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This is a timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement. Image File history File links AmericaAfrica. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Main article: African American African American history is the history of an ethnic group in the United States also known as black Americans. ... Military history of African Americans is that of African Americans in the United States since the arrival of the first black slaves in 1619 to the present day. ... The Atlantic slave trade was the kidnapping and purchasing of people in and transport from West Africa and Central Africa, into slavery in the New World. ... The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ... A.U.M.P. Church AME Church National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. ... Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia Rasta, or the Rastafari movement, is a religion and philosophy that accepts Haile Selassie I, the former (and last) emperor of Ethiopia, as Jah (the Rasta name for God incarnate, from a shortened form of Jehovah found in Psalms 68:4 in the King... Black Jews may refer to a number of different religious and ethnic groups. ... Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of African ancestry situated mostly in the United States who claim to be descendants of the ancient Israelites. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Santeria (disambiguation). ... The Doctrine of Father Divine are the teachings of the late Father Divine (d. ... Ewe Vudusi,Togo West Africa. ... This poster of a Samoan snake charmer inspired the common image of Mami Wata in Africa. ... See also: African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. ... Martin Luther King is perhaps most famous for his I Have a Dream speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The African-American Civil Rights Movement refers to a set of events and reform movements in the United States... Garveyism is that aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works, words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. ... Black nationalism is a political and social movement arising in the 1960s and early 70s mostly among African Americans in the United States. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... African Americans have had a tremendous impact on left-wing politics in the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Logo. ... The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ... The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1915 as The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History by Carter G. Woodson and Jesse E. Moorland. ... United Negro College Fund logo The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is a Fairfax, Virginia-based American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 historically black colleges and universities. ... The National Pan-Hellenic Council, Inc. ... The Links, Incorporated is an exclusive non-profit organization based upon the ideals of combining friendship and community service. ... Bud Fowler, the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, Western of Keokuk, Iowa The Negro Leagues were American professional baseball leagues comprising predominantly African-American teams. ... African American studies, or Black studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans. ... The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is literature written by, about, and sometimes specifically for African Americans. ... African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community. ... African American music (also called black music, formerly known as race music) is an umbrella term given to a range of musical genres emerging from or influenced by the culture of African Americans, who have long constituted a large ethnic minority of the population of the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... African American contemporary issues are a group of social, political, and business issues that are of interest and concern to African Americans because these issues and the state of their resolution directly affect the quality of life of African Americans. ... In the United States, Historically Black Colleges And Universities (HBCU) (a type of minority-serving institution or MSI) are colleges or universities that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the African American community. ... African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called African American English, Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), Black Vernacular English (BVE), or Jive (JVE), is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. ... The Gullah language is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called Geechees), an African American population living on the Sea Islands and the coastal region of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia. ... Louisiana Creole French (Kreyol Lwiziyen) is a French-based creole spoken in Louisiana. ... This is an incomplete list of African Americans. ... This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders, and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans. ... This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A African American African American contemporary issues African American culture... This article is becoming very long. ...

1600 - 1899

1676

• unknown - Bacon's Rebellion involves some free and slave African-Americans (see also Racism in the United States).

Early 1800s Bacons Rebellion or the Virginia Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

• unknown - first Black Codes enacted.

1849 The Black Codes were laws passed to restrict civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans, particularly former slaves. ...

• unknown - Roberts v. Boston seeks to end racial discrimination in Boston public schools.

1852 Roberts v. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1 Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino (D) Area    - City 232. ...

• March 20 - The book Uncle Tom's Cabin is published.

1857 March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). ... Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is a novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a central theme. ...

• March 6 - In Dred Scott v. Sandford the Supreme Court upholds slavery. This decision is regarded as a key cause of the American Civil War.

1862 March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... Holding Africans residing in America, whether slaves or free, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. ... The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... Slave redirects here. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

• September 22 - Announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation, after the Battle of Antietam.

1863-1877 Reconstruction September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive decree by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during that countrys Civil War, which declared the freedom of all slaves in those areas of the rebellious Confederate States of America that had not already returned to Union control. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee Strength 87,000 45,000 Casualties 12,401 (2,108 killed, 9,540 wounded, 753 captured/missing) 10,316 (1,546 killed, 7,752 wounded, 1,018 captured/missing) The Battle of Antietam (also... // Reconstruction was a period in United States history, 1863–1877, that resolved the issues of the American Civil War when both the Confederacy and its system of slavery were destroyed. ...

1863

• January 1 - The Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect.
• May 22 - U.S. Army recruits United States Colored Troops. One unit will be featured in the 1989 movie Glory.

1865 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive decree by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during that countrys Civil War, which declared the freedom of all slaves in those areas of the rebellious Confederate States of America that had not already returned to Union control. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... The United States Colored Troops (USCT) were those regiments of the United States Army during the American Civil War which were made up of African-American soldiers. ... Glory is a 1989 docudrama which follows the history of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment during the American Civil War. ...

• December 18th - The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolishes slavery in the U.S.
• unknown - Ku Klux Klan formed in Pulaski, Tennessee

1866 December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Amendment XIII Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution officially abolished, and continues to prohibit, slavery, and, with limited exceptions, prohibits involuntary servitude. ... Slave redirects here. ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... Pulaski is a city in Giles County, Tennessee, United States. ...

• April 9 - Civil Rights Act of 1866 passes over presidential veto. All persons born in the United States are now citizens.
• September 21 - The U.S. Army regiment of Buffalo Soldiers formed.
• unknown - The Second Freedmen's Bureau Act would have provided many additional rights to ex-slaves, but it is vetoed by President Andrew Johnson.

1868 April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... In March 1866, the Republican United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act Of 1866, which gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the American Civil War. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... Saddle and acessories of the Buffalo Soldier. ... Passed in 1866, the Second Freedmen’s Bureau Act provided many additional rights to ex-slaves, including the distribution of land, schools for their children, and military courts to ensure these rights. ... Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865–1869), succeeding to the presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. ...

• July 9 - The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution's Section 1 requires due process and equal protection.
• unknown - Through 1871, the first heavy period of lynching occurs to prevent ratification of new state constitutions.

1870 July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and it includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. ... In United States law, adopted from English law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... The Equal Protection Clause is a part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, providing that no state shall make or enforce any law which shall. ... Postcard depicting the lynching of Lige Daniels, Center, Texas, USA, August 3, 1920. ...

• February 3 - The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right of citizens of the United States to vote.
• February 25 - Hiram Rhodes Revels becomes the first black member of the Senate (see African Americans in the United States Congress).

1872 February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1870 celebration of the 15th amendment as a guarantee of African American rights Contemporary drawing depicting the first vote by African Americans Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution provides that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen from voting because of his race... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Hiram Rhodes Revels (September 27, 1827 – January 16, 1901) was a veteran of the American Civil War and the first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the other being the House of Representatives. ... Joseph Rainey, first black member of the US House of Representatives Since 1870 there have been 106 African American members of the United States Congress. ...

• December 11 - P.B.S. Pinchback is sworn in as the first black member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

1873 December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback (May 10, 1837 - December 21, 1921) was the first African-American to become governor of a U.S. State. ... The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. ...

• April 14 - In the Slaughterhouse Cases the Supreme Court votes 5-4 for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court also discusses dual citizenship: State Citizens and U.S. Citizens.

