Iberian territory under Muslim occupation in the years 1000, 1085, 1157 and 1248

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (594x672, 50 KB)This image is a fair use graphic. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (594x672, 50 KB)This image is a fair use graphic. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... For other uses, see number 1000. ... Events May 25 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain back from the Moors. ... Events Births 8 September - Richard I of England Deaths August 21 - Alfonso VII, king of Castile (b. ... Events Louis IX of France departs on the Seventh Crusade for Egypt Kingdom of Castile captures city of Seville from Muslims Cologne cathedral: old cathedral burns down April 30; foundation stone to current cathedral laid August 15 Births Deaths January 4 - King Sancho II of Portugal, in exile in Toledo...

Invasion (710-756)

• 710 - The Berber General Tariq ibn Ziyad takes Tangier. Several Muslim expeditions raid across the straits into Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia), including a fairly large one led by a Berber called Tarif ibn Malluk. Civil war is raging between rival kings in Visigothic Hispania.
• 711
  • A Muslim force of about 7,000 fighters (mainly Berber with some Arab), faithful to the Umayyad Emir of Damascus, Al-Walid I, and under Tariq ibn Ziyad, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa. The Moorish leader's Address to His Soldiers in 711 is captured in his speech:

  "In this country there are a large number of ravishingly beautiful Greek maidens, their graceful forms are draped in sumptuous gowns on which gleam pearls, coral, and purest gold, and they live in the palaces of royal kings. The Commander of True Believers, Alwalid, son of Abdalmelik, has chosen you for this attack from among all his Arab warriors; and he promises that you shall become his comrades and you shall hold the rank of kings in this country. Such is his confidence in your intrepidity. The one fruit which he desires to obtain from your bravery is that the word of Allah shall be exalted in this country, and that the true religion shall be established here. The spoils will belong to yourselves".

  • At the Battle of Guadalete Tariq ibn Ziyad kills King Rodrigo , the last Visigoth ruler of Hispania, at the Guadalete River in the south of the Iberian peninsula. Tariq goes on to take Toledo, while a detachment under Mugit al-Rumi takes Cordoba.
  • The Moors land an inexhaustible supply of soldiers from the population centers of North Africa. Soon the Moors have assembled a massive army and begin moving northward, conquering everything.
• 712 - The Muslim governor of Northern Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr, follows Tariq ibn Ziyad with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Syrians as reinforcements for the conquest of Andalusia. He conquers Medina-Sidonia, Seville and Mértola.
• 713 - The Christians of Toledo, which had first fallen to the Moors in 711 , revolt. The Muslims punish the town by pillaging and beheading all the notables.
• 714
  • First Muslim campaigns in the lower Ebro valley.
  • Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, Musa ibn Nusayr's son, conquers Évora, Santarém and Coimbra.
• 715 - By this year virtually all of southern Iberia is in Muslim hands. Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville, where he marries Egilona, widow of Visigothic King Rodrigo. The Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, a paranoid ruler, will have el-Aziz assassinated and sends Musa ibn Nusayr into exile in his native Yemen village to live out his days as a beggar.
• 716 - Lisbon is captured by the Moors.
• 717 - Cordoba becomes the capital of Muslim holdings in Al-Andalus. During the wars between Christians and Muslims, Jewish courtiers are valued as diplomats, translators, and advisors to both sides.
• 718 - Pelayo, a Christian Visigoth noble and comrade-in-arms of King Rodrigo at the Battle of Guadalete in 711 leads the fight against the Moors in the Asturian region and establishes the Kingdom of Asturias. The Muslims set out destroy the Asturian fighters and surround Pelayo and 300 of his men in the Asturian mountains. The Muslims attack ruthlessly but Pelayo evades capture and continues organizing the Christian forces.
• 719 - Muslims attack Septimania in southern Francia and become established in the region later known as Languedoc.
• 720 - Moorish conquest of Barcelona and Narbonne.
• 721 - A mixed force of Aquitanians and Franks under Duke Odo of Aquitaine defeat a Muslim army under al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani at Toulouse. The Franks quickly surround and critically wound al-Samh ibn Malik and destroy most of his force of 375,000 Arabs in what will be recorded as one of the worst military defeats in Muslim history.
• 722 - King Pelayo defeats a large Moors force sent by Emir Munuza to annihilate him at the Battle of Covadonga in Alcama. He then leads an alliance of Asturian and Cantabrian mountaineers and Spaniards in the counter-offensive against the Muslims in what will be called La Reconquista. Pelayo will go on to become the founder of a dynasty of Iberian monarchs who will over the centuries liberate all of the Iberian lands from the Muslims occupiers.
• 725 - Muslim raids reach Autun in Frankish France.
• 729 - The Berbers rebel in Cerdanya, but despite being allied with Duke Odo of Aquitaine, the rebellion is suppressed .
• 732 - A Muslim army lef by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi defeats an Aquitanian force under Duke Odo of Aquitaine on the Garonne near Bordeaux. The Moors then set about pillaging Aquitaine. Duke Odo begs for Frankish assistance, and the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Charles Martel rallies Frankish reinforcements, who catchs the Muslim raiders near Poitiers and defeats them, killing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, effectively halting the advance of Islam against Christianity in Europe. The frontier buffer between Frankish France and Muslim Iberia, later created by Charlemagne is called the Marca Hispanica (Hispanic Border).
• 737
  • Arabs take Avignon in the Rhone Valley .
  • King Pelayo of Asturias dies.
  • Favila, son of Pelayo, becomes King of Asturias.
• 739
  • Berbers revolts in North Africa and Iberia. Rebels in North Africa defeat a Syrian force and kill its commander Kulthum.
  • Alfonso, son of Peter of Cantabria, duke of Cantabria, and married to Ormesinda, daughter of Pelayo of Asturias, becomes King of Asturias.
  • The Moors are driven out of Galicia by Alfonso I of Asturias.
• 740 - Berbers rebel against the ethnically exclusive Arab Umayyad Caliphate and refuse to support them with tax revenues
• 741 - The 10,000 survivors of Kulthum's force arrive in Iberia under a new leader, Talaba ibn Salama; he and the Jordanians settle in Cordoba; Seville gets the Homs contingent; the Damascus contingent settle in Elvira; Qinnasrin in Jaen, and Palestinians in Algeciras and Medina-Sidonia. Civil war erupts between the Syrians and the Iberian Muslims, the latter being supported by a contingent of African Muslims under Abd ar-Rahman ibn Habib.
• 742 - For the next 4 years continued internal conflict in Al-Andalus.
• 750 - Taking advantage of the plague, drought, and revolts preoccupying the Muslims, Alphonso I, Duke of Cantabria, creates the Christian Kingdom of Galicia in the far northwestern corner of the peninsula.
• 755 - Abd ar-Rahman I of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Iberia to escape the Abbasids.
• 756 - The Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri and becomes Commander Al-Andalus Muslims, proclaiming himself Emir of Cordoba.

Events End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. ... Tangier, Morocco View toward the Mediterranean Tangier, or Tangiers (Tanja طنچة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish, and Tanger in French), is a city of northern Morocco with a population of 350,000, or 550,000 including suburbs. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 CE In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator Andalucía por sí, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd  87 268 km²  17,2% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 1st  7 478 432  17,9%  85,70... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Tarif ibn Malluk was a Berber chief who in 710, by order of Musa ibn Nusayr, directed the first Muslim expedition to the Iberian Peninsula. ... The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ... Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... See also: phone number 711. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria and is the oldest inhabited city in the world. ... Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Al-Walid I (668 - 715) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 705 - 715. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with the countries listed above. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... The Battle of Guadalete took place July 19, 711, at the Guadalete River (or La Janda Lake) in the southern extreme of the Iberian peninsula. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. ... Roderic (in Spanish Rodrigo), was the last king of the Visigoths (710 - 711). ... The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. ... Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with the countries listed above. ... Events Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards. ... Musa bin Nusair (640 - 716) was a Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator Andalucía por sí, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd  87 268 km²  17,2% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 1st  7 478 432  17,9%  85,70... Medina-Sidonia is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Coat of Arms Mértola is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 958. ... Events Byzantine Emperor Philippicus deposed. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Events February 28 - An earthquake strikes Syria. ... The Ebro (Greek: Έβρος, Latin: Iberus, Spanish: Ebro, Catalan: Ebre) is one of the major rivers of Spain. ... Musa bin Nusair (640 - 716) was a Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads. ... Coat of Arms Évora is a municipality in the Alentejo, Portugal with a total area of 1307. ... Coat of Arms Santarém is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 560. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Events August 11 - Germanus is translated from the bishopric of Cyzicus to the Patriarch of Constantinople Umayyad caliph al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik End of the reign of Empress Gemmei of Japan, she is succeeded by Empress Gensho. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ... Roderic (in Spanish Rodrigo), was the last king of the Visigoths (710 - 711). ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Suleiman bin Abd al-Malik (c. ... Musa bin Nusair (640 - 716) was a Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads. ... Events April 19 - The monastery on the Island of Iona celebrates Easter on the Roman date. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Events March 25 - Leo III usurps the throne of Byzantium August 15 - Muslama begins the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. ... See Córdoba for other places with the same name. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity; and often a combination of these attributes. ... Events Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias in the Iberian peninsula (modern day Portugal and Spain). ... Pelayo (in Spanish) or Pelágio (in Portuguese) (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... Roderic (in Spanish Rodrigo), was the last king of the Visigoths (710 - 711). ... The Battle of Guadalete took place July 19, 711, at the Guadalete River (or La Janda Lake) in the southern extreme of the Iberian peninsula. ... See also: phone number 711. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Pelayo (in Spanish) or Pelágio (in Portuguese) (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... Events The church of Nubia transfers its allegiance from the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Coptic Church. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Septimania was the name of the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigothic kingdom in 462, when Septimania was ceded to Theodoric II, king of the Visigoths. ... Field of sunflowers in France Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the North Sea, and from the Rhine River to the Atlantic Ocean; it is bordered by the United Kingdom, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain. ... Coat of arms of the province of Languedoc, now being used as an official flag by the Midi-Pyrénees region as well as by the city of Toulouse Languedoc (Lengadòc in Occitan) is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day régions of Languedoc... For other uses, see number 720. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Cathedral in Narbonne. ... Events Former Byzantine emperor Anastasius II leads a revolt against emperor Leo III Theuderic IV succeeds Chilperic II Battle of Covadonga is won by Pelayo, thus preventing the takeover of his Christian Kingdom of Asturias by the Islamic Moors. ... History In Roman times, the province of Gallia Aquitania originally comprised the region of Gaul between the Pyrenees Mountains and the Garonne River, but Augustus Caesar added to it the land between the Garonne and the Loire River. ... The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the region of Franconia in Germany... Odo of Aquitaine (a. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Capitole, the 18th century city hall of Toulouse and best known landmark in the city; in the foreground is the Place du Capitole, a hub of urban life at the very center of the city Toulouse (pronounced in standard French, in local Toulouse accent) (Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced ) is a... Events 3 January - Kinich Ahkal Mo Naab III takes throne of Maya state of Palenque Battle of Covadonga: First victory of a Christian army over a Muslim army in Spain (probable date) War between Wessex and Sussex Births Deaths Empress Gemmei of Japan Categories: 722 ... Pelayo (in Spanish) or Pelágio (in Portuguese) (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... Moor may refer to: A high altitude form of heathland habitat widespread in northern Britain; see heath (habitat). ... The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Islamic Moors conquest of that country in 711. ... Capital Oviedo Area  - total  - % of Spain Ranked 10th 10 604 km² 2,1% Population  - Total (2003)  - % of Spain  - Density Ranked 12th 1 056 789 2,5% 99,65/km² Demonym  - English  - Spanish Asturian asturiano/a, astur Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 ISO 3166-2 O Parliamentary representation  Congress seats... Capital Santander Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 15th  5 321 km²  1. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... For other uses, see Reconquista (Disambiguation). ... Events Births Deaths Wihtred, king of Kent Categories: 725 ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Autun is a town in the Saône-et-Loire département in Burgundy, France. ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 729 ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Map of Baixa Cerdanya in Catalonia Cerdanya (French Cerdagne) is one of the historical Catalan counties in the eastern Pyrenees, bordering the county of Alt Urgell. ... Odo of Aquitaine (a. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... For indivduals with the same or similar name, see Abd-ar-Rahman Abu Said Abdul Rahman ibn Abdullah ibn Bishr ibn Al Sarem Al Aki Al Ghafiqi (? – 732), variously known as Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Abd er Rahman, Abdderrahman, Abderame, and Abd el-Rahman, led the Andalusian Muslims into battle... Odo of Aquitaine (a. ... The Garonne (Occitan: Garona) is a river in southwest France, with a length of 575 km (357 miles). ... For the wine, see Bordeaux Wine City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Capital Bordeaux Area 41,309 km² Regional President Alain Rousset ( PS) (since 1998) Population   - 2004 estimate   - 1999 census   - Density (Ranked 6th) 3,049,000 2,908,359 74/km² (2004) Arrondissements 18 Cantons 235 Communes 2,296 Départements Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne Pyrénées-Atlantiques Aquitaine... Austrasia & Neustria Austrasia was the northeastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of what are now eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. ... Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer, German: Karl Martell) (August 23, 686 – October 22, 741) was born in Herstal, in what is now Wallonia, Belgium, the illegitimate son of Pepin II (635 or 640 - December 16, 714) and his concubine Alpaida or Chalpaida. ... Several battles took place near Poitiers and are called Battle of Poitiers. ... For indivduals with the same or similar name, see Abd-ar-Rahman Abu Said Abdul Rahman ibn Abdullah ibn Bishr ibn Al Sarem Al Aki Al Ghafiqi (? – 732), variously known as Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Abd er Rahman, Abdderrahman, Abderame, and Abd el-Rahman, led the Andalusian Muslims into battle... Islam   listen? (Arabic: al-islām) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... World map showing location of Europe When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Charlemagne is also the name of a column in The Economist on European affairs Charlemagne (c. ... The Marca Hispanica (Spanish Mark) were a series of buffer states set up Charlemagne to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into the Frankish Empire. ... Events Favila becomes king of Asturias after Pelayos death Births Emperor Kammu of Japan (d. ... Coat of arms of Avignon Avignon (pronounced in IPA, Provençal: Avignoun) is a commune in southern France with some 88,300 inhabitants in the city itself and 155,500 in the Greater Avignon area. ... Rhône can refer to: Rhône River Rhône (département) in France Rhône (Wine Region) in France This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Pelayo (in Spanish) or Pelágio (in Portuguese) (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... Favila (Favilac or Fafila) was king of Asturias from 737 to 739. ... This is a list of the rulers of the Kingdom of Asturias. ... Events With king Kormishosh the reign of the House of Ukil starts in Bulgaria. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with the countries listed above. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with the countries listed above. ... Alfonso I was a King of Asturias (739-757) He is said to have married Ormesinda, daughter of Pelayo, who was raised on the shield in Asturias as king of the Visigoths after the Moorish conquest. ... Capital Santander Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 15th  5 321 km²  1. ... Pelayo (in Spanish) or Pelágio (in Portuguese) (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Alfonso I was a King of Asturias (739-757) He is said to have married Ormesinda, daughter of Pelayo, who was raised on the shield in Asturias as king of the Visigoths after the Moorish conquest. ... Events October 26 - An earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish. ... Events June 18 - Constantine V succeeds Leo III as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Homs (Arabic, حمص HimÅŸ) is a city and governorate in Syria. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria and is the oldest inhabited city in the world. ... Elvira, Mistress of the Dark is the screen persona of Cassandra Peterson (born September 17, 1951). ... Jaén is a city in south-central Spain, the capital of the province of Jaén in the autonomous community of Andalusia. ... The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. ... Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, near the city of Gibraltar, slightly to the north from Tarifa, which is the southernmost town of the country (36° 7′ 39″ N 5° 27′ 14″ W). ... Medina-Sidonia is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Events Chinese poet Li Po is presented before the emperor and given a position in the Imperial court. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Aphonso I of Portugal -- (1094-1195) (Afonso Henriques) Alfonso I of Asturias -- (739_757) Alfonso I of Aragon -- (1104_1134) Alphonso I of Ferrara, duke of Ferrara (15th century) Alfonso I of Naples, also known as Alfonso V of Aragon This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages... There are two well-known places called Galicia: Galicia in Western Europe, an Atlantic Ocean region in Spain. ... Events Abd-ar-rahman I lands in Spain, where the next year he will establish a new Umayyad dynasty. ... Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسدين ) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... Events Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and establishes a new Umayyad dynasty. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ...

The Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (756-929)

• 756 - Abd ar-Rahman I , Umayyad commander of the Muslims of Al-Andalus, proclaims himself Emir of Cordoba.
• 757 - Fruela I becomes King of Asturias.
• 759 - The Moors lose the city of Narbonne (in France), their furthest and last conquest into Frankish territory. In capturing this city, King Pippin the Younger ends all Muslim north of Iberia.
• 763 - Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasids inspired revolt.
• 764 - Abd ar-Rahman I takes Toledo from Hisham ibn Urwa.
• 766 - Said al-Matari rebels in Seville.
• 768 - Aurelio becomes King of Asturias.
• 768-777 - A Berber reformer rebels in central Iberiaand occupies Merida and other towns to the north of the Tagus. The rebellion is suppressed after nine years.
• 771 - Syrians under Abd al-Ghaffar rebel against Abd ar-Rahman I, but the latter defeats the Syrians on the river Bembezar in 774.
• 774 - Silo becomes King of Asturias. In this period this is a lot of unrest in Galicia towards the rule of Asturias.
• 777 - Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid-inspired revolt.
• 778 - The Franks led by Charlemagne attack Zaragoza, but are forced to withdraw. Basques ambush Charlemagne's army as it crosses the Pyrenees out of Iberia. The Basques maul the Frankish rearguard, killing many of the commanders including the Breton Markgraf Hruotland, aka Roland, and loot the baggage train.
• 781-881 - 100-year intermitent insurrection against the Muslims erupt in Saragossa from 781 to 881.
• 783 - Mauregato the Usurper becomes King of Asturias. He was an illegitimate son of Alfonso I of Asturias, supposedly by a Moorish woman.
• 785 - Building of the [Mezquita|Great Mosque of Córdoba]] begins on the grounds of a Visigothic church; it is completed in 976.
• 788
  • Death of Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdova. His successor is Hisham I.
  • Bermudo I becomes King of Asturias.
• 791
  • Alfonso II becomes King of Asturias in Oviedo and conquers a number of Moorish strongholds and settles the lands south of the Douro River.
  • A Muslim force raids into Galicia.
• 792 - Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba, calls for a Jihad against the infidels in Al-Andalus and France. Tens of thousands from as far away as Syria heed his call and cross the Pyrenees to subjugate France. Cities like Narbonne are destroyed, but the invasion is ultimately halted at Carcassone.
• 794 - Asturians defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Lutos.
• 795 - A Umayyad force occupies Astorga.
• 796 - Al-Hakam I, becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 798 - In a raid on Muslim lands, Alfonso II of Asturias enters Lisbon but can not occupy it.
• 799 - The Basques rise in revolt and kill the local Muslim governor of Pamplona.
• 800 - Charlemagne takes Barcelona. He is granted the title of "Holy Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo III in order to guarantee his protection of Rome against the invading Lombards."
• 800 - A 10 year Rebellion againsts the Muslims breaks out in the fringes of Al-Andalus (Lisbon, Merida, Toledo). Each rebellion is bloodily suppressed by the central Islamic authorities.
• 801 - Louis the Pious of France conquers Barcelona. Begining of the Hispanic Marches.
• 803 - Revolt of Banu Qasi in Tudela is suppressed.
• 805 - Insurrection against the [[Muslim]s] erupts in Cordoba.
• 805 - A six-year insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Merida.
• 806 - Frankish conquest of Pamplona.
• 806 - After another revolt in Toledo, seven hundred men, women and children are beheaded by the Muslims.
• 808 - Franks fail to take Tortosa.
• 809 - A Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus - a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before.
• 811 - Another Insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Toledo for the next 8 years.
• 811 - Charlemagne gains control of all of Catalonia, which is designated "the Hispanic Mark" until 874.
• 813 - The grave of James the Apostle is "discovered" near Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia, beginning the cult of St. James that would unite Iberian Christians of many different petty kingdoms.
• 818 - The revolt in Cordoba against the Muslims is punished by three days of massacres and pillage, with 300 notables crucified and 20,000 families expelled.
• 819 - The Franks suppress revolt in Pamplona.
• 822 - Abd-ar-rahman II becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 824 - Pamplona rebels again and the Basques destroy a Frankish army at the second Battle of Roncesvalles. Kingdom of Pamplona established.
• 825 - Muslims attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra and Viseu but are driven back.
• 827 - Bernat of Septimania holds Barcelona against Gothic rebels who have Umayyad assistance.
• 828 - Insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Merida.
• 829 - Another insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Merida.
• 839 - Alfonso II of Asturias commands a military force in the region of Viseu.
• 842 - Ramiro I becomes King of Asturias.
• 844
  • Vikings raid the Galician estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro I of Asturias, attack Lisbon, and sack Seville.
  • Battle of Clavijo, a legendary battle between Christians led by Ramiro I of Asturias and Muslims, where St. James is reputed to have aided the Christian Army.
• 848 - William, son of Bernat of Septimania, seizes Barcelona.
• 850 - Ordono I becomes King of Asturias in Oviedo. Beginning of Christian repopulation. Rise of the county of Castile.
• 850-859 - Perfectus, a Christian priest in Muslim-ruled Cordoba, is beheaded after he refuses to retract numerous insults he made about Muhammad. Numerous other priests, monks, and laity would follow as Christians became caught up in a zest for martyrdom. Forty-eight Christians in all are eventually decapitated for blaspheming Muhammad. They will be known as the Martyrs of Córdoba.
• 852
  • Death of Abd ar-Rahman II, emir of Cordoba.
  • Muhammad I becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 859
  • Vikings raid the Iberian Iberian coast. They capture and ransom King Garcia I of Pamplona.
• 859 - Ordoño I of Asturias defeats Musa ibn Musa at Albelda.
• 866 - Alfonso III the Great, son of Ordonho I of Asturias, becomes King of Asturias. He iniciates the repopulation of Porto, Coimbra, Viseu and Lamego.
• 868
  • Establishment of the 1st County of Portugal, a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Asturias, by count Vímara Peres, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region between the Minho and Douro Rivers. Count Vímara Peres founded the fortified city that bears his own name Vimaranis, later Guimaranis, present day Guimarães, considered "The Cradle City" of Portugal.
  • Insurrection against the Muslims erupts in Merida.
• 870 - Battle of Padura/Arrigorriaga between the Basques led by Lope Fortún, first lord of Biscay and Sancho de Estigiz, lord of Durango, and the Leónese led by prince Ordoño, son of the Alfonso III the Great, and the future king Ordoño II.
• 871 - The city of Coimbra is reconquered to the Moors. Hermenegildo Mendes is made Count of Coimbra.
• 873 - Over the next 25 years Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona, sets up a Christian kingdom with a certain degree of independence from the Frankish kings.
• 878 - The region of Coimbra (today, Central Portugal) is incorporated in the Kingdom of Asturias by the Count Hermenegildo Guterres.
• 886 - Al-Mundhir becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 888 - Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.
• 886-912 - Continuous revolts in Al-Andalus.
• 905-926 - Sancho I of Pamplona creates a Basque kingdom centered in Navarre.
• 909 - Alfonso III of Leon is deposed by his sons yet also proclaimed Emperor.
• 910
  • Alfonso III of Asturias dies and his kingdom is divided among his sons into the dependent kingdoms of Astúrias, León and Galicia.
  • Ordonho II becomes King of Galicia with the support of the Count of Portugal.
• 912 - Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Umayyad Emir of Córdova. Under the reign of Abd al-Rahman III, Muslim Al-Andalus reaches its greatest height before its slow decline over the next four centuries. Every spring, Muslims launch raiding campaigns against the Christian frontier.
• 913 - An expedition commanded by Ordoño II, then vassal king of Galicia and later king of León, into Muslim territory takes Évora (Talavera) from the Muslims.
• 914
  • Ordonho II of Galicia, becomes King of León, after the death of his brother Garcia I of León.
  • The capital city of the Kingdom of Asturias is moved from Oviedo to León, from now on Kingdom of León.
• 916 - Ordonho II of León is defeated by the Emir Abd al-Rahman III in Valdejunquera.
• 917 - Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz. [Ordono II of Leon]] defeats an army under Emir Abd al-Rahman III.
• 918
  • Battle of Talavera where Muslims under Abd al-Rahman III defeat the Christians.
  • Pope John X recognizes the ortodoxy and legitimacy of the Visigothic Liturgy maintained in the Mozarabic rite.
• 920 - Battle of Valdejunquera, where the armies of Abd al-Rahman III defeat the armies of the Kingdom of León.
• 920 - [Muslim]] forces cross the Pyrenees, enter Gascony, and reach as far as the gates of Toulouse. The garrison of Muez is put to the sword.
• 923 - The city of Pamplona is put to the sword by the Muslims and its cathedral is destroyed.
• 924 - Fruela II becomes King of León.
• 925
  • Sancho Ordonhes, son of Ordonho II of León, becomes vassal king of Galicia until 929.
  • Alfonso IV becomes King of León.
  • Ramiro II, son of Ordonho II of León, was the first to bear the title King of Portuguese Land.
• 926
  • Ramiro II takes residency in the city of Viseu.
  • The Umayyad Emir Abd al-Rahman III, faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimids, proclaims himself Caliph of Córdova. Under the reign of Abd al-Rahman III Muslim Al-Andalus reaches its greatest height before its slow decline over the next four centuries.
• 929 - Abd al-Rahman III proclaims himself Caliph of Córdova again; he thus transforms the Emirate of Cordoba into an independent caliphate, no longer under even theoretical control from the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.

