 26, American physicist of the University of Colorado at Boulder who (with Eric Allin Cornell), in 1995, produced a Bose-Einstein condensate. ... A Bose–Einstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero (0 kelvins or -273. ...

21st century

• 2002 - Raymond Davis Jr. & Masatoshi Koshiba: detection of cosmic neutrinos, showing that neutrinos have a mass