1875 April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). ... Holding The 14th Amendment does not protect the privileges and immunities of state citizenship, only national citizenship. ... The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and it includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. ...

• March 1 - Civil Rights Act of 1875 signed.
• unknown - Mississippi Plan to intimidate Black voting.

1876 March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (18 Stat. ... Devised for the Mississippi election of 1875, the Mississippi Plan was created by Southern Democrats in the heated climate of post-American Civil War society in response to their new minority status. ...

• July 8 - The Hamburg Massacre occurs when local people riot against African-Americans who were trying to celebrate the Fourth of July.

1880 July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... The Hamburg Massacre (or Hamburg Riot) was a key event of South Carolina Reconstruction. ... These fireworks over the Washington Monument are typical of Fourth of July celebrations In the United States, Independence Day, also called the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. ...

• unknown - In Strauder v. West Virginia a federal court rules that African-Americans could not be excluded from juries.

1884 Strauder v. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ...

• unknown - Adventures of Huckleberry Finn published, written by Mark Twain.
• unknown - Judy W. Reed, of Washington, DC, and Sarah E. Goode, of Chicago, were the first African American women inventors to receive patents. Reed may not have been able to sign her name, but she may be the first African American woman to receive a patent. Signed with an "X," patent no. 305,474, granted September 23, 1884, is for a dough kneader and roller. Goode's patent for a cabinet bed, patent no. 322,177, was issued on July 14, 1885. Goode, the owner of a Chicago furniture store at the time of her invention, invented a folding bed that could be formed into a desk when not in use.

1890s Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) is commonly accounted as one of the first Great American Novels. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... This article is about Illinois largest city. ...

• varied - First Jim Crow laws.

1896 The term Jim Crow laws refers to a series of laws enacted mostly in the Southern United States in the later half of the 19th century that restricted most of the new privileges granted to African-Americans after the Civil War. ...

• May 18 - In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court approves de jure racial segregation (see Jim Crow laws for historical discussion).

May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... Holding The separate but equal provision of public accommodations by state governments is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. ... The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of in principle and in practice, respectively, when one is describing political situations. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People, Leland, Mississippi, June 1937 Racial segregation is creamy jizz of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in... The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ...

1900 - 1949

1905

• July 11 - First meeting of the Niagara Movement.

1908 July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... Some members of the Niagara Movement in 1905 The Niagara Movement was founded in 1905 by a group of 32 African-Americans, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter. ...

• December 26 - Jack Johnson won the World Heavyweight Title.

1909 December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ... John Arthur Johnson (March 31, 1878 – June 10, 1946), better known as Jack Johnson and nicknamed the Galveston Giant, was an American boxer and arguably the best heavyweight of his generation. ... This is a chronological list of world heavyweight boxing champions, as recognized by the following organizations: The World Boxing Association (WBA), founded in 1921 as the National Boxing Association (NBA), The World Boxing Council (WBC), founded in 1963, The International Boxing Federation (IBF), founded in 1983, The World Boxing Organization...

• February 12 - First National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) meeting scheduled.

1910 February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ...

• September 29 - National Urban League founded.

1915 September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

• February 8 - The Birth of a Nation is released to movie theaters.
• June 21 - In Guinn v. United States, the Supreme Court rules against grandfather clauses used to deny Blacks the vote.

1919 February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Birth of a Nation is a famously controversial film which promoted the superiority of the white race. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... Holding A state statute drafted in such a way as to serve no rational purpose other than to disadvantage the right of African-American citizens to vote violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. ... The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... In American English, a Grandfather clause is an exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations, when a new rule will apply to all future situations. ...

• summer - Red Summer of 1919 riots.
• September 28 - Omaha Race Riot of 1919.
• October 1 - Elaine Race Riot: many Blacks are convicted or plead guilty, but the Supreme Court overturns six convictions in 1923 in Moore v. Dempsey.

1921 Red Summer is a term coined by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) describing the summer and autumn of 1919. ... September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Omaha Race Riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, on September 28, 1919. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Elaine Race Riot was a deadly 1919 race riot in the town of Elaine in Phillips County, Arkansas which gained international attention and spurred a major U.S. Supreme Court ruling. ... Holding Mob-dominated trials were a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ...

• May 31 - Tulsa Race Riot

1923 May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

• February 19 - In Moore v. Dempsey, the Supreme Court holds that mob-dominated trials violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

1925 February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Holding Mob-dominated trials were a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ... Due process of law is a legal concept that ensures the government will respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights, when the government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property. ... The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and it includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. ...

• unknown - Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized.

1929 The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was a labor union in the United States organized by the predominantly African-American Pullman Porters. ...

• The League of United Latin American Citizens, the first organization to fight for the civil rights of Hispanic Americans, is founded in Corpus Christi, Texas.

1931 LULAC is an organization which strives for rights for Hispanic Americans. ... The Hispanic world Hispanic (Spanish Hispano, from Latin Hispānus, adjective from Hispānia, Iberian Peninsula) is a term denoting a derivation from Spain, its people and culture. ... Nickname: Sparkling City by the Sea Location in the state of Texas Counties Nueces County Mayor Henry Garrett Area    - City 1,192. ...

• March 25 - Scottsboro Boys arrested. All are later freed, pardoned or paroled. The film Heaven's Fall was made about the incident.

1936 March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... The case of the Scottsboro Boys arose in Scottsboro, Alabama during the 1930s, when nine black youths ranging in age from thirteen to nineteen, were accused of raping two white women, one of whom would later recant. ... Heavens Fall is a movie where two young White women accuse nine black youths of rape in the segregated South. ...

• unknown - Sprinter Jessie Owens wins four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics in [Berlin]].

1940 James Cleveland Jesse Owens (September 12, 1913 – March 31, 1980) was an extremely popular American athlete and civic leader. ... The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, were held in 1936 in Berlin, Germany. ...

• February 12 - In Chambers v. Florida, the Supreme Court frees three Black men who were coerced into confessing to a murder.

1941 February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Chambers v. ...

• early 1941 - U.S. Army forms African-American air combat units, the Tuskegee Airmen
• June 25 - President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802, the "Fair Employment Act".

1943 An African American (also Afro-American or Black American) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Tuskegee Airmen The Tuskegee Airmen was the popular name of a group of African American pilots who flew with distinction during World War II as the 332d Fighter Group of the U.S. Army Air Corps. ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Executive Order 8802 (also known as the Fair Employment Act) was signed by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on June 25, 1941 to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. ...

• unknown - Congress of Racial Equality founded.

1944 The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ...

• April 25 - United Negro College Fund incorporated.
• July 17 - Port Chicago disaster, which leads to the Port Chicago Mutiny.
• unknown - Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. elected to U.S. House of Representatives

1945-1975 Second Reconstruction/American Civil Rights Movement

1945 April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... United Negro College Fund logo The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is a Fairfax, Virginia-based American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 historically black colleges and universities. ... July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... Damage at the Port Chicago Pier after the July 17, 1944 explosion The Port Chicago disaster was a deadly explosion at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California on July 17, 1944. ... A rare spoken word album by Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. ... Second Reconstruction is a term that refers to the American Civil Rights Movement. ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ...

• unknown - Freeman Field Mutiny, where Black officers attempt to desegregate an all-white officers club.

1946 Arrested African-American officers of the 477th Bombardment Group at Freeman Field, Indiana, await transport to Godman Field, Kentucky, April 1945. ...