Events Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and establishes a new Umayyad dynasty. ... Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Events March 9 - A major earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria Offa becomes king of Mercia. ... Fruela I (d. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Events The Franks capture Narbonne; the Saracens are completely driven out of Japanese poet Otomo no Yakamochi compiled the first Japanese poetry anthology Manyoshu. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Cathedral in Narbonne. ... Look up frank in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Frank may be: Frankish people, a Germanic tribe Franc, units of currency Franking, the right to send mail for free Frankfurter Free, an archaic meaning of the word in Dutch, German, and English Frank is the name of: Andre Gunder Frank, sociologist... Pippin the Younger (714 - September 24, 768) often known under the mistranslation Pippin the Short (French, Pépin le Bref; German, Pippin der Kleine), was a King of the Franks (751 - 768). ... 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Events November 16 - Nicetas appointed Patriarch of Constantinople Births January 1 - Ali al-Rida, Shia Imam (d. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Events Charles (Charlemagne) and Carloman divide the Frankish kingdom after the death of their father Pippin the Short. ... Aurelio of Asturias was King of Asturias from 768 to 774. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Events Charles (Charlemagne) and Carloman divide the Frankish kingdom after the death of their father Pippin the Short. ... Events Huai Tsu got drunk and created the Running Grass (also known as the Startled Snake Slithering Through Grass in Fury of Whirlwind and Driving Rain) style of Chinese Writing. ... 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Events Huai Tsu got drunk and created the Running Grass (also known as the Startled Snake Slithering Through Grass in Fury of Whirlwind and Driving Rain) style of Chinese Writing. ... Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسدين ) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... Events Charlemagne fights the Moors in Spain. ... Look up frank in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Frank may be: Frankish people, a Germanic tribe Franc, units of currency Franking, the right to send mail for free Frankfurter Free, an archaic meaning of the word in Dutch, German, and English Frank is the name of: Andre Gunder Frank, sociologist... 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Events Emperor Kammu succeeds Emperor Konin as emperor of Japan. ... Events Charles the Fat is crowned western emperor Louis III routs Norman pirates at Saucourt_en_Vimeu Births Deaths Emperor Seiwa of Japan Heads of states France - Louis III, king of France (879_882) Categories: 881 ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... Events Emperor Kammu succeeds Emperor Konin as emperor of Japan. ... Events Charles the Fat is crowned western emperor Louis III routs Norman pirates at Saucourt_en_Vimeu Births Deaths Emperor Seiwa of Japan Heads of states France - Louis III, king of France (879_882) Categories: 881 ... Events Births Deaths July 12: Bertrada, wife of Pippin III Categories: 783 ... 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Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Hisham I was the Umayyad emir of Cordoba, ruling from 788 to 796. ... Bermudo I (Vermudo or Veremund) was king of Asturias from 788 to 791. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Events The Avars invade Europe again, but are defeated by Charlemagne in 796. ... Alfonso II (759-842, king 791), Alfonso Is reputed grandson, bears the name of the Chaste. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Capital Oviedo Area  - total  - % of Asturias Ranked 21st 184. ... View of the river mouth from Portos Crystal Palace Gardens, facing West Douro (Latin Durius, Spanish Duero, Portuguese Douro) is one of the major rivers of Portugal and Spain, flowing from its source near Soria across central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Oporto. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Events Irenes title of empress confirmed. ... Hisham I was the Umayyad emir of Cordoba, ruling from 788 to 796. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Jihad (ǧihād جهاد) is an Islamic term, from the Arabic root ǧhd (to exert utmost effort, to strive, struggle), which connotes a wide range of meanings: anything from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to a political or military struggle to further the Islamic cause. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Cathedral in Narbonne. ... For other uses of the name Carcassonne, see Carcassonne (disambiguation). ... Events Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. ... Capital Oviedo Area  - total  - % of Spain Ranked 10th 10 604 km² 2,1% Population  - Total (2003)  - % of Spain  - Density Ranked 12th 1 056 789 2,5% 99,65/km² Demonym  - English  - Spanish Asturian asturiano/a, astur Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 ISO 3166-2 O Parliamentary representation  Congress seats... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Events Leo III becomes pope Earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Episcopal Palace of Astorga Astorga (Latin Asturica Augusta) is a city in the province of León, Spain. ... Events December - Coenwulf becomes king of Mercia. ... Al-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I was an Umayyad Emir of Cordoba. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Events Coenwulf of Mercia invades Kent, deposes and imprisons king Eadbert Praen and makes his own brother Cuthred king. ... Alfonso II (759-842, king 791), Alfonso Is reputed grandson, bears the name of the Chaste. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... Events 29 November - Pope Leo III, aided by Charles the Great, returns to Rome. ... The Basques are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / Iruñea) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... For other uses, see number 800. ... Charlemagne is also the name of a column in The Economist on European affairs Charlemagne (c. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,823,210 almost 4,000,000 1... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Scandinavia that entered the late Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see number 800. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... Places named Merida or Mérida include: Mérida, capital city of Yucatán State in Mexico Mérida, capital city of Extremadura Autonomous Community, Spain Mérida, capital city of Mérida State, Venezuela This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Events December 28 - Louis the Vrome occupies Barcelona. ... Louis the Pious doing penance at Attigny in 822. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Mark or march (or various plural forms of these words) are derived from the Frankish word marka (boundary) and refer to an area along a border, e. ... Events Nicephorus I and Charlemagne settle their imperial boundaries. ... The Banu Qasi were a Muslim dynastic family that ruled the region of the Ebro Valley in Spain. ... Tudela is a little town in the north of Spain. ... Events Emperor Nicephorus I of Byzantium suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Crasus. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Events Emperor Nicephorus I of Byzantium suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Crasus. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Places named Merida or Mérida include: Mérida, capital city of Yucatán State in Mexico Mérida, capital city of Extremadura Autonomous Community, Spain Mérida, capital city of Mérida State, Venezuela This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events April 12 - Nicephorus elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasius. ... The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the region of Franconia in Germany... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / Iruñea) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... Events April 12 - Nicephorus elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasius. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Events The Abbasid capital is moved north from Baghdad to Samarra. ... The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the region of Franconia in Germany... Tortosa (Latin Dertusa) is the capital of the comarca of Baix Ebre, in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain, located at 12 metres above the sea, by the Ebre river. ... Events Saga succeeds Heizei as emperor of Japan. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... Events July 26 - Battle of Pliska: Nicephorus I is defeated by the Bulgar khan Krum, and is succeeded by Stauracius as Byzantine emperor. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Events July 26 - Battle of Pliska: Nicephorus I is defeated by the Bulgar khan Krum, and is succeeded by Stauracius as Byzantine emperor. ... Charlemagne is also the name of a column in The Economist on European affairs Charlemagne (c. ... Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Events March 13 - The bones of Saint Nicephorus are interred in the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople. ... Events June 22 - Byzantine Emperor Michael I is defeated in a war against the Bulgarians. ... For people and places called Saint James, see the diambiguation page. ... Santiago de Compostela (2003 pop. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Bishop Theodulf of Orléans is deposed and imprisoned after getting involved in a conspiracy of Bernard, king of Italy, against Louis the Pious Births Deaths May 26 - Ali ar-Rida, Shia Imam Categories: 818 ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Events The Abbasid capital is moved back to Baghdad Louis the Pious marries Judith Welf Births Deaths Categories: 819 ... The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the region of Franconia in Germany... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / Iruñea) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... Events Abd-ar-rahman II becomes ruler of Umayyad Spain. ... Abd-ar-rahman II (822 - 852) was one of the weaker of the Spanish Umayyads. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Events Iñigo Arista revolts against the Franks and establishes the kingdom of Navarre (approximate date). ... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / Iruñea) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... The Basques are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. ... The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the region of Franconia in Germany... The Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvaux in English, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland (later changed to Roland), prefect of Brittany March was defeated by the Basques. ... The Kingdom of Navarre traditionally evolved from the county of Pamplona, its traditional capital, when the Basque leader Eneko Aritza (Iñigo Arista in Spanish) was chosen King in Pamplona, traditionally in 824, and led a local revolt against the Franks. ... Events Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellandun. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... This medieval map, which abstracts the known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Viseu is both a city and a district in central Portugal. ... Events Succession of Pope Valentine, then Pope Gregory IV. Arabs invade Sicily. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... A goth girl as seen on the satirical cartoon South Park This article is about the contemporary goth subculture. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Events Egbert became first King of England Alcamo was founded by the Muslim commander al-Kamuk. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Places named Merida or Mérida include: Mérida, capital city of Yucatán State in Mexico Mérida, capital city of Extremadura Autonomous Community, Spain Mérida, capital city of Mérida State, Venezuela This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events Egbert of Wessex conquers Mercia and is recognized as Bretwalda. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Places named Merida or Mérida include: Mérida, capital city of Yucatán State in Mexico Mérida, capital city of Extremadura Autonomous Community, Spain Mérida, capital city of Mérida State, Venezuela This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events Louis the Pious attempts to divide his empire among his sons. ... Alfonso II (759-842, king 791), Alfonso Is reputed grandson, bears the name of the Chaste. ... Viseu is both a city and a district in central Portugal. ... Events Oath of Strasbourg - alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar - sworn and recorded in vernacular languages. ... Ramiro I (790?-850), became king of Asturias in 842. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Events Succession of Pope Sergius II (844 - 847). ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Ramiro I (790?-850), became king of Asturias in 842. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Ramiro I (790?-850), became king of Asturias in 842. ... Saint James can refer to the following: Several men mentioned in the New Testament, whose various epithets and euphemisms cause some uncertainties: James, son of Zebedee, an apostle, brother of John the Apostle; also called Saint James the Great. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events The Borobudur is completed. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Events April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne. ... Ordoño I (830?-May 27, 866), became king of Asturias in 850. ... Capital Oviedo Area  - total  - % of Spain Ranked 10th 10 604 km² 2,1% Population  - Total (2003)  - % of Spain  - Density Ranked 12th 1 056 789 2,5% 99,65/km² Demonym  - English  - Spanish Asturian asturiano/a, astur Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 ISO 3166-2 O Parliamentary representation  Congress seats... Capital Oviedo Area  - total  - % of Asturias Ranked 21st 184. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Events April 20 - Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne. ... Events Battle of Abelda: Asturias beats the Muslims. ... Perfectus was a Christian priest in Cordoba in Spain, beheaded by Muslims on Easter Sunday Apr 18 851 AD for refusing to retract numerous insults he had made on the prophet Muhammad. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Muhammad is a common Muslim male name. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Muhammad is a common Muslim male name. ... The name Martyrs of Córdoba is a term applied in Spain and Christian circles, especially among Catholics to a group of approximately four dozen Christians executed for religious reasons during the Muslim conquest of Al-Andalus. ... Events Boris I Michael succeeds the duumvirate of Malamir and Presian as monarch of Bulgaria. ... Abd-ar-rahman II (822 - 852) was one of the weaker of the Spanish Umayyads. ... Muhammad I Umayyad Emirs of Cordoba Categories: Substubs ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Events Battle of Abelda: Asturias beats the Muslims. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A peninsula is a geographical formation consisting of an extension of land from a larger body, surrounded by water on three sides. ... Garcia Iniguez, King of Pamplona at least from 860, until his death in 882. ... The Kingdom of Navarre traditionally evolved from the county of Pamplona, its traditional capital, when the Basque leader Eneko Aritza (Iñigo Arista in Spanish) was chosen King in Pamplona (traditionally in 824) and led a local revolt against the Franks. ... Events Battle of Abelda: Asturias beats the Muslims. ... Ordoño I (830?-May 27, 866), became king of Asturias in 850. ... Events Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship. ... Alfonso III (c. ... Ordoño I (830?-May 27, 866), became king of Asturias in 850. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... District Porto Mayor   - Party Rui Rio PSD Area 41. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Viseu is both a city and a district in central Portugal. ... Lamego is a city in the north of Portugal. ... Events 11 May: Printing of The Diamond Sutra, the oldest dated printed book. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Vímara Peres (? - 873) from Vimara (Weimar or Guimar) and Peres (son of Peter) was a christian warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Miño/Minho designates both the river as well as an adjacent Portuguese region Miño/Minho River The river is the longest in Galicia with an extension of 340 km. ... View of the river mouth from Portos Crystal Palace Gardens, facing West Douro (Latin Durius, Spanish Duero, Portuguese Douro) is one of the major rivers of Portugal and Spain, flowing from its source near Soria across central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Oporto. ... Afonso I, the first king of Portugal Partial view of Guimararães city from the castle Castle of Guimarães Guimarães is a city in northwestern Portugal in the province of Minho and the Braga district. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Places named Merida or Mérida include: Mérida, capital city of Yucatán State in Mexico Mérida, capital city of Extremadura Autonomous Community, Spain Mérida, capital city of Mérida State, Venezuela This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events February 28 - End of the Fourth Council of Constantinople. ... The Basques are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. ... Vizcaya province Vizcaya (Basque Bizkaia) is a province of northern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ... Other Mexican States Capital Durango, Dgo. ... The name Leon or Léon or León may refer to: // Places in Spain León, city León, province Castile-Leon, autonomous community Kingdom of León, historical kingdom Places in North and Central America León, Guanajuato, Mexico León, Nicaragua Places in the United States De... Alfonso III (c. ... Ordoño II of Leòn (reigned 914 – 924), King of León was the son of Alfonso III. He was chosen King of León on the death of his brother [ ]. He was of a much harder temperament than his brother and quickly dedicated himself to fight against the... Events Nine battles are fought between the Danes and Wessex. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Events Viking raid of Dorestad. ... The now-extinct title of Count of Barcelona was, through much of its history, merged with that of King of Aragon; see also List of Aragonese Monarchs. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events The Danes force king Alfred the Great of Wessex to retreat to a fort in Athelney, Somerset. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Events The Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Cyril and Methodius, missionairies from Constantinople, is adopted in the Bulgarian Empire. ... al-Mundhir, of the Umayyad dynasty, was Emir of Cordoba from 886 to 888. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Events January 13: With the death of Charles the Fat, the Frankish kingdom is split again, and this time permanently. ... Abdallah ibn Muhammad, of the Umayyad dynasty, was Emir of Cordoba from 888 to 912. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Events The Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Cyril and Methodius, missionairies from Constantinople, is adopted in the Bulgarian Empire. ... Events Orso II Participazio becomes Doge of Venice Patriarch Nicholas I Mysticus becomes patriarch of Constantinople Births November 23 - Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor (+ 973) Abd-ar-rahman III - prince of the Umayyad dynasty Deaths Oleg of Kiev Categories: 912 ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Alternate meaning: Area code 905 Events Births Deaths Categories: 905 ... Events Bohai is conquered by the Khitan Births Emperor Murakami of Japan Deaths Categories: 926 ... Sancho Garces was King of Pamplona in 905-925. ... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community and province of Spain. ... This article is for the year 909. ... Alfonso III (c. ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Events Foundation of the Benedictine monastery of Cluny Chinese Zhou dynasty monarch 懿王 yi4 wang2 is succeeded by 孝王 xiao4 wang2 Hashavarman I succeeds Yasovarman I as ruler of the Khmer empire Gabriel I of Alexandria becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church Garcia I of Leon becomes king Ordono... Alfonso III (c. ... Ordoño II of Leòn (reigned 914 – 924), King of León was the son of Alfonso III. He was chosen King of León on the death of his brother [ ]. He was of a much harder temperament than his brother and quickly dedicated himself to fight against the... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Events Orso II Participazio becomes Doge of Venice Patriarch Nicholas I Mysticus becomes patriarch of Constantinople Births November 23 - Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor (+ 973) Abd-ar-rahman III - prince of the Umayyad dynasty Deaths Oleg of Kiev Categories: 912 ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events The Shiite Fatimid state in modern day Tunisia launches a failed military campaign against Egypt Births Deaths Eadwulf, Anglo-Saxon Earl of Bernicia who ruled the land north of the Tees Alexander III of Byzantium Categories: 913 ... Ordoño II of Leòn (reigned 914 – 924), King of León was the son of Alfonso III. He was chosen King of León on the death of his brother [ ]. He was of a much harder temperament than his brother and quickly dedicated himself to fight against the... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina, or twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas nearby. ... Coat of Arms Évora is a municipality in the Alentejo, Portugal with a total area of 1307. ... Events Town of Warwick, England founded on the River Avon Vikings conquer much of Ireland Byzantine Empire battles with Bulgaria over city of Adrianople, which changes hands several times. ... Ordoño II of Leòn (reigned 914 – 924), King of León was the son of Alfonso III. He was chosen King of León on the death of his brother [ ]. He was of a much harder temperament than his brother and quickly dedicated himself to fight against the... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian nation to be established in the Iberian peninsula after it was conquered by the Islamic Moors in 711. ... Capital Oviedo Area  - total  - % of Asturias Ranked 21st 184. ... The name Leon or Léon or León may refer to: // Places in Spain León, city León, province Castile-Leon, autonomous community Kingdom of León, historical kingdom Places in North and Central America León, Guanajuato, Mexico León, Nicaragua Places in the United States De... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events City of Mahdia founded in Tunisia Mercian warrior queen Aethelflaed conquers Wales Births Deaths St. ... Ordoño II of Leòn (reigned 914 – 924), King of León was the son of Alfonso III. He was chosen King of León on the death of his brother [ ]. He was of a much harder temperament than his brother and quickly dedicated himself to fight against the... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Events August 20 - Battle of Anchialus: Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria invades Thrace and drives the Byzantines out. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Events Taebong has been overthrown and Goryeo established in Korean peninsula. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... John X, pope from 914 to 928, was deacon at Bologna when he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, the most powerful noble in Rome, through whose influence he was elevated first to the see of Bologna and then to the archbishopric of Ravenna. ... The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ... The Mozarabic rite is a form of Catholic worship within the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. ... Events The golden age of the Empire of Ghana began in Africa. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events The golden age of the Empire of Ghana began in Africa. ... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Gascony (French: Gascogne, pronounced  ; Gascon: Gasconha, pronounced ) is an area in southwest France, and an old province of France. ... The Capitole, the 18th century city hall of Toulouse and best known landmark in the city; in the foreground is the Place du Capitole, a hub of urban life at the very center of the city Toulouse (pronounced in standard French, in local Toulouse accent) (Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced ) is a... Events June 15 - Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed, King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of Duke Rudolph of Burgundy. ... Pamplona (Basque: Irunea / Iruñea) is the capital city of Navarre, Spain. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Events King Athelstan of England succeeds to the throne. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Alfonso IV the Monk becomes king of Leon Ha-Mim proclaims himself a prophet among the Ghomara of Morocco Tomislav, duke of the Croatian duchies of Pannonia and Dalmatia, is crowned King of Croatia at Duvno field. ... Ordoño II of Leòn (reigned 914 – 924), King of León was the son of Alfonso III. He was chosen King of León on the death of his brother [ ]. He was of a much harder temperament than his brother and quickly dedicated himself to fight against the... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... Alphonso IV (died 933), by-named the Monk, was King of Leon from 924 to 931. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Ramiro II King of Leon (931-951). ... Ordoño II of Leòn (reigned 914 – 924), King of León was the son of Alfonso III. He was chosen King of León on the death of his brother [ ]. He was of a much harder temperament than his brother and quickly dedicated himself to fight against the... Events Bohai is conquered by the Khitan Births Emperor Murakami of Japan Deaths Categories: 926 ... Ramiro II King of Leon (931-951). ... Viseu is both a city and a district in central Portugal. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... The Fatimid or Fatimid Caliphate is the Ismaili Shiite dynasty that ruled North Africa from A.D. 909 to 1171. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Events Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba declares himself caliph. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسدين ) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... A street map of Baghdad Average temperature (red) and precipitations (blue) in Baghdad *See Bagdad, Tasmania for the Australian town of a similar name. ...

The Umayyad Caliphate (929-1031)

• 930
  • Over the next 20 years Ramiro II, King of León, defeats Abd al-Rahman III at Simancas, Osma and Talavera.
  • Ramiro II leaves his residency in Viseu.
• 931 - Ramiro II becomes King of León.
• 933 - Battle of Osma where Castilian-Leónese troops, under Count Ferdinand Gonzalez, defeat the Muslim army of Abd al-Rahman III.
• 939 - Battle of Simancas where Ramiro II of Leon defeats Abd al-Rahman III. Christians defeat Al-nasir at Alhandega .
• 939 - Madrid is recaptured from Muslim forces. The encounter between the two rulers finally took place in 939, when, at the so-called ditch of Simancas (Shant Mankus), Ramiro II severely defeated the Muslims, and Abd al-Rahman III narrowly escapes with his life. After that defeat Abd al-Rahman III resolved never to take personal charge of another expedition
• 940 - Hugh, Count of Provence, gives his protection to Moors in St. Tropez if they agree to keep the Alpine passes closed to his rival, Berenger.
• 946 - The county of Castile becomes a Kingdom.
• 950 - Ordonho III becomes King of León.
• 953
  • Emperor Otto I sends representatives to Cordova to ask Caliph Abd al-Rahman III to call off some Muslim raiders who had set themselves up in Alpine passes and are attacking merchant caravans going in and out of Italy.
  • Big Moorish incursion in Galicia.
• 955 - Ordonho III of León attacks Lisbon.
• 956 - Sancho I becomes King of León.
• 958
  • Sancho I of León is deposed.
  • Ordonho IV becomes King of León.
• 960
  • Hasdai ben Shaprut, the personal physician of Caliphs Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Hakam II, and inspector-general of customs and an adviser in foreign affairs, begins a correspondence with Joseph, the Jewish King of Khazaria.
  • Sancho I of León is reinstated as King of León.
• 961 - Al-Hakam II becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdova.
• 962 - Count Gonçalo Mendes of Portugal rebels against Sancho I of León.
• 966
  • Count Gonçalo Moniz of Coimbra rebels against Sancho I of León.
  • Vikings raid Galicia and kill the bishop of Santiago de Compostela in battle, but his successor St. Rudesind rallies the local forces and kills the Viking King Gundered.
• 967 - Ramiro III becomes King of León.
• 971 - Another minor Viking raid in Galicia.
• 974 - A Cordoban expedition under Ibn Tumlus crushes a rebellion in Seville .
• 976
  • Caliph Al-Hakam II dies, and Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir takes over in the name of his protégé Hisham II, becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and lauching a big number of offensive campaignes against the Christians.The Christians take advantage of the resulting confusion and commence raids into Muslim territory.
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir sacks Barcelona.
• 977 - Al-Mansur volunteers to lead the army against the Christians, and is successful .
• 981
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir defeats his old friend Ghalib in a confused battle near Atienz. Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir force includes Berbers, Christian mercenaries, and Andalusian troops from Zaragoza under Man ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi. Ghalib's force includes Andalusians and a Castilian contingent under the Count Garcia I Fernandez. Ghalib is killed in the battle. Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir subsequently kills off both Ibn al-Andalusi and Man ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi.
  • Ramiro III of Leon is defeated by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir at Rueda and is obliged to pay tribute to the Caliph of Cordova.
• 982 - Bermudo II becomes King of León, having been acclaimed by the Counts of Galicia and anointed in Santiago de Compostela.
• 983 - After failing in a rebellion in the Maghreb, the Berber Chief Zawi ibn Ziri, of the Tunisian royal family, brings a formidable force of Sanhaja horsemen to join Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir. However, they are not allowed to cross the straits for many years (sometime 1002-1008).
• 985 - Under Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir and subsequently his son, Christian cities are subjected to numerous raids.
• 985 - Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir sacks Barcelona .
• 986 - Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir burns down the monastery of San Cugat de Valles.
• 987
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir lays waste to Christian Coimbra .
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir seizes the castles north of the Douro River, and arrives at the city of Santiago de Compostela. The city had been evacuated and Al-Mansur burns it to the ground and destroys the Church of Santiago.
  • Count Gonçalo Mendes takes the personal title Magnus Dux Portucalensium (Grand-Duke of Portugal) and rebels against King Bermudo II of León, being defeated.
• 988 - Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir razes León to the ground . He sacks Leon, Zamora, and Sahagun, and sets fire to the great monasteries of Eslonza and Sahagun.
• 989 - Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir seizes Osma.
• 994 - The monastery of Monte Cassino is destroyed a second time by the Moors.
• 995 - Despite stout resistance by the Beni-Gomez clan - Christian counts of Saldaña, Liebana, Carrion, and Zamora - Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir destroys their capital, the city of Santa Maria de Carrion.
• 997 - Under the leadership of Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, Muslim forces march out of the city of Cordova and head north to capture Christian lands.
• 998 - Wadih, a Slav and the best Andalusian commander of the time, takes Fez in Morocco with a large force.
• 999
  • Alfonso V becomes King of León.
  • Muslims briefly attempt to establish a garrison at Zamora .
• 999-1018 - Alfonso V of Leon reconstructs his kingdoms.
• 1000 - Sancho III of Navarre, inflicts major losses on the Muslims, and nearly clinches a remarkable victory .
• 1000-1033 - Sancho III of Navarre gains control of Aragon and Castile, uniting the three kingdoms. But on his death, he splits the kingdom and leaves Navarre to his son Garcia III, Castile to Fernando I, and Aragon to Ramiro I.
• 1002-1008 - Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir's son Al-Muzaffar conducts annual raids against the Christians.
• 1002
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir raids into La Rioja, is defeated by a coalition of Christian armies at the Battle of Calatañazor, and dies on his return to Cordoba . Power in Al-Andalus subsequently divided between the old Arab nobility, the Berber mercenaries, and the Slav slaves.
  • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir dies in the village of Salem.
• 1003 - Moors lay waste to the city of León.
• 1004 - Arab raiders sack the Italian city of Pisa.
• 1008
  • On the death of al-Muzaffar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Al-Mansur, another son of Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, takes over the role of unofficial ruler. In winter he leads his army against the Christians.
  • Vikings raid Galicia, killing Count Mendo Gonçalves II of Portugal.
  • Muhammad II - great grandson of Abd al-Rahman III - deposes Hisham II as Caliph and destroys Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir's palace complex of al-Madinat al-Zahira near Cordoba.
  • Mohammed II al-Mahdi becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • The period of anarchy over the next 23 years out of which emerged approximately two dozen small states.
• 1009
  • Muslims lay waste to León again.
  • The Berbers are expelled from Córdoba and set up camp at Calatrava . Their Generals nominate another descendent of Abd al-Rahman III - Sulayman al-Mustain - as a rival Caliph.
  • Suleiman seeks the aid of Count Sancho I Garces of Castille against Mohammed II of Umayyad. The joint Berber-Castilian army defeats the Andalusian militia of Muhammad II and sacks Córdoba.
  • Sulaiman al-Mustain becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba as Suleiman II, after deposing Mohammed II.
  • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Badajoz becames independent of the Caliph of Córdoba and governs the territory between Coimbra and North Alentejo.
• 1010
  • Having fled to Toledo Mohammed II seeks the aid of Ramon Borell, Count of Barcelona and Urgel. The Catalan army defeats Sulaiman II's Berbers at Aqabat al-Baqar and again near the river Guadiaro (near Ronda).
  • Mohammed II reclaims Córdoba supported by the Slav General al-Wadih, but is assassinated.
  • Hisham II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid.
• 1012
  • Berber forces capture Cordova and order that half the population be executed.
  • Sulaiman II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by the Berber armies.
• 1013
  • A Berber reign of terror in Cordoba that kills the deposed Hisham II.
  • The powerless Sulaiman II is forced to hand out provincial governorships to the Berber chiefs.
  • Jews are expelled from the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, then ruled by Suleiman II.
  • Halevi flees to Malaga when Suleiman attacks Cordoba.
  • Halevi becomes vizier to the Emir of Granada, as does his son, Jehoseph Ha-Nagid. Many other Jews flee to Granada.
  • Caliphate of Córdoba begins to break up. Many Taifas (independent Moorish kingdoms) begin to spring up.
• 1014 - The Berber chief Zawi ibn Ziri - leader of the Sanhaja confederation, and a member of the Tunisian royal family - makes Granada his capital.
• 1015 - The Emir of Denia, Mujahid al-Amiri, sets out from his base in the Balearic Islands with a fleet of 125 ships in an attempt to conquer Sardinia.
• 1016
  • Norman invaders ascend the Minho river and destroy Tuy in Galicia.
  • Ali ibn Hammud, Emir of Ceuta, declares himself the rightful Caliph and marches on Córdoba. A Berber general deposes and executes Caliph Suleiman II.
  • Mujahid al-Amiri is dislodged from Sardinia by a force from Genoa and Pisa.
• 1018
  • Self-proclaimed Caliph Ali ibn Hammud assassinated in Córdoba. His brother Al-Qasim replaces him. The Zirids of Granada defeat an Andalusian army of 4,000 under Abd ar-Rahman al-Mutada - the Umayyad claimant.
  • The Taifa of the Algarve becomes independent.
• 1021
  • Abd-ar-Rahman IV becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
  • Yahya, the son of Alí ibn Hammud, rebels in Malaga with the support of the Berbers.
• 1022
  • Abd-ar-Rahman V becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
  • The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Lisbon emerges. It will be anexated by the Taifa of Badajoz.
• 1023
  • Muhammad III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
  • The Abbadid Emir of Seville, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, declares independence from Muhammad III, Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba .
• 1025 - Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, Abbadid Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
• 1027 - Hisham III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
• 1028
  • Alfonso V, king of Asturias and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
  • Bermudo III, becomes King of León.
• 1031
  • Sancho III of Navarre declares war on Bermudo III of León. Navarre, sometimes assisted by Galician rebels and Normans, ravages the lands around Lugo in Galicia.
  • The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.