• unknown - Renowned actor/singer Paul Robeson founds the American Crusade Against Lynching

1947 Paul Robeson USPS Black Heritage stamp of Paul Robeson. ... The American Crusade Against Lynching was an organization, created in 1946 and headed by Paul Robeson, dedicated to eliminating lynching in the United States. ...

• April 9 - The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sends 16 men on the Journey of Reconciliation.
• April 15 - Jackie Robinson plays his first game for the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in professional baseball in 60 years.

1948 April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... Jack Roosevelt Jackie Robinson (January 31, 1919 - October 24, 1972) became the first African American Major League Baseball player of the modern era in 1947. ... The Brooklyn Dodgers were a Major League Baseball team that played from 1890-1957. ...

• May 3 - In Shelley v. Kraemer the Supreme Court rules that the government could not enforce racial restrictive covenants, and asserts that they were in conflict with the nation's public policy.
• July 12 - Hubert Humphrey makes a controversial speech in favor of American Civil rights at the Democratic National Convention
• July 26 - President Harry S. Truman issues Executive Order 9981 ordering the end of segregation in the armed forces.

May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... Shelley v. ... A restrictive covenant is a legal promise made in a deed by the buyer of real estate to do or not to do something, and not to sell it without exacting the same promise from the next buyer. ... July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ... Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr. ... Featured at the Democratic National Convention are speeches by prominent party figures. ... July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884–December 26, 1972) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953); as Vice President, he succeeded to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... The Chicago Defender announces Executive Order 9981. ...

1950 - 1959

For more detail during this period, see Freedom Riders website chronology

1950

• June 5 - In McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents the Supreme Court rules that a public institution of higher learning could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of their race.
• June 5 - In Sweatt v. Painter the Supreme Court rules that a separate-but-equal Texas law school was actually unequal, partly in that it isolated the students from the majority of other future lawyers.

1951 June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... McLaurin v. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... Sweatt v. ...

• April 23 - High school students in Farmville, Virginia go on strike: the case Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County is heard by the Supreme Court in 1954 as part of Brown v. Board of Education.
• July 26 - The United States Army high command announces it will desegregate the Army.

1952 April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... Farmville is a town located in Virginia. ... Davis v. ... Holding Racial segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ... July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining. ... It has been suggested that United States Army values be merged into this article or section. ... Desegregation is the process of ending racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. ...

• January 28 - Briggs v. Elliott: after a District Court orders separate but equal school facilities in South Carolina, the Supreme Court agrees to hear the case as part of Brown v. Board of Education.

1954 January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Briggs v. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35... Holding Racial segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ...

• May 17 - The Supreme Court overturns the "separate but equal" doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. and in Bolling v. Sharpe, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.
• July 11 - The first White Citizens' Council meeting takes place, in Mississippi.
• The Supreme Court of the United States decides in Hernandez v. Texas that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States are entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
• November - Charles Diggs of Detroit, Michigan is elected to Congress.

1955 May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... Holding Racial segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ... Bolling v. ... Holding The separate but equal provision of public accommodations by state governments is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. ... July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... The White Citizens Council (WCC) movement was a U.S. movement against racial desegregation. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... Hernandez v. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and it includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. ... Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Syng inkstand, with which the Constitution was signed The Constitution of the United States is the supreme... Charles Coles Diggs, Jr. ... Nickname: Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (Latin for, We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes) Location in Wayne County, Michigan Coordinates: Country United States State Michigan County Wayne County Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick Area    - City 370. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate Dick Cheney, R, since January 20, 2001 Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, R, since January 6, 1999 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of January 4, 2005 elections) Democratic Party Republican Party...

• January 15 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10590, establishing the President's Committee on Government Policy to enforce a nondiscrimination policy in federal employment.
• May 7 - NAACP activist Reverend George Wesley Lee is killed in Belzoni, Mississippi.
• May 31 - The Supreme Court rules in "Brown II" that desegregation must occur with "all deliberate speed".
• June 29 - The NAACP wins a Supreme Court decision, ordering the University of Alabama to admit Autherine Lucy.
• August 13 - Registration activist Lamar Smith is murdered in Brookhaven, Mississippi.
• August 28 - Teenager Emmett Till is killed for whistling at a white woman.
• December 1 - Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus, starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
• unknown - Roy Wilkins becomes the NAACP executive secretary.
• unknown - Richard J. Daley becomes the mayor of Chicago.

1956 January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This page is about Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), is one of the oldest and most influential hate organizations in the United States. ... Belzoni is a city located in Humphreys County, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta region. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... The University of Alabama (also known as Alabama, UA or colloquially as Bama) is a public coeducational university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. ... Autherine Juanita Lucy was the first black student to attend the University of Alabama in 1956. ... August 13 is the 225th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (226th in leap years), with 140 days remaining. ... Lamar Seeligson Smith (born November 19, 1947) is a politician from the state of Texas. ... Brookhaven is a city located in Lincoln County, Mississippi. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... Emmett Louis Bobo Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African-American teenager from Chicago, Illinois who was brutally murdered in a region of Mississippi known as the Mississippi Delta in the small town of Money in Leflore County. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American seamstress and civil rights activist whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake... Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. ... Roy Wilkins as the Executive Secretary of the NAACP in 1963 Roy Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was a prominent civil rights activist in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), is one of the oldest and most influential hate organizations in the United States. ... Richard Joseph Daley (May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) was the longest-serving mayor of Chicago. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ...

• February 3 - Autherine Lucy is admitted to the University of Alabama. Whites riot, and she is suspended. Later, she is expelled for her part in further legal action against the university.
• February 24 - The policy of Massive Resistance is declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr..
• March 12 - Southern Manifesto released to the press.
• May 28 - The Tallahassee, Florida bus boycott begins.
• November 13 - The Supreme Court strikes down Alabama laws requiring segregation of buses in Browder v. Gayle.
• unknown - Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission formed.
• unknown - Southern Manifesto is signed by Southern state congressmen opposing integration.
• unknown - * The FBI begins the COINTELPRO program to investigate and disrupt "dissident" groups within the United States.

1957 February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Autherine Juanita Lucy was the first black student to attend the University of Alabama in 1956. ... The University of Alabama (also known as Alabama, UA or colloquially as Bama) is a public coeducational university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. ... February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Massive Resistance was a policy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the other being the House of Representatives. ... Harry Flood Byrd, Sr. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in leap years). ... The Southern Manifesto was a document written in 1956 by legislators in the United States Congress opposed to racial integration in public places. ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... Location in Leon County and the state of Florida. ... November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. ... The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission was a Mississippi state agency that existed from 1956 to 1977. ... The Southern Manifesto was a document written in 1956 by legislators in the United States Congress opposed to racial integration in public places. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program) is a program of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations within the United States. ...

• January - Southern Christian Leadership Conference formed. Martin Luther King is named chairman of the organization.
• September 4 - The governor of Arkansas calls out the National Guard to block integration of Little Rock Central High School.
• September - Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas is integrated. Federal and National Guard troops escort the Little Rock Nine.
• unknown - Civil Rights Act of 1957 signed.

1958 The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Logo. ... The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, Ph. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Children at a parade in North College Hill, Ohio Racial integration, or simply integration includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation). ... Little Rock Central High School is a secondary school in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. ... Little Rock Central High School is a secondary school in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... The Little Rock Nine and Daisy Bates The Little Rock Nine depicted in Testament, a 2005 sculpture by John and Cathy Deering, on the grounds of the Arkansas State Capitol [1] The Little Rock Nine is the common term applied to the nine African-American students who were prevented from... The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. ...

• unknown - The Supreme Court awards the NAACP the right to continue operating in Alabama under NAACP v. Alabama.

1959 NAACP v. ...

• April 25 - Mack Charles Parker, accused of raping a white woman, is taken from jail and lynched by a white mob in Poplarville, Mississippi.

April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... Mack Charles Parker was a victim of lynching in the United States. ... Poplarville is a city located in Pearl River County, Mississippi. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

1960 - 1969

For more detail during this period, see Freedom Riders website chronology

See also Race riot

1960 A race riot or racial riot is an outbreak of violent civil unrest in which race is a key factor. ...

• February 1 - Four Black students sit at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, sparking six months of the Greensboro Sit-Ins.
• April - The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is formed in Raleigh, North Carolina.
• May 6 - Civil Rights Act of 1960 signed by President Eisenhower.
• May - Nashville sit-ins.
• December 5 - In Boynton v. Virginia the Supreme Court holds that racial segregation in public transportation is illegal because such segregation violates the Interstate Commerce Act.
• unknown - To Kill a Mockingbird published.

1961 February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Downtown Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina (IPA: ), is a city in Guilford County in the U.S. state of North Carolina. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Greensboro_Four. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ... See also Raleigh, North Carolina and Sir Walter Raleigh. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... The Civil Rights Act of 1960 established federal inspection of local voter registration rolls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someones attempt to register to vote or actually vote. ... The Nashville sit-ins were part of a nonviolent direct action campaign to end racial segregation at lunch counters in Nashville, Tennessee. ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Boynton v. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People, Leland, Mississippi, June 1937 Racial segregation is creamy jizz of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in... The American Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 created the Interstate Commerce Commissirs of the commission were appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. ... This article is about the book. ...

• March 6 - Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925, which establishes a Presidential committe which will later become the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• May 4 - The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sends student volunteers on interstate bus trips: these are labeled the Freedom Rides. Riots ensue.
• unknown - the Albany Movement begins in Albany, Georgia.
• unknown - The investigative journalism book Black Like Me is published.

1962 March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... For other persons named John Kennedy, see John Kennedy (disambiguation). ... Executive Order 10925 was signed by President John F. Kennedy on March 6, 1961 to establishes the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. ... The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or EEOC, is a U.S. federal agency tasked with ending employment discrimination in the United States. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ... The Freedom Rides were a series of nonviolent, direct action protests performed in 1961 as part of the US civil rights movement. ... The SCLC, which had been criticized along with other mainstream civil rights organizations by some student activists for its failure to participate more fully in the freedom rides, committed much of its prestige and resources to a desegregation campaign in Albany, Georgia in November 1961. ... Nickname: The Artesian City Location in the state of Georgia Country United States State Georgia County Dougherty Mayor Willie Adams, Jr. ... Investigative journalism is a kind of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a topic of interest, often related to crime, scandals, government corruption, or white collar crime. ... Black Like Me Black Like Me (1961) - John Griffins travel book Black Like Me (1964) - movie version of Griffins book Black Like Me (1987) - different book by Jocelyn Emama Maximé ...

• August 31 - Fannie Lou Hamer attempts to register to vote in Indianola, Mississippi.
• September 20 - James Meredith is barred from becoming the first Black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi. Federal troops are sent and he enrolls.
• November 20 - President Kennedy signs Executive Order 11063 banning segregation in federally funded housing.
• unknown - The Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) is formed.

1963 August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... 21:55, 6 December 2006 (UTC)69. ... Indianola is a city in Sunflower County, Mississippi, United States. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights movement figure, although he vocally prefers not to be regarded as such. ... The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Executive Order 11063 was signed by President John F. Kennedy on November 20, 1962. ... The Council of Federated Organizations, or COFO, was formed in 1962. ...

• January - Incoming Alabama governor George Wallace calls for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" in his inaugural address.
• April 16 - Letter from Birmingham Jail written by Martin Luther King.
• April 23, CORE activist William L. Moore is killed in Gadsden, Alabama.
• May 2 - After images of fire hoses and police dogs turned on protestors are shown on television, the Children's Crusade forces desegregation of downtown Birmingham.
• June 11 - "The Stand In The Schoolhouse Door": Alabama Governor George Wallace stands in front of a schoolhouse door at the University of Alabama in an attempt to stop desegregation of that institution by the enrollment of two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood. Wallace only stands aside after being confronted by federal marshals, Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, and the Alabama National Guard. Later in life he apologizes for his opposition to racial integration at that time.
• June 11 - President John F. Kennedy (JFK) makes his historic civil rights speech, promising a bill to Congress the next week. About civil rights for "Negroes," in his speech he asks for "the kind of equality of treatment which we would want for ourselves."^[1]
• June 9, Fannie Lou Hamer is among a group of several SNCC workers badly beaten by police in the Winona, Mississippi jail after their bus stops there.
• June 12 - NAACP worker Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi. (His killer is convicted in 1994.)^[2]
• June 19 - President Kennedy sends to the Congress (H. Doc. 124, 88th Cong., 1st session.) his proposed Civil Rights Act.^[3]
• August 28 - March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is held. Dr. Martin Luther King gives his I have a dream speech.^[4],^[5]
• September 15 - 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama kills four young girls. Spike Lee will later make the 1997 documentary 4 Little Girls.
• November 22 - President Kennedy is assassinated. The new President Lyndon Johnson decides that accomplishing JFK's legislative agenda is his best strategy, which he pursues with the results below in 1964-1965.^[6]

1964 Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ... Governor George Wallace (in front of door) standing defiantly against desegregation while being confronted by Deputy U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach at the University of Alabama in 1963. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... Martin Luther King Jr The Letter from Birmingham Jail or Letter from Birmingham City Jail, commonly but incorrectly rendered Letter from a Birmingham Jail, was an open letter on April 16, 1963 written by Martin Luther King, Jr. ... The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, Ph. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century. ... William L. Moore (April 28, 1927 – September 23, 1963) was a postal worker and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) member who staged lone protests against racial segregation. ... The Spirit of American Citizenship Monument on Rainbow Drive (US 411), just before the Broad Street Bridge. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... The Childrens Crusade is the name of a march in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 which was part of the American Civil Rights movement. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ... Governor George Wallace (in front of door) standing defiantly against desegregation while being confronted by Deputy U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach at the University of Alabama in 1963. ... The University of Alabama (also known as Alabama, UA or colloquially as Bama) is a public coeducational university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. ... Desegregation is the process of ending racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. ... Vivian Malone became the first African-American to graduate from the University of Alabama. ... Jimmy Hood (born 16 May 1948) is a politician in the United Kingdom. ... The United States Marshals 127 marshals to accompany James Meredith, an African American, who wished to register at the segregated University of Mississippi. ... Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach (born January 17, 1922) was a American lawyer and United States Attorney General. ... The United States National Guard is a component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air National Guard). ... Children at a parade in North College Hill, Ohio Racial integration, or simply integration includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation). ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... For other persons named John Kennedy, see John Kennedy (disambiguation). ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... 21:55, 6 December 2006 (UTC)69. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ... Winona is a city located in Montgomery County, Mississippi. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), is one of the oldest and most influential hate organizations in the United States. ... Medgar Wiley Evers (July 2, 1925 – June 12, 1963) was an African American civil rights activist from Mississippi. ... Nickname: The Best of the New South; The Bold, New City Coordinates: Country United States State Mississippi County Hinds Founded 1822 Mayor Frank Melton Area    - City 276. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... Demonstrator at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. ... The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, Ph. ... Martin Luther King, Jr. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a racially motivated terrorist incident at 16th Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama, in the United States. ... This article is about the city in England. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ... Shelton Jackson Lee (born March 20, 1957 in Atlanta, Georgia), better known as Spike Lee, is a controversial American film director, producer, writer, and actor noted for his films dealing with social and political issues. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 4 Little Girls is a 1997 documentary about the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, USA. It was directed by Spike Lee and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary. Categories: | | | | ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ...