Fragmentation of Iberia in the year 1031 CE

Events With the establishment of the Icelandic Althing, now the worlds oldest parliament, the Icelandic Commonwealth is founded. ... Ramiro II King of Leon (931-951). ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Ramiro II King of Leon (931-951). ... Viseu is both a city and a district in central Portugal. ... Events Ramiro II of Leon becomes king of León Eric Bloodaxe becomes second king of Norway Births Deaths Emperor Uda of Japan Harald I of Norway Categories: 931 ... Ramiro II King of Leon (931-951). ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Jersey was seized by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy . ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina, or twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas nearby. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Events Vietnam became a tributary kingdom to China. ... Ramiro II King of Leon (931-951). ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Vietnam became a tributary kingdom to China. ... Plaza de Cibeles (Cibeles square) and the Palacio de Comunicaciones (Communications Palace) Coat of arms. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Ramiro II King of Leon (931-951). ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Events Births Brian Boru, high king of Ireland Abul-Wafa, iranian mathematician Deaths ar-Radi (Caliph of Baghdad) Athelstan, who was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund Categories: 940 ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Saint-Tropez is a commune of the Var département in southern France, located on the French Riviera. ... Events Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England End of the reign of Emperor Suzaku of Japan Emperor Murakami ascends the throne of Japan Births Deaths May 26 - King Edmund I of England Abu-Bakr Muhammad ben Yahya as-Suli Categories: 946 ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Events Duke Boleslav of Bohemia is subjugated. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events First time that Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal appeared in a roman map. ... Otto I at his victory over Berengar of Friuli Grave of Otto I in Magdeburg Otto I the Great (November 23, 912 - May 7, 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of the Germans and arguably the... Cordova can refer to: Philippines Cordova, Cebu Spain Córdoba, Spain United States Cordova, Alaska Cordova, South Carolina Cordova, Tennessee Cordova, Alabama Cordova, Illinois Cordova Street is a major thoroughfare in central Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... Motto: Galiza Ceibe Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  – Total  – % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  – Total (2003)  – % of Spain  – Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  – English  – Galician  – Spanish  Galician  galego  gallego Statute of Autonomy April... Events August 10 - Otto I the Great defeats Magyars in the Battle of Lechfeld Edwy becomes King of England. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... Deaths April 8 - Gilbert of Chalon, Duke of Burgundy Categories: 956 ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Kshemgupta, King of Kashmir dies and is succeeded by his young son Abhimanyu. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Edgar the Peaceable crowned King of England. ... Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut was a Jewish physician, translator, and political figure who helped inaugurate the golden age of Hebrew letters in Moorish Spain and who was a powerful statesman in a number of major diplomatic negotiations. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Al-Hakam II was Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd_ar_rahman III (al_Nasir). ... The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Byzantine Empire recaptures Crete from Muslim control Harald I of Norway squashed the rebelling forces of Eric Bloodaxes sons but was killed in the Battle of Fitje. ... Al-Hakam II was Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd_ar_rahman III (al_Nasir). ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Events February 2 - Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. ... Events April 14 or April 30 - Mieszko I, first duke of Poland, baptised a Christian Births Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese regent Boleslaus I of Poland, approximate it may be 967 Deaths Dubh I of Scotland Categories: 966 ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Santiago de Compostela (2003 pop. ... Events Emperor Reizei ascends to the throne of Japan The Khazar capital of Atil falls to the Kievan Rus around this year Births Deaths Emperor Murakami of Japan Abu al-Faraj Ali of Isfahan, scholar. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Births Deaths Culen of Scotland Categories: 971 ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Motto: Galiza Ceibe Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  – Total  – % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  – Total (2003)  – % of Spain  – Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  – English  – Galician  – Spanish  Galician  galego  gallego Statute of Autonomy April... Events Antipope Boniface VII succeeds Pope Benedict VI. The Byzantine Empire retakes Syria including Aleppo from the Abbasids. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Events January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Al-Hakam II was Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd_ar_rahman III (al_Nasir). ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Events Births Deaths Hunain ibn Ishaq, Egyptian physician Categories: 977 ... Abu Jafar Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (712 - 775) (Arabic: ابو جعفر عبدالله ابن محمد المنصور) was the Abbasid Caliph who founded Baghdad in 762. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Births Princess Theodora, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan Ghalib1 (also known as Mirza Ghalib) (December 27, 1797 - February 15, 1869) was an Indian poet who wrote in Urdu and Persian. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan Ghalib1 (also known as Mirza Ghalib) (December 27, 1797 - February 15, 1869) was an Indian poet who wrote in Urdu and Persian. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Events Greenland founded by Erik the Red ; first contact of Europeans with North America Births Emma of Normandy Atisha the Bengali Buddhist Saint Deaths Categories: 982 ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Motto: Galiza Ceibe Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  – Total  – % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  – Total (2003)  – % of Spain  – Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  – English  – Galician  – Spanish  Galician  galego  gallego Statute of Autonomy April... Santiago de Compostela (2003 pop. ... Events Hugh Capet, a distant relative of the last Carolingian king of the Franks, is crowned King of France, beginning the Capetian dynasty and, arguably, modern French history. ... (see also North Africa, Tamazgha, Arab Maghreb Union, Mashreq) The Maghreb (or Moghreb), meaning western in Arabic, is the region of the continent of Africa north of the Sahara desert and west of the Nile - specifically, the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and to a lesser extent Libya and... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The Sanhaja were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and Masmuda History The tribes of the Sanhaja settled at first in the northern Sahara. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Events Barcelona sacked by Al-Mansur Greenland colonized by Icelandic Viking Erik the Red (the date is according to legend but has been established as at least approximately correct – see History of Greenland) Lady Wulfruna founded the town that later became the city of Wolverhampton Births Al-Hakim bi-Amr... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Barcelona sacked by Al-Mansur Greenland colonized by Icelandic Viking Erik the Red (the date is according to legend but has been established as at least approximately correct – see History of Greenland) Lady Wulfruna founded the town that later became the city of Wolverhampton Births Al-Hakim bi-Amr... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Events March 2 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks End of the reign of Emperor Kazan of Japan Emperor Ichijo ascends to the throne of Japan Explorer Bjarni Herjólfsson becomes the first inhabitant of the Old World to sight North America Births Deaths March 2 - Lothair, King of... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Events Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza Births Deaths May 21 King Louis V of France Categories: 987 ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... View of the river mouth from Portos Crystal Palace Gardens, facing West Douro (Latin Durius, Spanish Duero, Portuguese Douro) is one of the major rivers of Portugal and Spain, flowing from its source near Soria across central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Oporto. ... Santiago de Compostela (2003 pop. ... Events Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... The name Leon or Léon or León may refer to: // Places in Spain León, city León, province Castile-Leon, autonomous community Kingdom of León, historical kingdom Places in North and Central America León, Guanajuato, Mexico León, Nicaragua Places in the United States De... LEON is an open source 32-bit RISC CPU. It is SPARC V8 instruction compatible, and designed by Gaisler Research. ... For the video game developers, see 989 Studios. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Events Births Canute the Great (approximate) (+ 1035) Deaths Leopold I, Margrave of Austria Categories: 994 ... The restored Abbey Monte Cassino is a rocky hill about eighty miles (130 km) south of Rome, Italy, a mile to the west of the town of Cassino (the Roman Cassinum having been on the hill) and about 1700 ft (520 m) altitude. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Events (Erik Segersäll) is succeeded by (Olof Skötkonung), the first baptized ruler of Sweden. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Events City of Gdansk is founded Saint Adalbert of Prague is sent to Prussia by Boleslaus I of Poland Samuil of Bulgaria crowned Tsar by Pope Gregory V The town of Trondheim is founded. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Cordova can refer to: Philippines Cordova, Cebu Spain Córdoba, Spain United States Cordova, Alaska Cordova, South Carolina Cordova, Tennessee Cordova, Alabama Cordova, Illinois Cordova Street is a major thoroughfare in central Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Benedictine abbey founded at Sherborne Births Deaths Abul-Wafa, iranian mathematician Categories: 998 ... Slav, Slavic or Slavonic can refer to: Slavic peoples Slavic languages Slavic mythology Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic language Slavonian can also refer to Slavonia, a region in eastern Croatia. ... Events Silesia is incorporated into territory ruled by Boleslaus I of Poland Pope Silvester II succeeds Pope Gregory V Deaths December 16 - Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Zamora is a city in Castile-Leon, Spain, the capital of the province of Zamora. ... Events Silesia is incorporated into territory ruled by Boleslaus I of Poland Pope Silvester II succeeds Pope Gregory V Deaths December 16 - Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. ... Events Bulgaria becomes part of the Byzantine Empire. ... For other uses, see number 1000. ... Sancho III The Great of Navarre (c. ... For other uses, see number 1000. ... Events Benedict IX becomes pope. ... Sancho III The Great of Navarre (c. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community and province of Spain. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Fernando I, ninth king of Portugal (Eng. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Ramiro I (790?-850), became king of Asturias in 842. ... Events November 13 - English king Ethelred gives order to kill all Danes in England. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events November 13 - English king Ethelred gives order to kill all Danes in England. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... La Rioja is a province and autonomous community of northern Spain. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Slav, Slavic or Slavonic can refer to: Slavic peoples Slavic languages Slavic mythology Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic language Slavonian can also refer to Slavonia, a region in eastern Croatia. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Events Sweyn I of Denmark begins his first invasion of England. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... The city of León, located at 42. ... Events December: End of the Samanid dynasty in Bokhara. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ... Pisas coat of arms This article is about Pisa in Italy. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور (c. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... Anarchy (New Latin anarchia, from Greek ανα–, no + αρχη, rule) is a term that has several usages. ... Events February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg. ... The name Leon or Léon or León may refer to: // Places in Spain León, city León, province Castile-Leon, autonomous community Kingdom of León, historical kingdom Places in North and Central America León, Guanajuato, Mexico León, Nicaragua Places in the United States De... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Calatrava is known for his organically inspired designs, such as LUmbracle at his Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències in Valencia. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator Andalucía por sí, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd  87 268 km²  17,2% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 1st  7 478 432  17,9%  85,70... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Alentejo is a south-central region of Portugal. ... Events The Ly Dynasty in Vietnam is established (or 1009). ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The now-extinct title of Count of Barcelona was, through much of its history, merged with that of King of Aragon; see also List of Aragonese Monarchs. ... Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Slav, Slavic or Slavonic can refer to: Slavic peoples Slavic languages Slavic mythology Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic language Slavonian can also refer to Slavonia, a region in eastern Croatia. ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... Events Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Cordova can refer to: Philippines Cordova, Cebu Spain Córdoba, Spain United States Cordova, Alaska Cordova, South Carolina Cordova, Tennessee Cordova, Alabama Cordova, Illinois Cordova Street is a major thoroughfare in central Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Events Danish invasion of England under king Sweyn I. King Ethelred flees to Normandy, and Sweyn becomes king of England. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Málaga, a port town in the province of Málaga in Andalusia, Southern Spain Malaga, a fortified wine originating in Málaga. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... Events February 14 - Pope Benedict VIII recognizes Henry of Bavaria as King of Germany July 29 - Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The Sanhaja were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and Masmuda History The tribes of the Sanhaja settled at first in the northern Sahara. ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... Events August: Canute the Great invades England. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... The fort of Denia overlooks the city. ... Capital Palma de Mallorca Official languages Catalan and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 17th  4 992 km²  1,0% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 14th  916 968  2,2%  183,69/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Catalan  â€“ Spanish Balearic balear balear Statute of Autonomy March 1, 1983 ISO 3166... Sardinia (Sardigna, Sardinna or Sardinnia in the Sardinian language, Sardegna in Italian, Sardenya in Catalan), is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (Sicily is the largest), between Italy, Spain and Tunisia, south of Corsica. ... Events George Tsul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine- Rus force, which effectively ends Khazarias existence. ... The Normans (adapted from the name Northmen or Norsemen) were a mixture of the indigenous Gauls of France and the Viking invaders under the leadership of Rollo (Gange Rolf). ... Miño/Minho designates both the river as well as an adjacent Portuguese region Miño/Minho River The river is the longest in Galicia with an extension of 340 km. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Ceuta is a Spanish exclave in North Africa, located on the northernmost tip of Maghreb, on the Mediterranean coast near the Strait of Gibraltar. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... 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The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... Events The Judge-Governor of Sevilla takes advantage of the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, thus founded the Abbadid dynasty. ... Muhammad III was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The Abbasids comprised a Muslim dynasty which arose in Al_Andalus (present_day Spain) on the downfall of the western caliphate (756–1031). ... 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Capital Oviedo Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th  10 604 km²  2,1% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 12th  1 056 789  2,5%  99,65/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Asturian  â€“ Spanish  Asturian  asturianu/a,  asturiano/a Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate seats... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Viseu is both a city and a district in central Portugal. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... 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For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... ... Image File history File links Political map of Iberia in 1031 (showing major taifas and other states). ... Image File history File links Political map of Iberia in 1031 (showing major taifas and other states). ...

The Almoravides Era (1031-1130)

• 1031
  • The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.
  • Hisham III, the last of the Umayyad Caliphs disappears into obscurity .
  • King Sancho III of Navarre takes León and Astorga and drives King Bermudo III of León into the mountains.
• 1033 - The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Mértola becomes independente.
• 1034
  • The Leonese destroy a raiding force under Ismail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
  • Gonçalo Trastemires - a Portuguese frontiersman - captures Montemor castle on the Mondego river.
  • By this time, Sancho the Great of Navarre had incorporated Aragon, Sobrarbe, Barcelona, as well as Asturias, León and Castile, and he proclaims himself Rex Hispaniarum ("King of all Spains").
• 1035
  • Sancho III of Navarre dies. Bermudo III of León reclaims the Leónese crown, and Sancho's sons inherit his other territories; Garcia IV in Navarre including some territory of Old Castile; Ferdinand I in the new kingdom of Castile; Ramiro I in the new kingdom of Aragon.
  • Castile and Aragon become kingdoms.
  • Over the next 28 years Ferdinand I of Leon conquers Coimbra and obliges the Muslims of Toledo, Seville and Badajoz to pay him tribute. Before his death, he divides his territories between his sons: Castile goes to Sancho II and Leon to Alfonso VI of Castille.
  • Bermudo III of León defeats the Moors in César, in the Aveiro region.
• 1037 - Ferdinand of Castile, son of Sancho III of Navarre, acquires the Kingdom of León in the Battle of Tamarón. The first Castilian king, Ferdinand I, defeats and kills his father-in-law, Bermudo III of León, thus inheriting his kingdom.
• 1038 - Granadine armies under the vizier wage almost continuous war against their Muslim neighbours, primarily Seville.
• 1039 – Ferdinand I of Castille-León proclaimes himself Emperor of all Hispania.
• 1040 - The Taifa of Silves becomes independent.
• 1043
  • Zaragoza and Toledo fight over the border city of Guadalajara. Toledo pays the Navarrese to raid into Zaragoza; similarly, Zaragoza pays the Leon-Castillians to raid into Toledo. The Christian armies ravage the respective Muslim lands unchecked.
  • Birth of Rodrigo Diaz Vivar, whom the Muslims would name "El Cid Compeador" (Lord Winner of Battles) in Burgos.
• 1044 - Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, son of the Abbadid Emir of Seville Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, retakes Mértola, since 1033 an independent Taifa.
• 1050 - Count Mendo Nunes of Portugal is killed in battle sometime during this period. Nuno Mendes, son of Count Mendo Nunes, becomes Count of Portugal.
• 1051
  • Yusuf ibn Hud, the Banu Hud Emir of Lerida, is paying the Catalans to protect against his own family in Zaragoza.
  • The Taifa of the Algarve is anexated by the Taifa of Seville.
• 1053 - Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Arcos, Morón and Ronda.
• 1053-1071 - Book of Usage is written in Barcelona, defining legal status and privileges of Jews. It put the protection of the Jews under the King, who would decide the punishment for any harming or killing a Jew. Castille has similar laws.
• 1054
  • Battle of Atapuerca. The army of Ferdinand I of Castile defeats that of his brother García IV of Navarra, near Burgos). Several disaffected Navarrese knights join the Castilians before the battle and one of these men is believed to have killed Garcia. Garcia's son Sancho is proclaimed King on the field of battle and the war continues.
  • Diego Lainez de Vivar, father of Rodrigo Diaz, captures the castles of Ubierna (5 miles north of Vivar), Urbel (10 miles north-west of Ubierna), and La Piedra (12 miles north-west of Ubierna), then in 1055 defeats the Navarrese in a pitched battle .
• 1055 - Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Algeciras.
• 1056 - The Almoravides (al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. Taking the name "those who line up in defense of the faith," this is a group of fundamentalist Berber Muslims who would rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia until 1147.
• 1057
  • Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from Carmona.
  • Ferdinand I of Castille-León conquers Lamego to the Moors.
• 1058- Emir Al-Muzaffar al-Aftas (Abu Bekr Muhammad al-Mudaffar - Modafar I of Badajoz, Aftid Dynasty) pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not before Viseu being conquered by Ferdinand I of Castile-León.
• 1060-1063 - Council (Ecumenical Synod) of Santiago de Compostela.
• 1060
  • The heretic Berghouata Berbers set up a Taifa in Ceuta, but are eventually crushed by the Murabitun.
  • Ferdinand I of Leon imposes an annual tribute on Muslim Zaragoza. Emir Al-Muktadir ibn Hud of Zaragoza drives Slavs from Tortosa when the Tortosans rise against their Slav ruler.
• 1062 - Ferdinand I of Castile and León invades Muslim Toledo with a large army . Emir Al-Mamun becomes a tributary of Castile. Ferdinand I of Castile and León invades Muslim Badajoz, and extracts tribute from Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville.
• 1063
  • Battle of Graus . During the spring Ramiro I of Aragon besieges Muslim Graus in Zaragozan territory. The Emir al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza leads his army north accompanied by a Castilian contingent under Prince Sancho (the future Sancho II). Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar later known as El Cid is probably in the Castilian contingent. The opposing armies meet and after a protracted struggle Ramiro I is killed and the Aragonese flee (8 May). Pope Alexander II sends an international force to Spain under his standard bearer William of Montreuil . It includes Italian knights, Normans (Robert Crespin, Baron of Lower Normandy), Frenchmen (Wiliam, Count of Poitiers and Duke of Aquitaine), and Iberians (Bishop of Vic; Count Ermengol II of Urgel). At the start of July the expedition besieges Barbastro in the Muslim Kingdom of Lerida. The Emir of Lerida (the brother of Muktadir of Zaragoza) makes no attempt to relieve the siege and after 40 days the defenders are forced to surrender when a large stone falls from the walls and blocks the only water supply. 50,000 inhabitants are massacred or enslaved. Count Ermengol II of Urgel is left as governor on behalf of Sancho Ramirez of Aragon. Seville feels obliged to pay Christians tribute.
  • The Taifa of Silves is anexated by the Taifa of Seville.
• 1064
  • Sometime during this period Ferdinand I of Castile and León retakes the area of Old Castile that had been annexed to Navarre by his father Sancho the Great .
  • Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslim Coimbra from 20 January until 9 July . The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000 inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across the Mondego river.
  • The Mozarabic (Christian) general Sisnando Davides, who lead the siege of Coimbra, becomes Count of Coimbra.
  • The Hispanic calendar is adopted.
• 1065 - Civil War in Castile-Leon. In April Emir Al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza, aided by 500 Sevillian knights, besieges Barbastro . The governor, Count Ermengol II of Urgel, is killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city falls, whereupon the Iberian and French garrison is put to the sword thus bringing an end to Pope Alexander II's prototype crusade. At around the same time Emir Al-Muqtadir breaks off relationships with Castile, and Ferdinand I leads a punitive expedition into Zaragoza - taking Alquezar - and then into Valencia . Despite him being a Castilian tributary Emir Mamun of Toledo leads to force in support of his son-in-law Emir Abd al-Malik. Mamun subsequently dethrones Abd al-Malik and incorporates Valencia into the Kingdom of Toledo. Ferdinand falls dangerously ill and retires from the field. King Ferdinand dies in León on 28 Dec and his empire is divided between his three sons: Sancho II in Castile, Alfonso VI in León, and Garcia in Galicia.
• 1065 - Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal is proclaimed under the rule of Garcia II of Galicia.
• 1066
  • Joseph, son of the Jewish Vizier Samuel HaNaged invites Al-Mutasim of Ameria to come and rule in Granada. The Zirids of Sanhaja defeat the attempt and instigate a pogrom of the Jews in Granada.
  • Jehoseph Ha-Nagid and other Jews in Granada are attacked and murdered; many escapees flee to the north.
  • The Jews of Granada are massacred by the Muslims.
• 1067 - The Castilian army under Sancho II and the Alferez Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar - already known as El Cid by this time - besiege Zaragoza . The siege is lifted after Emir Al-Muqtadir pays a large ransom and promises tribute. War of the three Sanchos: Castile versus Aragon and Navarre . Aragon severely mauls the Castilians at Viana, however status quo is restored when the Zaragozan Vali of Huesca invades Aragon from the south."
• 1068 - The Battle of Llantada was arranged to be fought on 19 July by the banks of the Pisuerga River on the boundary between León and Castile . The Castilians under Sancho II and Rodriego Diaz defeat the Leónese and Alfonso flees. Alfonso VI of León leads a campaign against Badajoz, but withdraws when Emir Mamun ibn Dhi-I-Nun of Toledo intercedes . Badajoz becomes tributary to León. Later the Emir of Badajoz dies and his two sons dispute the succession.
• 1069 - Alfonso VI of León overruns Badajoz early in the year . Seville takes Cordoba . The army consists of an advance guard of 300 horse and a main body of 1,000.
• 1070 - Count Nuno Mendes of Portugal rises against King Garcia II of Galicia.
• 1071 - Battle of Pedroso (between Braga and the River Cávado) where Garcia II of Galicia suppresses the rebellion of his Portuguese subjects under Count Nuno Mendes, last count of Portugal of the Vímara Peres House. Count Nuno Mendes is killed and Garcia II of Galicia proclaims himself King of Portugal. Sometime after 18 Jan and before May, Garcia II of Galicia is captured by his brother Sancho II of Castile (It is unclear if Garcia was captured in open battle at Santarém or by trickery). Garcia purchases his release and retires to the court of his tributary Al-Mutamid of Seville. Galicia is divided between his brothers Sancho and Alfonso.
• 1072 - Battle of Golpejera. Sancho II of Castile defeats his brother, Alfonso VI of León over the Carrión River (9 miles south of the city of Santa maria de Carrion - the capital of the Beni-Gomez - Christian counts of Saldaña, Liebana, Carrion, and Zamora). The battle starts at dawn and after a hard fight the Castilians are driven from the field. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar manages to encourage both King and army, and leads them in a new attack the following morning. Alfonso is captured and seeks refuge in Toledo. But Sancho is assassinated when attacking Alfonso's men in Zamora. Alfonso inherits the joint Kingdom of Leon-Castile.
• 1073 - The Emir of Granada rejects the Castilian demand for tribute, however, Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, the Emir of Seville offers to pay instead . Consequently a joint Muslim-Castilian force builds the fortress of Belillos, from which the garrison raid into Granada.
• 1074
  • El Cid marries Jimena, niece of Alfonso IV of Castile and daughter of the Count of Oviedo.
  • Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville drives Berbers from Jaen.
• 1075 - Toledo takes Córdoba from Seville with the help of Castilian troops.
• 1076 - Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir drives Slavs from Denia. Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslim takes Coria in Badajoz. After the Emir of Toledo dies, Seville takes Córdoba back from his son al-Qadir.
• 1077 - Alfonso VI of Castile and León proclaimes himself Emperor of all Spains.
• 1078 - Ibn Ammar acquires Murcia nominally on behalf of Seville but in reality as his own. Seville takes Valencia from Toledo. As a result Al-Qadir of Toledo is forced from the city by a coup and his opponents acknowledge al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz as their new ruler . Al-Murabitun take Tangier. Ceuta hangs on as the last Zanata outpost because its fleet can supply it from sea.
• 1079 - Battle of Cabra. Rodrigo Díaz, defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada, who was helped by the Castilian Count García Ordíñez. Battle of Coria. Alfonso VI (already king of Castile & León) defeats the Muslim Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil. Al-Mutawwakkil renounces control of Toledo and al-Qadir is reinstated. A Leonese garrison is established at Zorita to the east of Toledo.
• 1079 - Battle of Cabra: El Cid leads his troops to a rout of Emir Abd Allah of Granada.
• 1080 - Ibn Ammar forced to flee Murcia (??).
• 1081 - El Cid, now a mercenary because he had been exiled by Alfonso IV of Castile, enters the service of the Moorish king of the northeast Spanish city of Zaragosa, al-Mu'tamin, and would remain there for his successor, al-Mu'tamin II.
• 1082 - Battle of Almenar. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, leading the army of Al-Mutamin of Zaragoza, defeats a combined army of the kings of Valencia (Al-Mundhir), Lerida (Al-Hayib), Aragón (Sancho Ramírez) and the Count of Barcelona (Berenguer Ramón II - who is captured).When Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville pays his tribute in debased coinage, Alfonso of Leon-Castile leads an expedition in Muslim territory .
• 1083 - In June-July Al-Murabitun take Ceuta - the last outpost of the Zanata - and put to death the ruler, al-Muizz ibn Suqut. Ships from Seville may have aided the attack. The same summer Alfonso of Leon-Castile reaches Tarifa overlooking the Straits of Gibraltar
• 1084 - The Muslim army of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Aragonese. In autumn the Castilians start a loose siege of Toledo.
• 1085
  • Salamanca conquered by Christians.
  • Toledo conquered by Castile by Alfonso VI of Castile, Emperor of all Spains. Joseph Nasi Ferruziel (called Cidellus) is Alfonso VI’s physician and Nasi of all the Jews in the kingdom. He owns large estates in and around Toledo (confiscated by the crown on his death).
• 1086
  • Several Muslim Emirs (namely Abbad III al-Mu'tamid) ask the Almoravides leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin for help against Alfonso VI of Castile. In this year Yusuf ibn Tashfin passed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the Battle of az-Zallaqah (North of Badajoz). He was debarred from following up his victory by trouble in North Africa which he had to settle in person.
  • Raymond of Burgundy, son of William I, Count of Burgundy, comes to Iberia for the 1st time to fight against the Moors, bringing with him his younger cousin Henry of Burgundy, grandson of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.
  • In spring the Castilians besiege Zaragoza, but the siege is called off when the Murabitun land in the south. In June the Murabitun advance guard - 500 men - take possession of Algeciras. The remaining 12-20,000 soon follow. Castilians under Alvar Fañez install al-Qadir as Emir of Valencia.
  • Fanatic Muslims, the Almoravides, rampage through parts of Iberia, especially Granada and Lucena. There are persecutions and massacres. During the bad times, the wealthier Jews flee to Christian-held Iberia.
  • The Christian advance ogliges the Muslim kings of Granada, Seville and Badajoz to call to their aid the Almoravides.
  • Battle of az-Zallaqah At Sagrajas (Friday 23 Oct) north-east of Badajoz, the Murabitun (12,000 or 20,000 men) under Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Andalusians (including Kings of Seville, Granada, Malaga, and Badajoz) defeat a predominantly Leonese-Castilian army (possibly 50-60,000 men including Jews, Aragonese, Italian and French) under Alfonso VI of Castile . The Andalusians encamp separately from the Murabitun. The Christian vanguard (Alvar Fañez) surprise the Andalusian camp before dawn; the men of Seville (Al-Mutamid) hold firm but the remaining Andalusians are chased off by the Aragonese cavalry. The Christian main body then attacks the Murabitun, but are held by the Lamtuma, and then withdraw to their own camp in response to an outflanking move by ibn Tashufin. The Aragonese return to the field, don't like what they see, and start a withdraw which turns to a rout. The Andalusians rally, and the Muslims drive Alfonso to a small hill. Alfonso and 500 knights escape in the night to Toledo. Al-Mutamid proposes that the Christians are pursued and crushed, but Ibn Tashufin retires back to his African domains leaving only 3,000 troops to defend the east of Al-Andalus. Al-Mutamid and the Murabitun generals Sir ibn Abi Bakr and Dawud ibn Aisha are reported to have fought well during the battle. ( battle Zakalla.)
• 1087
  • Alfonso VI of Castile takes the fortress of Aledo in the territory of Murcia, blocking the route from Seville and Granada to the eastern provinces .
  • After his crushing defeat at Zallaqa, Alfonso VI of Castile swallows his pride and recalls El Cid from exile.
• 1088 - Yusuf ibn Tashfin arrives back in Algeciras (May-Jun) and is joined by al-Mutamid of Seville and Abd Allah of Granada, plus support from Almeria and Murcia (but not the Emirs) . The combined army besieges Aledo for 4 months, but Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to Africa unsuccessful.
• 1090
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to the Peninsula for the third time, takes over the kingdoms of Granada and Malaga in September and is back in Africa by the end of the year . However, this time his nephew Sir ibn Abi Bakr is left to continue the conquest. Between 30 April and 8 May Christian troops enter Santarém, Lisbon and Sintra . These were recently ceded by the Al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz in return for protection from the Murabitun.
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin, King of the Almoravids, captures Granada.
• 1091
  • The Murabitun led by Muhammad ibn al-Hajj take Cordoba and the Guadalquivir valley early in the year, and then defeat a Castilian force under Alva Fañez who were attempting to aid Al-Mutamid of Seville . In September Seville surrenders without much of a fight to Sir ibn Abi Bakr. Subsequently other Murabitun armies take Aledo and Almeria. Ronda also falls and the Murabitun commander Garur executes al-Radi (the son al-Mutamid of Seville).
  • Alfonso VI of Castile gives her daughter Urraca of Castile in marriage to Raymond of Burgundy together with the fiefdom of Galicia.
  • The Taifa of Mértola falls to the Almoravides.
• 1092 - With El Cid away in Zaragoza, the Valencians under the qadi Ibn Jahhaf and supported by a small Murabitun force, drive the Castilian garrison out and execute their Emir al-Qadir . Ibn Jahhaf promptly sets himself up at Emir and starts negotiating with both El Cid and the Murabitun.
• 1093
  • An Murabitun army (Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahiim) approaches Valencia but then retreats without striking a blow .
  • Raymond of Burgundy and Henry of Burgundy sign a treaty whereby Henry promises to recognize Raymond as king upon the death of Alfonso VI of Castile, receiving in exchange the Kingdom of Toledo or of Portugal.
• 1094
  • Alfonso VI of Castile grants Raymond of Burgundy the government of Portugal and Coimbra, who marries Alfonso VI of Castile's illegimate daughter Teresa of León.
  • Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon. Fall of the Taifa of Badajoz.
  • El Cid captures Valencia from the Moors, carving out his own kingdom along the Mediterranean that is only nominally subservient to Alfonso VI of Castile. Valencia would be both Christian and Muslim, with adherents of both religions serving in his army.
  • The Almoravids from Morocco land near Cuarte and lay siege to Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid, however, breaks the siege and forces the Almoravids to flee - the first Christian victory against the hard-fighting Africans.
• 1095
  • Establishment of the 2nd County of Portugal by Count Henry of Burgundy.
  • The Almoravides take Santarém.
• 1097
  • El Cid defeats Murabitun (Ali ibn al-Hajj) at Bairen south of Valencia.
  • Murabitun (Muhammad ibn al-Hajj) defeat Castilians (Alfonso VI) at Consuegra. El Cid's son, Diego, is one of the dead.
  • Murabitun (Muhammad ibn Aisha) defeat Castilians (Alva Fañez) at Cuenca before ravaging the lands of Valencia.
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes the title of Amir al Muslimin (Prince of the Muslims).
• 1099 - The Murabitun besiege El Cid's Valencia. El Cid dies (10 Jul) in Valencia.
• 1102
  • The followers of El Cid leave Valencia and the Muslims occupy the Peninsula as far as Zaragoza.
  • Main Muslim mosque in Toledo converted to a church, Muslim population is sparse. Jews live in southwest corner of the city, which also contains a fortress.
  • Diego Gemírez, Bishop of Santiago de Compostela, uses force to carry off the relics of St. Victor and St. Fructuosus of Dumes from Braga - recently reinstated as a Metropolitan See.
  • Christians evacuate Valencia in April-May. Murabitun (Mazdali, presumably ibn Tilankan; Muhammad ibn Fatima) occupy the city. Of the Taifa states only Zaragoza, Majorca and Albarracin remain independent.
• 1103 - Ali, the brother of the Murabitun governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj, is killed in battle with the Castilians near Talavera.
• 1105 - The Almohades, founded by Ibn Tumart, began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohades were opposed to anthropomorphisms which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mu'min, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohades initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
• 1106 - Yusuf ibn Tashfin dies and his son, Ali, takes over the Murabitun empire.
• 1107 - Count Raymond of Burgundy dies. The Kingdom of Galicia passes on to his son Alfonso Raimúndez.
• 1108 - The Murabitun under Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the brother of the ruler; another general is Muhammad ibn Fatima, the grandson of Sir ibn Abi Bakr) take the small town of Uclés to the east of Toledo, but a ridge top fortress holds out . Alfonso VI sends a relieving army under Alvar Fañez. The Murabitun decisely beat the Castilians and many leaders are killed, including Sancho, Alfonso VI of Castile's only son and heir. Subsequently, the Murabitun pretend to withdraw then launch a successful surprise attack on the castle. As a result the Christians abandon Cuenca and Huete.
• 1109
  • Alfonso VI of Castile and León dies. Urraca of Castile, Count Raymond of Burgundy's widow, is his only surviving legitimate child and marries King Alfonso I of Aragon.
  • Murabitun (Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin) storm Talavera on the Tagus to the west of Toledo. The country to the north and south of Toledo is ravaged and the city unsuccessfully besieged for a month. Alvar Fañez leads the defence. Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin joined this year's Jihad but doesn't mention him in the actions.
• 1110
  • Al-Mustain of Zaragoza leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed at Valtierra . His son, Imad al-Din fails to establish his rule and the Murabitun (ibn al-Hajj) march in (30 May).
  • At Candespina (Oct) Alfonso the Battler of Aragon defeats the Castilian supporters of his wife Urraca and the Castilian candidate for the throne, Alfonso VII Raimúndez.
  • Henry, Count of Portugal unsuccessfully besieges King Alfonso I of Aragon in Penafiel.
  • Urraca of Castile further distances herself from her husband Alfonso I of Aragon accusing him of being abusive and infertile.
  • Henry, Count of Portugal makes common party with Alfonso I of Aragon against Urraca of Castile.
• 1111
  • Almoravides led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west . These cities were occupied by the Almoravides in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
  • Conference of Palencia, where Urraca of Castile divides her estates with Henry, Count of Portugal and his wife and her sister Theresa.
  • Urraca of Castile makes peace with her husband Alfonso I of Aragon, even though they remain separated.
  • Henry, Count of Portugal, believing Urraca of Castile has betrayed him, besieges her and her husband Alfonso I of Aragon in Sahagún, aided by Urraca's son Alfonso Raimúndez.
  • Henry, Count of Portugal grants city rights and privileges to Coimbra and captures Santarém to the Moors.
  • Alfonso Raimúndez, Raymond of Burgundy and Urraca of Castile's son, is proclaimed King os Castile and León as Alfonso VII. This is not recognized.
• 1112
  • By this time the Aragonese have taken Huesca . Murabitun (ibn al-Hajj) raid into Aragonese territory and reach the foothills of the Pyrenees .
  • Henry, Count of Portugal dies. His son Afonso Henriques inherits the County of Portugal, but, being too young, it's his mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, that governs the county after her husband's death with the title of Regina (Queen).
• 1114
  • A major Murabitun expedition (ibn al-Hajj from Zaragoza and Ibn Aisha of Valencia) raids into Catalonia . The army ravages Christian territory but is ambushed on its return and both Murabitun generals are killed. The Catalans under Count Ramon Berengar III take over the Balearic Islands upon the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Majorca.
  • The marriage between Urraca of Castile and Alfonso I of Aragon is annulled.
  • The Taifa of Beja and Évora becomes independent.
• 1115 - The new Murabitun governor of Zaragoza, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit, lays siege to Barcelona for 20 days . The Murabitun withdraw when Count Ramon Berengar III returns from Majorca. The Murabitun fleet takes the Balearic Islands . The Murabitun general and governor of Granada Mazdali ibn Tilankan dies in battle this year, although I'm not sure where . He lead expeditions against the Christians from 1111 so might have lead a separate expedition to those of the Abu Bakr and the fleet. His son, Muhammad the governor of Cordoba, also dies in battle this year (against the Castilians), so it may have been the same expedition.
• 1116 - The armies of Theresa, Countess of Portugal battle against the armies of Queen Urraca of Castile.
• 1117 - Almoravides under Emir Ali ibn Yusuf himself take Coimbra, but abandon the city after a few days.
• 1118
  • Alfonso I of Aragon conquers Saragossa, taking it from the Muslims. Settlers in the reconquered no-man's lands of Castile are granted fueros, special rights.
  • The Aragonese led Alfonso I the Battler seize Zaragoza and most of the central lands of the Ebro . The siege of Zaragoza lasts from 22 May to 18 December. The garrison has 20 mangonels and is supported by a determined militia. As a result of a plea for help of 3 December the Murabitun governor of Valencia sends a relief force, but this is too small to help. Lerida only remains in Muslim hands because it is tributary to Barcelona.
• 1120
  • Alfonso I of Aragon decisively defeats an Murabitun army including many Andalusian volunteers at Cutanda (summer) .
  • Afonso Henriques takes sides with the Bishop of Braga against his mother Theresa, Countess of Portugal and her lover, the Count Fernando Peres de Trava of Galicia
  • The armies of Theresa, Countess of Portugal battle against the armies of Urraca of Castile.
• 1121
  • The Aragonese take Calatayud. The Cordobans rebel against the Murabitun, and drive the governor and his troops from the city . The Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads an army from Africa to suppress the rebellion. The Murabitun besiege the city, and persuade the Cordobans to lay down their arms.
  • Alfonso Raimúndez comes into Portugal in a mission of sovereingty with his mother Urraca of Castile. Their armies capture Theresa, Countess of Portugal at Lanhoso, that accepts to go free and hold the County of Portugal as a fief of the Kingdom of León.
• 1122
  • Aragonese take Daroca
  • Afonso Henriques, Heir of Portugal, aged 14, makes himself a Knight on his own account in the Cathedral of Zamora.
• 1125 - In September, Alfonso I of Aragon sets out south with an army of 4,000 knights . He travels down the east coat, bypasses the cities and ravages the countryside. He reaches Guadix unopposed in December.
• 1126
  • Christians are deported by the Almoravids to Morocco.
  • Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Murabitun at Arinzul near Lucena . After symbolically fishing at Motril on the south coast, Alfonso returns home undefeated.
  • Queen Urraca of Castile dies. Her son Alfonso Raimúndez finnaly becomes King Alfonso VII of Castile and León.
• 1127 - The Kingdom of León invades Portugal and besieges Guimarães. The Portuguese Knight Egas Moniz de Ribadouro manages to make King Alfonso VII of Castile and León accept promisses of Portuguese fidelity.
• 1128 - July 24, Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother, Theresa, Countess of Portugal, in the Battle of São Mamede (near Guimarães) and becomes sole ruler of Portugal (Dux - Duke) after demandes for independence from the county's people, church and nobles.
• 1129
  • Alfonso I of Aragon defeats a Murabitun army led by Ali ibn Majjuz, the governor of Seville deep inside Valencian territory . This is probably at Cullera or Alcala near Alcira.
  • April 6, Afonso Henriques proclaims himself Prince of Portugal.
• 1130
  • School for scholars is established by Alfonso VII of Castile in Toledo, spreading ancient Greek as well as Arabic and Hebrew learning throughout western Europe.
  • Prince Afonso Henriques of Portugal invades Galicia.

Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Events Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... The Caliph of Cordoba ruled Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Cordoba, from 929 to 1031. ... Hisham III was the last Umayyad ruler in Spain, and the last person to hold the title Caliph of Cordoba. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Sancho III The Great of Navarre (c. ... The name Leon or Léon or León may refer to: // Places in Spain León, city León, province Castile-Leon, autonomous community Kingdom of León, historical kingdom Places in North and Central America León, Guanajuato, Mexico León, Nicaragua Places in the United States De... Episcopal Palace of Astorga Astorga (Latin Asturica Augusta) is a city in the province of León, Spain. ... Events Benedict IX becomes pope. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... Coat of Arms Mértola is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 958. ... Events April 11 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV. Franche-Comté becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... The Rio Mondego (Mondego River) is the biggest river exclusively in Portuguese territory. ... Sancho III The Great of Navarre (c. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Sobrarbe is one of the comarcas (counties) in the northern part of the province of Huesca, part of the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Capital Oviedo Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th  10 604 km²  2,1% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 12th  1 056 789  2,5%  99,65/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Asturian  â€“ Spanish  Asturian  asturianu/a,  asturiano/a Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate seats... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Events Harthacanute becomes king of Denmark. ... Sancho III The Great of Navarre (c. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... The District of Aveiro is located in the central coastal of Portugal, the District Capital is the city of Aveiro. ... // Events Construction of the church of Saint Sophia Cathedral is started in Kyiv. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... Sancho III The Great of Navarre (c. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Independent declaration of Western Xia. ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Events June 4 - Germany. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Events March War of Independence of Western Xia occurred. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Moorish fortress, Silves, seen from the North Silves (pronounced Sílvesh) is a town on the Portuguese Algarve. ... Events Edward the Confessor crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Places named Guadalajara: Guadalajara (capital of the state of Jalisco, Mexico) Guadalajara aka Chivas (Mexican Soccer League Team) Guadalajara (province in Castile-La Mancha, Spain) Guadalajara (capital of the above province) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Navarra is the Spanish name for Navarre (Basque: Nafarroa), an ancient kingdom in the Pyrenees, and now a province and an autonomous community in Spain. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina, or twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas nearby. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Burgos coat of arms A city of northernwestern Spain, at the edge of the central plateau, Burgos has 166,000 inhabitants in the city proper and another 10,000 in its suburbs. ... Events King Anawrahta seizes the throne of Pagan, Myanmar Births Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as The Cid (d. ... Abbad III al-Mutamid (1027 - 1095), was the third and last ruler (resigned 1069-1091) of Seville in Spain from Abbadid dynasty. ... The Abbasids comprised a Muslim dynasty which arose in Al_Andalus (present_day Spain) on the downfall of the western caliphate (756–1031). ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Abbad II al-Mutadid or Abu Amr Abbad (died on February 28, 1069), was second ruler (resigned 1042-1069) of Seville in Spain from the Abbadid dynasty. ... Coat of Arms Mértola is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 958. ... Events Benedict IX becomes pope. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Events Leofric becomes Bishop of Exeter Births Margrave Leopold II of Austria (d. ... -1... The Banu Hud are a family that ruled Zaragoza from 1039-1110. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... La Seu Vella, the Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of Lleida Lleida (Catalan: Lleida, Spanish: Lérida) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. ... Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: Algarve The Algarve is the name of the southern coast of Portugal, incorporating, amongst others, the towns of Faro, Lagos, and Sagres. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... 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Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... The word king has many meanings: For the head of state, see Monarch. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Events Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each others excommunication. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, El Magno or the Great, (d. ... Burgos coat of arms A city of northernwestern Spain, at the edge of the central plateau, Burgos has 166,000 inhabitants in the city proper and another 10,000 in its suburbs. ... Events January 11 - Theodora becomes Reigning Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, near the city of Gibraltar, slightly to the north from Tarifa, which is the southernmost town of the country (36° 7′ 39″ N 5° 27′ 14″ W). ... Events Anselm of Canterbury leaves Italy. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with the countries listed above. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Events King Afonso I of Portugal and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims First written mention of Moscow. ... Events King Macbeth I of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm Canmore. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... Carmona may be: António de Fragoso Carmona, President of Portugal. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... Lamego is a city in the north of Portugal. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Events March 17 - King Lulach I of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Malcolm Canmore, who later becomes King of Scotland as Malcolm III of Scotland. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... Viseu is both a city and a district in central Portugal. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... Events May - The Norman leader Robert Guiscard conquers Taranto. ... Events Anselm of Canterbury becomes prior at Le Bec Sancho I becomes ruler of Aragon Bishopric of Olomouc is founded Births Deaths Constantine III Lichoudas Patriarch of Constantinople Adelaide Havoise daughter of Robert II of France Tughril Beg first leader of the Seljuk Turks Song dynasty Emperor Renzong (仁宗) Hungarian... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine or administration. ... Santiago de Compostela (2003 pop. ... Events May - The Norman leader Robert Guiscard conquers Taranto. ... The Berghouata were a medieval Berber tribe of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, belonging to the Masmuda group of tribes. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Ceuta is a Spanish exclave in North Africa, located on the northernmost tip of Maghreb, on the Mediterranean coast near the Strait of Gibraltar. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... Events Founding of Marrakech The Almoravids overrun Morocco and establish a kingdom from Spain to Senegal. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... Events Anselm of Canterbury becomes prior at Le Bec Sancho I becomes ruler of Aragon Bishopric of Olomouc is founded Births Deaths Constantine III Lichoudas Patriarch of Constantinople Adelaide Havoise daughter of Robert II of France Tughril Beg first leader of the Seljuk Turks Song dynasty Emperor Renzong (仁宗) Hungarian... The Battle of Graus (or Siege of Graus) was a battle of the early Spanish Reconquista in spring 1063 (some sources say the battle was in early May, possibly around May 8). ... This geneology of Aragonese kings from a 16th century Spanish manuscript gives Ramiro I a prominent place. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... Al-Muqtadir (d. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Moorish fortress, Silves, seen from the North Silves (pronounced Sílvesh) is a town on the Portuguese Algarve. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Events Sunset Crater Volcano first erupts. ... Ferdinand I of Castile, known as El Magno or the Great, (d. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... The Rio Mondego (Mondego River) is the biggest river exclusively in Portuguese territory. ... Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Iberian Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the Romance languages development in Iberia. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Events December 28 - Westminster Abbey is consecrated. ... Events December 28 - Westminster Abbey is consecrated. ... History of Portugal Series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383-1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... Garcia II of Galicia (11th century), was one of the three sons and heirs of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. ... Events January 6 - Harold II is crowned King of England the day after Edward the Confessor dies. ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... The Zirids were a Berber dynasty, originating in Petite Kabylie among the Kutama tribe, that ruled Ifriqiya (roughly, modern Tunisia), initially on behalf of the Fatimids, for about two centuries, until weakened by the Banu Hilal and finally destroyed by the Almohads. ... The Sanhaja were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata and Masmuda History The tribes of the Sanhaja settled at first in the northern Sahara. ... Events Constantine X emperor of the Byzantine Empire dies. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community and province of Spain. ... Events Emperor Go-Sanjo ascends the throne of Japan William the Conqueror takes Exeter after a brief siege Births Henry I of England (d. ... Events Harrying of the North- King William of England (William the Conqueror) reacts to rebellions made by his people against him. ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Events Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England. ... Garcia II of Galicia (11th century), was one of the three sons and heirs of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. ... Events Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army under Alp Arslan. ... Braga is a city in northwestern Portugal, in the province of Minho. ... Garcia II of Galicia (11th century), was one of the three sons and heirs of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. ... Vímara Peres (? - 873) from Vimara (Weimar or Guimar) and Peres (son of Peter) was a christian warlord of the 9th century in west Iberia. ... Garcia II of Galicia (11th century), was one of the three sons and heirs of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. ... Events William I of England invades Scotland, and also receives the submission of Hereward the Wake. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Cardinal Hildebrand elevated to papacy as Pope Gregory VII, succeeding Pope Alexander II Emperor Shirakawa ascends the throne of Japan Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi finishes writing the Rif, an important work of Jewish law. ... Abbad III al-Mutamid (1027 - 1095), was the third and last ruler (resigned 1069-1091) of Seville in Spain from Abbadid dynasty. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... -1... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Events Revolt of the Earls. ... Events All year - People fucked each other ALOT! February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... Al-Muqtadir (d. ... Events Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor begs Pope Gregory VII to remove sentence of excommunication Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea Süleyman I of Rüm becomes the leader of the Sultanate of Rüm in modern Turkey Anush... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Romanesque church begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain Anselm of Canterbury becomes abbot of Le Bec William the Conqueror ordered the White Tower to be built Births Deaths Categories: 1078 ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Events Halsten and Ingold I succeed Haakon the Red in Sweden. ... Events Halsten and Ingold I succeed Haakon the Red in Sweden. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ... Events Corfu taken from Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Italy Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III is overthrown by Alexius I Comnenus, ending the Middle Byzantine period and beginning the Comnenan dynasty Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Events England - The Rochester Cathedral was completed Europe - The German Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor besieges Rome and gains entry, a synod is agreed upon by the Romans to rule on the dispute between Henry and Pope Gregory VII Styria - Ottokar II succeeds his brother Adalbero (died 1086 or 1087... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Events Sancho I of Aragon conqueres Graus. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Events Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks Kyanzittha begins his reign in Myanmar. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Events May 25 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain back from the Moors. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... Events Domesday Book is completed in England Emperor Shirakawa of Japan starts his cloistered rule Imam Ali Mosque is rebuilt by the Seljuk Malik Shah I after being destroyed by fire. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Abbad III al-Mutamid (1027 - 1095), was the third and last ruler (resigned 1069-1091) of Seville in Spain from Abbadid dynasty. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, near the city of Gibraltar, slightly to the north from Tarifa, which is the southernmost town of the country (36° 7′ 39″ N 5° 27′ 14″ W). ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... The battle of az-Zallaqah (October 23, 1086) was a great victory of the Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin over the forces of Castilian King Alfonso VI. Yusuf ibn Tashfin replied to the call of three Andalusian leaders (Abbad III al-Mutamid & others) and crossed to Andalusia with 7,000... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with the countries listed above. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Henry of Burgundy (1035 – ca. ... Robert I Capet (1011–March 21, 1076) was duke of Burgundy between 1032 to his death. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, near the city of Gibraltar, slightly to the north from Tarifa, which is the southernmost town of the country (36° 7′ 39″ N 5° 27′ 14″ W). ... Valencia from space, June 1996 The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... Lucena is a town in southern Spain, in the province of Córdoba, 60 km southeast of Córdoba, on the Madrid-Algeciras railway. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the community of Andalusia, Spain. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... The battle of az-Zallaqah (October 23, 1086) was a great victory of the Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin over the forces of Castilian King Alfonso VI. Yusuf ibn Tashfin replied to the call of three Andalusian leaders (Abbad III al-Mutamid & others) and crossed to Andalusia with 7,000... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator Andalucía por sí, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd  87 268 km²  17,2% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 1st  7 478 432  17,9%  85,70... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Events May 9 - The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Events Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099) Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux. ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... Algeciras is a port city in the south of Spain, near the city of Gibraltar, slightly to the north from Tarifa, which is the southernmost town of the country (36° 7′ 39″ N 5° 27′ 14″ W). ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... Events Granada captured by Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, King of the Almoravides Beginnings of troubadours in Provence Bejaia becomes the capital of the Algeria Births William of Malmsbury Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Saint Famianus Eliezer ben Nathan of Mainz Deaths Saint Malcoldia of Asti Saint Adalbero Categories: 1090 ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Coat of Arms Santarém is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 560. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Fernando Seara PSD Area 316. ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... Events Henry, son of William I attempted a coup against his brothers but failed to seize the English throne. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Córdoba most commonly means Córdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of Córdoba and the Caliph of Córdoba. ... Guadalquivir is the second longest river of Spain. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Coat of Arms Mértola is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 958. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Events May 9 - Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Events Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Henry of Burgundy (1035 – ca. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... This article is about the city in Spain named Toledo. ... Events May - the siege of Valencia ends Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... Countess Teresa of Portugal, aka Princess Teresa of León (1080 – November 11, 1130) was an illegitimate daughter of king Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Badajoz (formerly Badajos), the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, is situated close to the Portuguese frontier, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid-Lisbon railway. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Valencia from space, June 1996 The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Events The county of Portugal is established for the second time. ... There are two Counties of Portugal in different periods of the History of the Iberian Peninsula: First County of Portugal formed by Vímara Peres that lasted from 868 to 1071. ... Henry of Burgundy (1066 - 1112) was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Coat of Arms Santarém is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 560. ... Events Edgar I deposes Donald III to become king of Scotland. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Valencia from space, June 1996 The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... Events Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade: July 8 - 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem as its Muslim defenders mock them. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Valencia from space, June 1996 The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... Events Valencia is captured by the Almoravids. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Valencia from space, June 1996 The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ... Santiago de Compostela (2003 pop. ... Braga is a city in northwestern Portugal, in the province of Minho. ... A see (from the Latin word sedem, meaning seat) is the throne (cathedra) of a bishop. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Events April 27 - Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile after falling out with Henry I of England Amadeus III becomes Count of Savoy Bohemund I of Antioch is released from imprisonment among the Turks The Scandinavian city of Lund becomes a see within the Roman Catholic Church Births Emperor... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Events Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty. ... The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ... Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Tumart (c. ... Islam   listen? (Arabic: al-islām) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second largest religion. ... This dog has been dressed in human accessories for humorous effect. ... Abd al-Mumin (1094-1163) was the first Caliph of the Almohad Empire. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Azores and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa, though they do not share a common culture with the countries listed above. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Events September 28 - Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Cardiff Castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner. ... Yusuf ibn Tashfin يوسف ابن تاشفين or Tashufin (died in 1106), was the Almoravid ruler in Muslim Spain and North Africa. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Events William Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... Events May - Battle of Ucles Consecration of Chichester cathedral Saint Magnus becomes the first earl of Orkney In Pistoia, Italy, Cathedral of San Zeno burned to the ground. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Battle of Naklo Battle of Hundsfeld Fulk of Jerusalem becomes count of Anjou Alfonso I of Aragon marries Urraca of Castile Crusaders capture Tripoli Anselm of Laon becomes chancellor of Laon Births July 25 - Afonso, first king of Portugal Deaths Alfonso VI of Castile Anselm of Canterbury, philosopher and... Alfonso VI (before June 1040 - July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was king of León from 1065 to 1109 and king of Castile since 1072 after his brothers death. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ... Events December 4 - First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Henry of Burgundy (1066 - 1112) was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Henry of Burgundy (1066 - 1112) was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Events The Synod of Rathbreasail marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan one Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II Baldwin VII becomes Count of Flanders Births Deaths March 3 - Bohemund I, prince of Antioch Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... Coat of Arms Santarém is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 560. ... Palencia is a city in the northwest of the Tierra de Campos of central Spain, the capital of the province of Palencia in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Henry of Burgundy (1066 - 1112) was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. ... Countess Teresa of Portugal, a. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Henry of Burgundy (1066 - 1112) was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... Henry of Burgundy (1066 - 1112) was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Coat of Arms Santarém is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 560. ... For the terrain type, see: Heath (habitat). ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... Events The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop Salzwedel, Germany is founded The German state of Baden is founded Afonso I becomes king of Portugal Otto of Ballenstedt is made Duke of Saxony by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor Births Deaths Tancred, Prince of Galilee... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Huesca (Aragonese Uesca, Catalan Osca) is a city in Aragon, Spain. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Henry of Burgundy (1066 - 1112) was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. ... Alfonso I Henriques of Portugal (Guimarães, 1109, traditionally July 25, – 1185), also known as the Conqueror, was the first king of Portugal, declaring his independence from Leon_Castile, a deed often identifying the Condado Portucalense as the first nation_based state of Europe. ... Countess Teresa of Portugal, a. ... Events January 7 - Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, marries Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor Births Deaths Categories: 1114 ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an Islamic independent city-state with its supporting surrounding region, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Al-Andalus after the final collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Beja can refer to: The Beja people, an ethnic group in the Horn of Africa The Beja language Beja, Portugal Béja, Tunisia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Coat of Arms Évora is a municipality in the Alentejo, Portugal with a total area of 1307. ... Events Clairvaux Abbey is founded by St. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Events Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertakes an invasion of Egypt The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China Construction starts on the Chennkesava temple The Aztecs leave Aztlán searching for the site of what will eventually become Tenochtitlán and later Mexico City Births Deaths... Countess Teresa of Portugal, a. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Events May 3 - Merton Priory (Thomas Becket school) consecrated. ... Almoravides (In Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ... Coimbra is a city and the capital of the district of Coimbra in Portugal. ... Events Knights Templar founded Baldwin of Le Bourg succeeds his cousin Baldwin I as king of Jerusalem John II Comnenus succeeds Alexius I as Byzantine emperor Gelasius II succeeds Paschal II as pope Births December 21 - Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese general Deaths January 21 - Pope... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Zaragozas location in Spain Zaragoza (frequently Saragossa in English; Latin Caesaraugusta) is the capital city of the autonomous region and former kingdom of Aragón in Spain, and is located on the river Ebro, and its tributaries the Huerva and Gállego, near the centre of the region, in... The Ebro (Greek: Έβρος, Latin: Iberus, Spanish: Ebro, Catalan: Ebre) is one of the major rivers of Spain. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Valencia from space, June 1996 The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... La Seu Vella, the Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of Lleida Lleida (Catalan: Lleida, Spanish: Lérida) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. ... Barcelona within Barcelonès Population (2003) 1,582,738 Area 1004 Km2 Population density (2001) 15,764/Km2 Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, and Spains second-largest city (after Madrid). ... Events Welcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Alfonso I Henriques of Portugal (Guimarães, 1109, traditionally July 25, – 1185), also known as the Conqueror, was the first king of Portugal, declaring his independence from Leon_Castile, a deed often identifying the Condado Portucalense as the first nation_based state of Europe. ... Braga is a city in northwestern Portugal, in the province of Minho. ... Countess Teresa of Portugal, a. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April... Countess Teresa of Portugal, a. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Events Concordat of Worms condemns Pierre Abélards writings on the Holy Trinity. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Countess Teresa of Portugal, a. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Resolution of Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms Pierre Abélard writes Sic et Non Births Eleanor of Aquitaine at Belin (near Bordeaux) Deaths Ralph dEscures, archbishop of Canterbury Margrave Ottokar II of Styria Categories: 1122 ... Alfonso I Henriques of Portugal (Guimarães, 1109, traditionally July 25, – 1185), also known as the Conqueror, was the first king of Portugal, declaring his independence from Leon_Castile, a deed often identifying the Condado Portucalense as the first nation_based state of Europe. ... A silver statue of an armoured knight, created as a trophy in 1850 For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... A cathedral is a Christian church building, specifically of a denomination with an episcopal hierarchy (such as the Roman Catholic Church or the Lutheran or Anglican churches), which serves as the central church of a bishopric. ... Zamora is a city in Castile-Leon, Spain, the capital of the province of Zamora. ... Events May 23 - Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V. War ends between Toulouse and Provence. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Guadix, a city of southern Spain, in the province of Granada; on the left bank of the river Guadix, a sub-tributary of the Guadiana Menor, and on the Madrid-Valdepeñas-Almería railway. ... Events Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Lucena is a town in southern Spain, in the province of Córdoba, 60 km southeast of Córdoba, on the Madrid-Algeciras railway. ... Urraca of Castile (1082 - March 8, 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death. ... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothar II. First coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Afonso I, the first king of Portugal Partial view of Guimararães city from the castle Castle of Guimarães Guimarães is a city in northwestern Portugal in the province of Minho and the Braga district. ... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... Events Pope Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... Alfonso I Henriques of Portugal (Guimarães, 1109, traditionally July 25, – 1185), also known as the Conqueror, was the first king of Portugal, declaring his independence from Leon_Castile, a deed often identifying the Condado Portucalense as the first nation_based state of Europe. ... Countess Teresa of Portugal, a. ... The Battle of São Mamede (Batalha de São Mamede in Portuguese) took place on June 24, 1128 and is considered a seminal event in the foundation of Portugal. ... Afonso I, the first king of Portugal Partial view of Guimararães city from the castle Castle of Guimarães Guimarães is a city in northwestern Portugal in the province of Minho and the Braga district. ... Events Emperor Toba of Japan begins his cloistered rule sharing power with Sutuku, ex-emperor Shirakawas son. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... This article is about the modern movement - the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco is found at Almoravides. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, crossed by the river Guadalquivir (37°22′38″ N 5°59′13″ W). ... Valencia from space, June 1996 The Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències by Santiago Calatrava, Valencia, Spain. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... Alfonso I Henriques of Portugal (Guimarães, 1109, traditionally July 25, – 1185), also known as the Conqueror, was the first king of Portugal, declaring his independence from Leon_Castile, a deed often identifying the Condado Portucalense as the first nation_based state of Europe. ... Events February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King. ... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... The façade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Ancient Greek refers to the stage in the history of the Greek language corresponding to Classical Antiquity, which normally applies on two ancient periods of Greek history: Archaic and Classic Greece. ... Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by 6 million people mainly in Israel, parts of the Palestinian territories, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ... Alfonso I Henriques of Portugal (Guimarães, 1109, traditionally July 25, – 1185), also known as the Conqueror, was the first king of Portugal, declaring his independence from Leon_Castile, a deed often identifying the Condado Portucalense as the first nation_based state of Europe. ... Motto: Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 7th  29 574 km²  5,8% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 5th  2 737 370  6,5%  92,36/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Galician  â€“ Spanish  â€“ Portuguese  Galician  galego  gallego  galego Statute of Autonomy April...