• January 23 - Twenty-fourth Amendment abolishes the poll tax.
• Summer - Mississippi Freedom Summer.
• June 21 - Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders.
• June 28 - Organization of Afro-American Unity is founded by Malcolm X, lasts until his death.
• July 2 - Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed.^[b]
• August - Congress passes the Economic Opportunity Act which, among other things, provides federal funds for legal representation of Native Americans in both civil and criminal suits. This allows the ACLU and the American Bar Association to represent Native Americans in cases that later win them additional civil rights.
• December 10 - Martin Luther King is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.^[7]
• December 14 - In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States the Supreme Court upholds the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
• unknown - The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party challenges the seating of all-white Mississippi representatives at the Democratic national convention.

1965 January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Amendment XXIV (the Twenty-fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other type of tax. ... A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). ... Freedom Summer was a campaign in the United States launched during the summer of 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in the southern states. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... The Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders were the 1964 slayings of three political activists during the Civil Rights Movement. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... The Organization of Afro-American Unity was formed by Malcolm X on June 28, 1964. ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . ... Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson on 20 of August 1964, the Economic Opportunity Act (hereafter EOA) was central to Johnsons Great Society campaign and its War on Poverty. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... American Bar Associations Washington, DC office The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 21 days before the next year. ... The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, Ph. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Holding Congress did not unconstitutionally exceed its powers under the Commerce Clause by enacting Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations. ... President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . ... The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was an American political party created in the state of Mississippi in 1964, during the civil rights movement. ... The 1964 Democratic National Convention took place at the Atlantic City Convention Center in Atlantic City, New Jersey, August 24 - 27, 1964. ...

• February 21 - Malcolm X is shot to death in Manhattan, New York, probably by members of the Black Muslim faith.
• March 7 - "Bloody Sunday" on the Selma to Montgomery marches: civil rights workers in Selma, Alabama begin a march to Montgomery but are stopped by a massive police blockade as they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Many marchers are severely injured and one killed.
• March 15 - President Lyndon Johnson uses the phrase "We shall overcome" in a speech before Congress on the voting rights bill.^[8]
• March 25 - white volunteer Viola Liuzzo is shot and killed by Ku Klux Klan members -- one of whom was an FBI informant.
• June 2 - black deputy sheriff O'Neal Moore is murdered in Varnado, Louisiana.*July 2 - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission opens.
• August 6 - Voting Rights Act of 1965 signed.^[b]
• August 11 - Watts riots erupt.^[c]
• September 24 - Executive Order 11246 is signed, requiring Equal Employment Opportunity by federal contractors.
• unknown - Bill Cosby co-stars in I Spy, a first for a black person on Americam television

1966 February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ... The Borough of Manhattan, highlighted in yellow, lies between the East River and the Hudson River. ... Nickname: Big Apple, City that never Sleeps, Gotham Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1613 Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area    - City 1,214. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in leap years). ... John Lewis (on right in trench coat) and Hosea Williams (on the left) lead marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge,March 7, 1965 The Selma to Montgomery marches, which included Bloody Sunday, were three marches that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement. ... Selma is a city in Alabama located on the banks of the Alabama River in Dallas County, Alabama, of which it is the county seat. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ... Coordinates: Country United States State Alabama County Montgomery Incorporated December 3, 1819 Mayor Bobby Bright Area    - City 404. ... The Edmund Pettus Bridge, named for Edmund Winston Pettus, a Confederate brigadier general, and eventual U.S. Senator, is a bridge in Selma, Alabama. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... We Shall Overcome is a protest song that became a key anthem of the US civil rights movement. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... Viola Liuzzo with her husband Anthony, 1949. ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Varnado is a village located in Washington Parish, Louisiana. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or EEOC, is a U.S. federal agency tasked with ending employment discrimination in the United States. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 ()[1] outlawed the requirement that would-be voters in the United States take literacy tests or pay a poll tax to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The term Watts Riots refers to a large-scale riot which lasted five days in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, in August 1965. ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Executive Order 11246, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24, 1965 required Equal Employment Opportunity. ... William Henry Bill Cosby, Jr. ... The I-SPY books were spotters guides written for British children, and particularly successful in the 1950s and 60s. ...

• January 10 - NAACP locall chapter president Vernon Dahmer is injured by a bomb in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. He dies the next day.
• October - Black Panthers founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California.
• November - Edward Brooke is elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts. He is the first Black senator since 1881.
• unknown - Julian Bond is seated to the Georgia House of Representatives by order of the Supreme Court after his election.

1967 January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), is one of the oldest and most influential hate organizations in the United States. ... Vernon Ferdinand Dahmer (born March 10, 1908 in Forrest County, Mississippi - died January 11, 1966 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, burns suffered from an arson fire) was a civil rights leader and president of the Forrest County, Mississippi chapter of the NAACP. // In late 1965, Dahmer set up a voter registration drive... Hattiesburg is a city located in Forrest County in Mississippi, a state of the United States of America. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a revolutionary Black nationalist organization in the United States that formed in the late 1960s and grew to national prominence before falling apart due to factional rivalries stirred up by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. ... Dr. Huey P. Newton Dr. Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989), was co-founder and inspirational leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, a black nationalist/racial equality organization that began in October 1966. ... Bobby Seale Bobby Seale (born October 22, 1936) is an American civil rights activist, who along with Huey P. Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1966. ... Oakland, founded in 1852, is the eighth-largest city in California[1] and the county seat of Alameda County. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American politician and was the first African American to be elected by popular vote to the United States Senate when he was elected as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966, defeating his Democratic opponent, Endicott Peabody 58%-42%. Born in... Seal of the U.S. Senate The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the other being the House of Representatives. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ... Julian Bond (2004) Horace Julian Bond (born 14 January 1940 in Nashville, Tennessee) is an American leader of the American Civil Rights Movement. ...

• June 12 - In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriage is unconstitutional.
• June 13 - Thurgood Marshall is appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
• August 2 - The movie In the Heat of the Night is released.
• December 11 - The movie Guess Who's Coming to Dinner is released.
• unknown - The trial of accused killers in the Mississippi civil rights worker murders convicts 7 of 18 accused men. Conspirator Edgar Ray Killen is convicted in 2005.

1968 June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... Holding The Court declared Virginias anti-miscegenation statute, the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, unconstitutional, thereby ending all race-based legal restriction on marriage in the United States. ... A Black-White couple enjoying a moment during their wedding on the beach. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. ... The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... In the Heat of the Night is a 1967 film, based on the John Ball novel published in 1965 of the same name, which tells the story of a Northern U.S. African-American police detective who becomes involved in a murder investigation in a racist small town in the... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Guess Whos Coming to Dinner is a 1967 Academy Award-winning comedy-drama film starring Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Sidney Poitier, and Katharine Houghton. ... The Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders involved the 1964 slayings of three political activists during the American Civil Rights Movement. ... Edgar Ray (Preacher) Killen (born 1925) is an American former Ku Klux Klan organizer who conspired to molest several civil rights activists in 1964. ...

• February 8 - Orangeburg Massacre occurs during university protest.
• April 4 - Dr. Martin Luther King is shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray.
• April 11 - Civil Rights Act of 1968 is signed. The Fair Housing Act is Title VIII of this Civil Rights Act - it bans discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.
• October - Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their fists to symbolize black power and unity after winning the gold and bronze medals, respectively, at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games.
• November 22 - first interracial kiss on American television, between Nichelle Nichols and William Shatner on Star Trek
• unknown - On a primetime television special, Petula Clark touches Harry Belafonte's arm.
• unknown - In Powe v. Miles a federal court holds that the portions of private colleges that are funded by public money are subject to the Civil Rights Act.
• unknown - Poor People's Campaign marches on Washington, DC.

1969 February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... On February 8, 1968, around 200 protestors had gathered on the campus of South Carolina State University to protest the segregation of the towns only bowling alley. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, Ph. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The River City, The Bluff City, M-Town Location Location in Shelby County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Tennessee Shelby County Mayor W. W. Herenton (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 294. ... The person who killed Martin Luther King Jr. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968 On April 11, 1968, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (also known as CRA 68), which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ... In the United States, the phrase fair housing dates back to the 1960s. ... Tommie Smith (born June 5, 1944) is a former American athlete, winner of the 200 m run at the 1968 Summer Olympics. ... John Wesley Carlos (born June 5, 1945) is a former American track and field athlete and bronze-medal winner of the 200 m run at the 1968 Summer Olympics. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Poster for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... An interracial couple is a romantic couple or marriage in which the partners are of differing races. ... Nichelle Nichols at 2002 Dragon Con Nichelle Nichols (born Grace Nichols on December 28, 1933) is an American singer and actress. ... William Bill Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is an Emmy and Golden Globe-winning Canadian actor, who gained fame for his starring role as Captain James T. Kirk of the USS Enterprise in the television show Star Trek from 1966 to 1969 and in seven of the subsequent movies. ... The starship Enterprise as it appeared on Star Trek Star Trek is a culturally significant science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry in the 1960s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Harold George Belafonte, Jr. ... Powe v. ... In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. ...

• unknown - United Citizens Party is formed in South Carolina when Democratic Party refuse to nominate African-American candidates.
• unknown - Control of segregationist TV station WLBT given to a bi-racial foundation.
• unknown - Congress passes the Indian Civil Rights Act, which prohibits state governments from assuming jurisdiction over Native American lands and extends to Indians the same rights that non-Native whites have had since the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution.

The United Citizens Party (UCP) was first organized in 1969 in South Carolina in response to the state Democratic Partys opposition to nominating black candidates. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35... WLBT, channel 3, is a Jackson, Mississippi television station and NBC affiliate. ...

1970 - present

1970

• unknown - The film Watermelon Man released, directed by Melvin Van Peebles and starring Godfrey Cambridge.

1971 DVD cover Watermelon Man is a 1970 comedy-drama film directed by Melvin Van Peebles and based on the book The Night the Sun Came out on Happy Hollow Lane by Herman Raucher. ... Melvin Van Peebles, as pictured on the movie poster for Melvin Van Peebles (born August 21, 1932 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actor, director, screenwriter and composer, and the father of actor and director Mario Van Peebles. ... Godfrey MacArthur Cambridge (February 26, 1933 - November 29, 1976) was an African-American comedian and actor, who was especially popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ...

• The Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds desegregation busing of students to achieve integration.

1972 The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... Swann v. ... Desegregation busing, referred to as forced busing by opponents to desegregated schools in some areas, is the practice of remedying past racial discrimination in American public schools by busing children to specific schools in an effort to counteract discriminatory school construction and district assignments. ...

• In Baton Rouge, two Southern University students are killed by white Sheriff deputies during a school protest over lack of funding from the state. Today, the university’s Smith-Brown Memorial Union is named in their honor.

1973 For other Southern University campuses, see Southern University System. ...

• February 27 - Start of 71-day standoff at Wounded Knee between federal authorities and members of the American Indian Movement.

1974 February 27 is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Wounded Knee is a census-designated place located in Shannon County, South Dakota. ... The American Indian Movement (AIM), is a Native American activist organization in the United States that burst on the international scene with its seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge...

• July 25 - In Milliken v. Bradley, the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision holds that outlying districts could only be forced into a desegregation busing plan if there was a pattern of violation on their part. This decision reinforces the trend of white flight.

1978 July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... Milliken v. ... Desegregation busing, referred to as forced busing by opponents to desegregated schools in some areas, is the practice of remedying past racial discrimination in American public schools by busing children to specific schools in an effort to counteract discriminatory school construction and district assignments. ... White flight is a colloquial term for the demographic trend of upper and middle class Americans (predominantly white) moving away from inner cities (predominantly non-white), finding new homes in nearby suburbs or even moving to new locales entirely. ...

• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.

1984 Holding The Court held that while affirmative action systems are constitutional, a quota system based on race is unconstitutional. ...

• The film A Soldier's Story is released, dealing with racism in the U.S. military.

1986 The worst thing you can do in this part of the country is pay too much attention to the death of a Negro under mysterious circumstances. ...

• Established by legislation in 1983, Martin Luther King, Jr., Day is first celebrated as a national holiday.

1987

• The Public Broadcasting System's six-part documentary Eyes on the Prize is first shown. In 1990 it is added to by the eight-part Eyes on the Prize II.

1988 Note: Public Broadcasting Services is a broadcaster in Malta. ... Eyes on the Prize: Americas Civil Rights Years (1954-1965) is a documentary series about the American Civil Rights Movement. ...

• Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988.
• The movie Mississippi Burning is released, regarding the 1964 Mississippi civil rights worker murders.

1989 The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 specified that recipients of federal funds must comply with civil rights laws in all areas, not just in a particular program or activity that receives federal funding (overturning the Supreme Courts 1984 decision in Grove City v. ... Mississippi Burning is a 1988 film based on the investigation into the real-life murders of three civil rights workers in Mississippi in 1964. ... The Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders involved the 1964 slayings of three political activists during the American Civil Rights Movement. ...

• October 1 - Colin Powell becomes Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
• December 15 - The film Glory is released: it features African-American Civil War soldiers.

1991 October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States of America symbol The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is a grouping comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the armed services in the United States armed forces. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Glory is a 1989 docudrama which follows the history of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment during the American Civil War. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Modern soldiers. ...

• March 3 - four white police officers are videotaped beating African-American Rodney King.
• Civil Rights Act of 1991
• Senate confirms the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court

1992 March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... Rodney King Rodney King (born April 2, 1965 in Sacramento, California) is a U.S. citizen who became famous after his violent arrest by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was videotaped by a bystander, George Holliday. ... The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. ... Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American jurist and has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1991. ...