Decline of Islam in Spain (1130-1492)

• 1130 - Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf (the son of the Murabitun Emir) takes the castle of Aceca south of Toledo. The Murabitun (Governor of Valencia) defeat invading Aragonese and kill Gaston IV of Béarn of the First Crusade.
• 1131 - Birth of Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon (called "Rambam" or Moses Maimonides).
• 1133 - The Christian militia of Toledo reach the gates of Seville and kill the Murabitun governor (Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ali ibn al-Hajj). Further damage is averted by the intervention of Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf.
• 1134
  • Murabitun (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) raid in the Caceres area.
  • Aragonese Alfonso I of Aragon besiege the small town of Fraga. An Murabitun relief army (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya) defeats the overconfident Aragonese, and furthermore the besiegers camp is destroyed by a sally of the garrison. Alfonso I of Aragon is ambushed while raiding Lerida and is severely wounded and dies soon after
• 1135 - King Alfonso VII of Castile and León is proclaimed Emperor of all Spains.
• 1136 - Murabitun (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya; Sad ibn Mardanish) reconquer Mequinenza on the lower Ebro.
• 1137
  • Union of Kingdom of Aragon and Counties of Catalonia.
  • Murabitun (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) defeat the Castilians near Alcazar de San Juan and sack the castle at Escalona north of the Tagus .
  • Peace treaty of Tui, whereby Prince Afonso Henriques of Portugal aknowledges himself as vassal to King Alfonso VII of Castile and León, through the possession of Astorga.
  • Prince Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to conquer Lisbon to the Moors.
• 1139
  • July 26, Independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León and Castile declared after the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravides lead by Ali ibn Yusuf: Prince Afonso Henriques becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal assembles the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego, where he was given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragança, to confirm the independence.
• 1140
  • Poema del Mio Cid written.
  • The Knights Hospitaller receive lands and privileges from King Afonso I of Portugal.
  • Portuguese victory in Arcos de Valdevez against Leónese and Castillian forces.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to conquer Lisbon to the Moors.
• 1143
  • Treaty of Zamora: Alfonso VII of León and Castille recognizes the Kingdom of Portugal in the presence of King Afonso I of Portugal, witnessed by the papal representative, the Cardinal Guido de Vico, at the Cathedral of Zamora. Both kings promise durable peace between their kingdoms.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal declares himself vassal to Pope Innocent II, placing the Kingdom of Portugal and himself under the protection of Saint Peter and the Holy See.
• 1144
  • The Muridun ("Disciples") under Abul-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Qasi rebel in the Algarve. Ibn al-Mundhir takes Silves in his name and the governor of Beja, Sidray ibn Wazir, also supports him. Ibn al-Mundhir and Sidray ibn Wazir kill the garrison of Monchique castle, and 70 men take Mértola by surprise (12 Aug). Soon after the Andalusian governor of Niebla, Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Bitruji declares for the Muridun. The Almoravid Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya drives the Muridun back from Seville, and subsequently Sidray ibn Wazir splits off from the other Muridun.
  • The Taifa of Mértola and of Silves again become independent.
• 1145
  • The Cordovans evict the Murabitun governor at the beginning of the year and raise up Hamdin ibn Huhammad ibn Hamdin as Emir. A Zaragozan adventurer in Castlian employ (Sayf al-Dawla ibn Hud al-Mustansir) briefly seizes power from ibn Hamdin in March but flees to the Levante due to popular hostility. Ibn Hamdin returns to power but is soon dispossessed by the Murabitun (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya). In March the Andalusian Jund in Valencia raise up the qadi Marwan ibn Abd al-Aziz as Emir. When he can't pay them they replace him with their own leader Ibn Iyad.
  • Reconquest of Leiria to the Moors by Portugal.
  • The Taifa of Badajoz again becomes independent and conquers the Taifa of Mértola.
• 1146
  • Al-Mustansir accepts the crowns of Valencia and Murcia from the hands of Ibn Iyad. The Christians defeat the Valencians (Al-Mustansir) near Albacete killing Al-Mustansir in the process. Ibn Iyad reassumes the title of Emir. Ibn Iyad dies in a obscure conflict and Muhammad ibn Sad ibn Mardanish becomes ruler.
  • The Taifa of Mértola gains independence from Badajoz.
• 1147
  • Alfonso VII of Castile takes Calatrava
  • March, King Afonso I of Portugal takes the Taifa of Santarém in a surprise attack.
  • A international Christian coalition attacks Almeria by land and sea. Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez IV of Navarre march overland taking Andujar and Baeza en route. Ramon Berengar IV of Aragon-Catalonia and a Genoese naval contingent join them at Almeria - there is no opposition from the Murabitun fleet. The city falls on 17 Oct and is given to the Genoese.
  • May 19, A fleet of lamost 200 ships of crusaders (Second Crusade) leaves from Dartmouth in England, consisting of Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and some German crusaders. The fleet was commanded by Arnold III of Aerschot (nephew of Godfrey of Louvain) Christian of Ghistelles, Henry Glanville (constable of Suffolk), Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, and Saher of Archelle.
  • June 16, The crusaders fleet arrives at the Portuguese city of Porto, and are convinced by the bishop, Pedro II Pitões, to continue to Lisbon.
  • July 1, The Siege of Lisbon begins, after the armies of King Afonso I of Portugal were joined by the crusaders.
  • October 21, The Moorish rulers of Lisbon agree to surrender to King Afonso I of Portugal, basically due to the hunger that was felt inside the city walls. The terms of surrender indicated that the Muslim garrison of the city would be allowed to flee.
  • October 25, The city of Lisbon opens its doors to the Christian armies. As soon as the Christians enter the city the terms of surrender were broken. The Muslims were killed, and the city was thoroughly plundered before King Afonso I of Portugal finally was able to stop the onslaught.
  • The towns of Almada and Palmela, just south of Lisbon, are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
• 1148 - Almohades take Seville. Aragonese take Tortosa .
• 1149
  • Aragonese take Lerida and Fraga .
  • A new Berber dinasty, the Almohad, lead by Emir Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi conquers North Africa to the Almoravides and soon invade the Iberian Peninsula.

• 1150 - The Taifas of Badajoz and of Beja and Évora are taken by the Almohads.
• 1151
  • The Almohades, another more conservative African Muslim dynasty who have displaced the Almoravides, retake Almaria. Jews and Mozárabes (Christians in Muslim lands) flee to the northern Christian kingdoms of Spain, or to Africa and the East, including Rambam. Christian kings in northern Spain use Jews as phyusicians, scientists, tax collectors, judges, diplomats and public officials. Jews are sent by both Muslim and Christian kings to collect tributes from other kindgoms.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
  • The Taifa of Mértola is taken by the Almohads.
• 1155
  • Almohades take Granada from Murabitun.
  • The Taifa of Silves is taken by the Almohads.
• 1157 - Almohades take Almeria from Genoese.
• 1158 - King Afonso I of Portugal conquers Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
• 1159 - Évora and Beja, in the southern province of Alentejo, are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
• 1161 - Évora, Beja and Alcácer do Sal are retaken by the Moors.
• 1162
  • Union of Aragon and Catalonia - Alfonso II of Aragon, son of Petronila and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona unite the kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Beja from the Moors.
• 1163 - The Almohad Caliph Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi dies and is suceded by Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I.
• 1165
  • Faked conversions become widespread with the accession of the sultan Abu Yakub. His son, Yakub Al-Mansur (1184–1199) imposes several restrictions upon the new converts. They could marry only among themselves and were forbidden to engage in large-scale trading, Doubting the sincerity of their conversion, in 1198, he also ordered them to wear a special, degrading garb: a blue tunic one cubit long with ridiculously long, wide sleeves. The converts were compelled to wear a blue skullcap which fell below their ears in the shape of a donkey's packsaddle, instead of the usual turbans.
  • Maimonides and his family took refuge in Fez, Egypt (1160), which had been spared by the Almohades, but they leave that city in 1165.
  • The Portuguese armies, lead by Geraldo the Fearless, retake Évora from the Moors.
  • Negotiations between Portugal and León result in the marriage of Princess Urraca of Portugal, King Afonso I's daugther, with King Ferdinand II of León.
• 1166 - The Portuguese armies take Serpa and Moura (in Alentejo) from the Moors.
• 1168 - Portuguese frontiersman Geraldo the Fearless goes into the teritory of Badajoz.
• 1169
  • King Afonso I of Portugal grants the Knights Templar one third of all they conquer to the Moors in Alentejo.
  • Portuguese frontiersman Geraldo the Fearless seizes Badajoz from the Almohads.
  • King Afonso I of Portugal is wounded by a fall from his horse in Badajoz, and is captured by the competing forces of King Ferdinand II of León. As ransom King Afonso I was obliged to surrender almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous years as well as Badajoz, that the Leonese gave back to the Almohads as a vassal territory.
• 1170
  • Intermittent war between Leon and Castile.
  • The Almohads transfer their capital to Seville.
• 1171 - Almohades Muslims begin building the Alcázar, their palace.
• 1172 - Almohades capture Murcia. Almohades take over Valencia when ibn Mardanish dies.
• 1174 – The kingdom of Aragon recognizes Portugal as independent.
• 1179
  • Castile and Aragon agree on future partition of Al-Andalus .
  • Pope Alexander III, in the Papal bull Manifestis Probatum, recognizes Afonso I as King and Portugal as an independent country with the right to conquer lands from the Moors. With this papal blessing, Portugal was at last secured as a country and safe from any Castilian or Leonese attempts of annexation.
• 1184
  • The Portuguese defeat the Almohades at Santarém.
  • Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph, dies and is suceded by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur.
• 1185 - Sancho I of Portugal becomes King of Portugal.
• 1185-1212 - Sancho I of Portugal founds several new towns and villages and takes great care in populating remote areas in the northern Christian regions of Portugal, notably with Flemings and Burgundians.
• 1190 - Maimonides writes the Moreh Nebukhim, or Guide to the Perplexed, using rationalism to reconcile Judaism with Aristotle's laws of nature, and Shloshah-Asar Ikkarim, the Thirteen Articles of Faith.
• 1195 - The Almohades defeat the Castilians at Alarcos.
• 1199 - The Almohad Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur dies and is succeeded by Muhammad an-Nasir.
• 1200 - Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mumin, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohades initiated riots and persecutions of Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians were given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
• 1203 - The Almohades conquer Majorca from the Murabitun .
• 1205 - Death of Maimonides in Egypt. Birth of Chaiya bat Avraham Toledano.
• 1212
  • Afonso II of Portugal becomes King of Portugal.
  • Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre, Pedro II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal, defeat Almohades (Caliph Muhammad an-Nasir) at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Christians had 60-100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry, and had troops from Western Europe, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, León and Portugal, Military Orders (Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller, Santiago, Cavatrava), and urban Militias.
• 1213-1276 - Reign of King James I of Aragon, who encouraged Jews from France and North Africa to settle in Aragon with land and property grants and exemptions from taxes.
• 1213 - Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II becomes Almohad Caliph.
• 1215 - Fourth Lateran Council institutes the "Badge of Shame", a mark that all Jews are required to wear to distinguish themselves from Christians, and decrees that Jews shall not be seen in public on Good Friday. Fernando III, with the archbishop of Toledo, appeal to the Pope on behalf of the Iberian Jews. The pope, Honorius II, suspends the decision.
• 1217 - The town of Alcácer do Sal is conquered to the Moors by the Portuguese.
• 1217-1252 - Fernando III, king of Castile and Leon, conquers Cordova, Murcia, Jaen and Seville. Granada remains as the sole independent Muslim kingdom.
• 1218 - University of Salamanca is founded by Alfonso IX
• 1228 - King Jaime I of Aragon, fixes 20 percent maximum interest on loans; decrees that a Jewish oath can not serve as evidence in a court of law. Alfonso X fixes 33.3% interest, and establishes the Rab de la Corte or chief justice of appeals (rabbi) in Las siete partidas.
• 1229 - Jaime I of Aragon, the Conqueror, reconquers Majorca.
• 1230
  • Final union of Leon and Castile.
  • Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the River Guadiana, takes Merida and Badajoz, and opens up the way for the conquest of Seville.
• 1233
  • Castile defeats Granada at Jerez .
  • Sancho II of Portugal becomes King of Portugal.
• 1236
  • Portugal captures most of the Algarve.
  • Castile forces under Ferdinand III of Castile capture Cordoba. Castilian forces include urban militia.
• 1238
  • Aragon captures Valencia. Aragonese forces include urban militia.
  • Birth of Moses de Leon, who published Sepher ha Zohar or "Book of Splendor", one of the most influential Kabbalistic document, which some Jewish communities value as an important source of interpretation on the Torah."
  • Jaime I takes Valencia from the Muslims. He also gains control of the prized paper mills at Xativa.
• 1245 - Muslim troubles start in Valencia .
• 1247 - Muslim revolt in Valencia.
• 1246 – Pope Innocent IV declares King Sancho II of Portugal an heretic and orders his removal of the throne.
• 1247
  • The Muslim rebels in Valencia retreat into the the territory controlled by the Mudéjar (tamed) lord Azraq who holds 8 castles in the Alcala valley . They seize more castles, continue a successful guerilla war.
  • Afonso III of Portugal becomes King of Portugal; Sancho II of Portugal is exiled to Toledo.
• 1248
  • Christian armies under Ferdinand III of Castile take Seville after 16 months of seige, despite Muslim catapults, Greek fire, and bowmen who pierce armor.
  • Castile captures Seville . Castilian forces include urban militia. Nasrid dynasty founded in Granada .
• 1249 - The Muslim rebels crush a major Christian offensive under King Jaime I of Aragon, around 1249, and almost capture the King .
• 1252-1284 - Alfonso X the Wise continues the Christian reconquest of the peninsula and is obliged to face the Mudejar revolts of Andalusia and Murcia. He seeks election as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257. He drafts the Fuero de las Leyes the forerunner of the Siete Partidas.
• 1252 - Periodic civil wars in Castile.
• 1255 - The city of Lisbon becames the capital-city of Portugal.
• 1256 - Fighting flares up between the Valencia rebels and the Aragonese .
• 1257 - Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Niebla. Alfonso X seeks election as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257
• 1258 - King Jaime I of Aragon takes al-Azraq's main citidel and suppresses the Valencian rebellion .
• 1263 - July 20-23, the Barcelona Disputation, "religious disputation between Pablo Christiania and Nahmanides of Gerona in the presence of King Jaime I of Aragon.
• 1264 - Muslim revolt in Andalusia .
• 1267 - Nahmanides flees to Eretz Israel for safety.
• 1272 – King Afonso III of Portugal conquers Faro (in the Algarve) to the Moors, thus removing the last Muslim state of Portuguese soil and endind the Portuguese Reconquista.
• 1275
  • Four Marinid expeditions to Iberia.
  • Muslim defeat Christrians at Ecija.
• 1276 - Muslim revolt in Valencia.
• 1279 – Dinis of Portugal becomes King of Portugal.
• 1280 - Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Cordoba.
• 1284 - An assembly of nobles, prelates and citizens depose Alfonso X and hand over power to his son Sancho IV.
• 1285 - War between France and Aragon-Catalonia .
• 1292 - Castile captures Tarifa from Marinids .
• 1295 - Civil wars in Castile.
• 1297 – King Dinis of Portugal signs a treaty with King Ferdinand IV of Castile to define the borders between Portugal and Castille-León; this treaty is valid to the present day.

• 1306 - Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Gibraltar .
• 1309 - Fernando IV takes Gibraltar.
• 1310 - Castile captures Gibraltar.
• 1312-1350 - Alfonso XI fights the Muslims holding in Granada for 25 years and in 1340 wins the battle of Rio Salado.
• 1319 - Granada defeats Castilian invasion.
• 1324 - Catalonia occupies Sardinia.
• 1325 - Alfonso XI decides to avenge the defeat against his army in 1319. His armies attack Granada once again. This time, they are victorious and manage to defeat Muhammad IV.
• 1331 - Granada uses iron balls propelled by fire or containing fire against Alicante and Orihuela.
• 1333 - Granada retakes Gibraltar from the Muslims.
• 1341 - Portugal raids the Canary Islands.
• 1343 - Granadines use cannon in the defence of Algeciras .
• 1345 - Kingdoms of Catalonia-Aragon and Rousillon-Majorca reunited.
• 1348 - The Black Death strikes Europe.
• 1350 - Peter the Cruel takes the throne of Castille.
• 1383-1385 – Portuguese Civil war and political anarchy: the 1383-1385 Crisis.
• 1385 – A new dinasty is established in Portugal, replacing the House of Burgundy: the House of Aviz.
• 1391 - Jews of Palma Majorca and Girona are massacred.
• 1394 - Battle of Egea. Granadine troops become the first troops in Iberia to use handguns.
• 1402 - French adventurers occupy Canaries in name of Castile .
• 1410
  • An attack against Granada is led by Ferdinand of Aragon. He doesn't capture Granada, but he takes the city of Antequera. This is considered the most important victory since the reign of Alfonso XI.
  • Castile captures Antequera from Granada .
• 1415 - Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta, in North Africa.
• 1419 - Portugal discovers the Madeira Islands.
• 1431 - Portugal discovers the Azores Islands.
• 1434 - Portugal begins systematic exploration of the African coast.
• 1435 - Genoese defeat Aragonese .
• 1440 - Gypsies enter the Iberian peninsula and end up preserving the Andalusian Cante Jondo (traditional songs) and Baile Flamenco (traditional dances).
• 1445 - Supporters of John II of Castile (under Baron Alvaro de Luna) defeat Rebel Nobility at Olmedo .
• 1462 - Castile takes Gibraltar again .
• 1464 - Enrique IV of Castile names as heir to the throne his sister, the future Isabel I, the Catholic, and disinherits his daughter Juana, nicknamed 'La Beltraneja'.
• 1469 - Isabel I of Castile and Fernando II of Aragon are married, thus consummating the unity of Castille and Aragón.
• 1470 - Castilians conquer the Canary Islands.
• 1481 - The Granadines (Emir Abu Hasan) surprise the Castilian garrison of Zahara on a stormy night (26 Dec). The population is enslaved.
• 1482
  • Castille-Aragón conquers the kingdom of Granada.
  • Forces of Castille-Aragón (2,500 cavalry and 3,000 infantry under Rodrigo Ponce de Leon, the Marquis of Cadiz) gather at Marchena (25 Feb), march to Antequera, cross the Sierra Alzerifa, and then seize Granadine Alhama on a stormy night before dawn (28 Feb). Abu Hasan attempts to retake Alhama by siege (5-19 Mar) but withdraws unsuccessfully back to Grananda. Muslim troops from Ronda raid the Arcos area in an attempt to tempt the Marquiz out of Alhama. In support of his men at Alhama, King Ferdinand marches to Lucena, sends reinforcements in Alhama (30 Apr), withdraws back to Cordoba to organise a major force, and then formally takes over Alhama (14 May).
  • Siege of Loja. King Ferdinand II of Aragon attacks the Granadine city of Loja (1 Jul). The city is defended by the octogenarian father-in-law of Muhammad XII, one Ibrahim Ali al-Attar. Ferdinand II of Aragon returns to Cordoba. Abu Hasan marches on Loja and sweeps the Rio Frio (mid Jul).
• 1483 - Battle of Axarquia. A fast moving Castilian force raids into the mountainous sierra of Axarquia. Emir Muhammad XII of Granada becomes the first King of Granada to be captured by the Christians.
• 1484 - The Castillian-Aragónese army led by King Ferdinand II of Aragon assembles at Antequera (Spring), marches to Alora, raids Coin, Cazabonela, Almjia, Cartama, Pupiana, Alhendrin and the Vega of Malaga before returning to Antequera . They capture Alora and Senetil and raid into Vega of Granada.
• 1485 - Al-Zagal drives Muhammad XII from Almeria. Muhammad XII flees to Ferdinand II of Aragon, at Cordoba. Ferdinand besieges Coin and Cartama. Al-Zagal then attempts to relieve the sieges, but first Coin falls (27 Apr) then Cartama (28 Apr). The garrison of Ronda raids Medina Sidonia but returns to find its city besieged by King Ferdinand, (early-May). Abu Hasan of Granada dies and Al-Zagal assumes title of Emir (late-May); Al-Zagal defeats a Christian foraging party from Alhama on his way to Granada. Three groups of Castillian-Aragonese march toward Moclin (late Aug). Al-Zagal ambushes and defeats the first group, although it is rescued by the second group of Christians (early Sep). Al-zagal enters Moclin. The third Castillian-Aragonese group (Ferdinand) joins the other two and they take the castles of Cmbil and Albahar (23 Sep). The Castillian-Aragonese of Alhama also take the castle of Zalea (Sep).
• 1492
  • The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, liberate Granada (January 2nd), taking advantage of the rivalry of the last Muslim governors of Iberia. They issue the Edict of Expulsion, forcing all Muslims in Spain to either convert or emigrate.
  • The union of Castille and Aragon, coupled with the conquest of Granada, gives rise to the country of Spain.
• 1502 - All Muslims and Jews are forcibly expelled from Spain.
• 1512 - The Kingdom of Navarre (south of the Pyrenees) is anexed by King Ferdinand II of Aragon, thus giving final form to the modern country of Spain. From this moment on the Iberian peninsula is made up of two Christian states, Spain and Portugal.