• April 29 - 1992 Los Angeles riots erupt after officers accused of beating Rodney King are acquitted.
• November 18 - Director Spike Lee's film "X" on Malcolm X is released. [9]

1995 April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... The 1992 Los Angeles riots, also known as the Rodney King uprising or the Rodney King riots, were sparked on April 29, 1992 when a mostly white jury acquitted four police officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King, after he fled from police. ... Rodney King Rodney King (born April 2, 1965 in Sacramento, California) is a U.S. citizen who became famous after his violent arrest by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was videotaped by a bystander, George Holliday. ... November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Shelton Jackson Lee (born March 20, 1957 in Atlanta, Georgia), better known as Spike Lee, is a controversial American film director, producer, writer, and actor noted for his films dealing with social and political issues. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, also known as Detroit Red and Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Omaha, Nebraska, May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 in New York City) was a Muslim Minister and National Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. ...

• October 16 - Million Man March in Washington, D.C.

1997 October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... The Million Man March was a Black march of protest and unity convened by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan in Washington, DC on October 16, 1995. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Federal District District of Columbia Mayor Anthony A. Williams (D) City Council Chairperson: Linda W. Cropp (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack Evans...

• July 9 - Director Spike Lee releases his documentary 4 Little Girls about the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.

2001 July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... Shelton Jackson Lee (born March 20, 1957 in Atlanta, Georgia), better known as Spike Lee, is a controversial American film director, producer, writer, and actor noted for his films dealing with social and political issues. ... 4 Little Girls is a 1997 documentary about the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, USA. It was directed by Spike Lee and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary. Categories: | | | | ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a racially motivated terrorist incident at 16th Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama, in the United States. ...

• January 20 - Colin Powell becomes Secretary of State

2003 January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ...

• June 23 - Supreme Court in Grutter v. Bollinger upholds the University of Michigan Law School's admission policy. However, in the simultaneously-heard Gratz v. Bollinger the University is required to change a policy.

2005 June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... The supreme court in some countries, provinces, and states, functions as a court of last resort whose rulings cannot be challenged. ... {{SCOTUSCase |Litigants=Grutter v. ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (UM or U of M) is a coeducational public research university in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Holding A state universitys admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because its ranking system gave an automatic point increase to all racial minorities rather than making individual determinations. ...

• October 15 - the Millions More Movement holds a march in Washington D.C.
• October 25 - Rosa Parks dies at the age of 92. She was famous for starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. Her body lies in state in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. before her funeral.
• Edgar Ray Killen is convicted of participating in the Mississippi civil rights worker murders.

October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... Millions More Movement logo The Millions More Movement was launched by a broad coalition of U.S. Black leaders to mark the commemoration of the 10th Anniversary of the historic Million Man March. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American seamstress and civil rights activist whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake... Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. ... Lying-in-state is the term used during a major funeral procession when the coffin is placed on public view to allow members of the public to pay their respects to the deceased. ... The United States Capitol The United States Capitol is the capitol building that serves as the location for the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Federal District District of Columbia Mayor Anthony A. Williams (D) City Council Chairperson: Linda W. Cropp (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack Evans... Edgar Ray (Preacher) Killen (born 1925) is an American former Ku Klux Klan organizer who conspired to molest several civil rights activists in 1964. ... The Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders involved the 1964 slayings of three political activists during the American Civil Rights Movement. ...

Footnotes

To the reader : If you arrived at a footnote by clicking on a superscript [b] (or [c]) then click on the superscript b (or c), to return:

1. ↑ Transcript from the JFK library.
2. ↑ Medgar Evers.
3. ↑ proposed Civil Rights Act.
4. ↑ March on Washington.
5. ↑ MLK's famous speech.
6. ↑ ^b Presidency book excerpt.
7. ↑ Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech.
8. ↑ ^b c LBJ's speech to Congress on voting rights + background facts.

See also

• African Americans in the United States Congress
• Affirmative action bake sale
• American Civil Rights Movement (1896-1954)
• American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)
• African American history
• African American literature section on Civil Rights Movement Literature
• Baseball color line
• Big Six (civil rights)
• Blackface
• Black Panther Party
• Black power
• Black pride
• Cotton Club
• Desegregation
• Equal Protection Clause
• Grandfather clause
• History of slavery in the United States
• Interstate Commerce Commission
• List of landmark African-American legislation
• Lynching in the United States
• Movies filmed in Harlem
• Nation of Islam
• Negro
• Negro league baseball
• Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America
• Racial segregation in the United States
• Racism in the United States
• Sundown town
• Uncle Tom
• Wednesdays in Mississippi

Joseph Rainey, first black member of the US House of Representatives Since 1870 there have been 106 African American members of the United States Congress. ... Chocolate Chip Cookies Royce Hall, University of California, Los Angeles An affirmative action bake sale is a controversial campus event used by student groups to illustrate their criticism of affirmative action policies, especially as they relate to college and graduate school admissions. ... See also: African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Main article: African American African American history is the history of an ethnic group in the United States also known as black Americans. ... The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is literature written by, about, and sometimes specifically for African Americans. ... The baseball color line was the policy, unwritten for nearly its entire duration, which excluded African American baseball players from organized baseball in the United States before 1946. ... The Big Six leaders during the height of the American Civil Rights movement are generally considered to be: James Farmer Martin Luther King, Jr. ... This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co. ... This article is about the American political organization. ... Tommie Smith (gold medal) and John Carlos (bronze medal) famously performed the Black Power salute on the 200 m winners podium at the 1968 Olympics. ... Black pride is a slogan used interchangeably to depict both the movement of and concept within politically active black communities, especially African Americans in the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Desegregation is the process of ending racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. ... The words inscribed above the entrance to the U.S. Supreme Court are: Equal justice under law The Equal Protection Clause, part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that no state shall… deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. ... In American English, a Grandfather clause is an exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations, when a new rule will apply to all future situations. ... Slave sale in Easton, Maryland The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in what in 1776 became the United States. ... The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC; 1887 - 1995) was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. ... This is a list of landmark legislation, court decisions, executive orders, and proclamations in the United States significantly affecting African Americans. ... Postcard depicting the lynching of Lige Daniels, Center, Texas, USA, August 3, 1920. ... Movies Filmed in Harlem, New York Harlem is Heaven, 1932 Dark Manhattan, 1937 Moon Over Harlem, 1939 Paradise in Harlem, 1939 Harlem Hot Shots, 1940 Hi-De-Ho, 1947 Souls of Sin, 1949 Showtime at the Apollo: Harlem Merry-go-Round, 1955 The Cool World, 1963 The Pawnbroker, 1964 Cotton... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... // Negro means black in the Spanish and Portuguese, being derived from the Latin word niger of the same meaning. ... Bud Fowler, the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, Western of Keokuk, Iowa The Negro Leagues were American professional baseball leagues comprising predominantly African-American teams. ... The Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America was a union of African-American tenant farmers (sharecroppers). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sundown towns were towns and cities in the United States where non-whites were systematically excluded from living. ... Uncle Tom is a pejorative for an African American (and to a lesser extent Hispanic Americans or Asian Americans) who is perceived by others as behaving in a subservient manner to White American authority figures, or as seeking ingratiation with them by way of unnecessary accommodation. ... Wednesdays in Mississippi - Was the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ...

Other people

• Reverend Ralph Abernathy
• Marion Barry
• H. Rap Brown
• Stokley Carmichael
• James Forman
• A. G. Gaston
• Dick Gregory
• Reverend James Lawson
• Robert Parris Moses
• Condoleezza Rice
• Bayard Rustin
• Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth
• Roy Wilkins
• Robert F. Williams

Ralph Abernathy at National Press Club luncheon. ... Marion Barry Marion Shepilov Barry, Jr. ... H. Rap Brown in 1967 H. Rap Brown (born October 4, 1943) came to prominence in the 1960s as a civil rights worker, black activist, and the Justice Minister of the Black Panther Party. ... Carmichael amidst a demonstration near the United States Capitol protesting the House of Representatives action denying Rep. ... James Forman (October 4, 1928 - January 10, 2005) was an American civil rights leader. ... Arthur George Gaston (July 4, 1892 – January 19, 1996) was an African American businessman who established a number of businesses in Birmingham, Alabama and who played a significant role in the struggle to integrate Birmingham in 1963. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... James Lawson speaking at a community meeting in Nashville, Tennessee in 2005 James M. Lawson (born September 22, 1928 in Uniontown, Pennsylvania) was a leading theoretician and tactician of nonviolence within the American Civil Rights Movement He continues to be active in training activists in nonviolence. ... Robert Parris Moses (born Harlem, New York, January 23, 1935, usually known as Bob Moses) is a Harvard-trained educator who joined the civil rights movement and later founded the nationwide US Algebra project. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ... Bayard Rustin at news briefing on the Civil Rights March on Washington, August 27, 1963 Bayard Rustin (March 17, 1912 – August 24, 1987) was an African-American civil rights activist, important largely behind the scenes in the civil rights movement of the 1960s and earlier and principal organizer of the... Fred Shuttlesworth (b. ... Roy Wilkins as the Executive Secretary of the NAACP in 1963 Roy Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was a prominent civil rights activist in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. ... For other persons named Robert Williams, see Robert Williams (disambiguation). ...

Other performers

• Count Basie
• Angela Bassett
• Halle Berry
• Sammy Davis, Jr.
• Duke Ellington
• Laurence Fishburne
• Morgan Freeman
• Danny Glover
• Don Mitchell of Ironside (TV series)
• Cicely Tyson
• Denzel Washington
• Clarence Williams III of The Mod Squad
• Oprah Winfrey

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Angela Bassett (born August 16, 1958) is an Emmy and Academy Award-nominated, and Golden Globe winning American actress. ... Halle Maria Berry (born August 14, 1966[1] in Cleveland, Ohio) is an Emmy, Golden Globe, Golden Raspberry and Academy Award-winning American actress and former fashion model and beauty queen. ... Sammy Davis, Jr. ... Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974), also known simply as Duke (see Jazz royalty), was an American jazz composer, pianist, and bandleader. ... Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus in The Matrix Revolutions Laurence Fishburne III (born July 30, 1961) is an Academy Award-nominated American film and occasional stage actor. ... Morgan Freeman (born June 1, 1937) is an Academy Award-winning American actor, film director, and regular film narrator. ... Danny Glover at World Social Forum 2003. ... Ironside (broadcast under the name A Man Called Ironside in the United Kingdom) was the name of a television series which ran on NBC from 1967 to 1975. ... Cicely Tyson at the 1992 Emmy Awards. ... Denzel Jermaine Washington, Jr. ... Clarence Williams III (born August 21, 1939) is an American actor. ... The Mod Squad was a television police drama from executive producers Aaron Spelling and Danny Thomas in the United States, that ran on ABC from 1968-1973. ... Oprah Winfrey, (born January 29, 1954) is a multiple-Emmy Award winning host of The Oprah Winfrey Show, the highest rated talk show in television history. ...

Other athletes

• Hank Aaron
• Muhammad Ali
• Arthur Ashe
• Ernie Banks
• James "Cool Papa" Bell
• Jim Brown
• Wilt Chamberlain
• Julius Erving
• Joe Frazier
• Althea Gibson
• Kareem Abdul Jabbar
• Magic Johnson
• Michael Jordan
• Jackie Joyner Kersee
• Carl Lewis
• Joe Louis
• Willie Mays
• Satchel Paige
• Sugar Ray Robinson
• Wilma Rudolph
• Bill Russell
• John Woodruff
• Tiger Woods

Henry Louis Aaron (born February 5, 1934) is a retired American baseball player and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. ... For other persons named Muhammad Ali, see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation). ... Arthur Ashe (1943-1993) Country: United States Height: 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) Weight: 73 kg (160 lb) Plays: Right Turned pro: 1966 Retired: 1980 Highest singles ranking: 1 (1968 and 1975) Singles titles: 34 Career prize money: $2,584,909 Grand Slam Record Titles: 3 Australian Open W... Ernest Ernie Banks (born January 31, 1931) is an American former Major League baseball player who played from 1953 to 1971. ... James Thomas Cool Papa Bell (May 17, 1903 - March 7, 1991) was one of the biggest stars in Negro League baseball, and is considered by many baseball observers to have been the fastest man ever to play the game. ... For other persons named Jim Brown, see Jim Brown (disambiguation). ... Wilton Norman Wilt Chamberlain (August 21, 1936 – October 12, 1999) was an American National Basketball Association basketball player. ... Julius Winfield Erving II (born February 22, 1950 in Roosevelt, New York), commonly known by the nickname Dr. J, is a former American basketball player who helped launch a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and play above the rim. ... For the Major League Baseball player and manager, see Joe Frazier (baseball) Joseph William Smokin Joe Frazier is a former world heavyweight boxing champion, active mostly in the 1960s and 1970s. ... ... Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born April 16, 1947 in New York City, New York) was a successful high school, collegiate, and professional basketball player. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other persons named Michael Jordan, see Michael Jordan (disambiguation). ... Jackie Joyner-Kersee (born March 3, 1962) is generally considered as the best all-around female athlete in the world and the all-time greatest heptathlete. ... Frederick Carlton Carl Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is a retired American track and field athlete who won 10 Olympic medals including 9 golds, and 10 World Championships medals, of which 8 were golds, in a career that spanned from 1979 when he first achieved a world ranking to 1996... Joseph Louis Barrow May 14 (sources differ), 1914 – April 12, 1981), better known in the boxing world as Joe Louis and nicknamed The Brown Bomber, was a native of LaFayette, Alabama who became the world heavyweight boxing champion. ... Willie Howard Mays Jr. ... Leroy Robert Satchel Paige (July 7, 1906(?) – June 8, 1982) was an American right-handed pitcher in the Negro Leagues and Major League Baseball who is considered to be among the greatest pitchers of all time. ... Sugar Ray Robinson, born Walker Smith Jr. ... Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an American athlete and three time Olympic champion. ... William Felton Russell (born February 12, 1934 in Monroe, Louisiana) is a former American basketball player, remembered for his central role in the Boston Celtics dynasty that won eleven NBA championships in thirteen seasons. ... John Youie Woodruff (born July 5, 1915 in Connellsville, Pennsylvania) is a former American athlete, winner of 800 m at the 1936 Summer Olympics. ... Nationality  United States Birth December 30, 1975 Cypress, California Height 6 ft 2 in (1. ...

External links

• Civil Rights Timeline 1619-2000
  
• Detailed year-by-year timeline 1951-1968
• University of Southern Mississippi's Civil Rights Documentation Project, includes an extensive Timeline
• Freedom Riders website chronology, extremely detailed
• Civil Rights Timeline, sections on Martin Luther King, Jr.
• 41 Lives for Freedom
• Black baseball firsts