Timeline of underwater technology Alternative meanings: Timeline is a 1999 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton Timeline is a 2003 film based on the novel. ... An underwater scene just beneath the surface. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Pre-industrial

• Several centuries BC: (Relief carvings made at this time show Assyrian soldiers crossing rivers using inflated goatskin floats. Several modern authors have wrongly said that the floats were crude breathing sets and that they show frogmen in action.)
• About 500 BC: (Information originally from Herodotus): During a naval campaign the Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a Greek flotilla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cutting each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium.
• 1300 or earlier: Persian divers were using diving goggles with windows made of the polished outer layer of tortoiseshell.
• 15th century: Leonardo da Vinci made the first known mention of air tanks in Italy: he wrote in his Atlantic Codex (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used at that time to artificially breathe under water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as "bad human nature", that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connections. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of mask with a box for air. The project was so detailed that it included a urine collector, too.
• 1531: Guglielmo de Lorena dives on two of Caligula's sunken galleys using a diving bell from a design by Leonardo da Vinci.
• Around 1620: Cornelius Drebbel may have made a crude rebreather: see Rebreather#History of rebreathers.
• 1772: Sieur Freminet tried to build a scuba device out of a barrel, but died from lack of oxygen after 20 minutes, as he merely recycled the exhaled air untreated.
• 1776: David Brushnell invented the Turtle, first submarine to attack another ship. It was used in the American Revolution.

An Assyrian winged bull. ... For the Wizard of Oz series character, see Frogman (Oz character). ... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC - 520s BC - 510s BC - 500s BC - 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC - 460s BC - 450s BC Events and Trends 509 BC - Foundation of the Roman Republic 508 BC - Office of pontifex maximus created... Bust of Herodotus at Naples Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: Ήροδοτος, Herodotos) was a historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC-ca. ... Dipoenus and Scyllis, early Greek sculptors, who worked together, and are said to have been pupils of Daedalus. ... Xerxes (the Greek form of the Persian Khshayārsha) is the name of two Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty: Xerxes I, reigned 485–465 BC. Xerxes II, reigned 424 BC. Xerxes may also refer to: Xerxes, an Armenian king, killed about 212 BC by Antiochus III the Great. ... Watersport goggles Ski goggles Blowtorching goggles and safety helmet Goggles and safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the eye area in order to prevent particulates or chemicals from striking the eyes. ... Tortoiseshell can refer to: a Tortoiseshell cat a pattern used in clothing and jewellery the Small Tortoiseshell, a butterfly the Hawksbill turtle This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Leonardo da Vinci (born April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy, and died on May 2, 1519 in Cloux, France) was an Italian Renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. ... Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. ... Urine is liquid waste excreted by the kidneys and is produced by the process of filtration. ... Caligula Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus (August 31, 12 – January 24, 41), most commonly known as Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41. ... Diving bell A diving bell is a cable suspended watertight chamber, open at the bottom, that is lowered underwater to operate as a base or a means of transport for a small number of divers. ... Leonardo da Vinci (born April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy, and died on May 2, 1519 in Cloux, France) was an Italian Renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. ... There are no true drawings existent of Drebbels submarine. ... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... SCUBA is an acronym for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. ... A cross-section sketch of Bushnells Turtle. ... The American Revolution ended two centuries of British rule for most of the North American colonies and created the modern United States of America. ...

19th century

• 1800: Robert Fulton builds a submarine, the "Nautilus"
• 1825: William H. James designs a self contained diving suit that had compressed air in an iron container worn around the waist.

Robert Fulton Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 – February 24, 1815) was a US engineer and inventor, who was widely credited with developing the first steam-powered ship. ... HMS Vanguard, a Vanguard-class nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) submarine HMCS Windsor, a Victoria-class diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine HMAS Rankin, a Collins-class diesel-electric guided missile (SSG) submarine USS Virginia, a Virginia-class nuclear attack (SSN) submarine A submarine is a specialized watercraft that can operate... Nautilus was the first practical submarine, commissioned by Napoleon and designed by the American inventor Robert Fulton, then living in France. ...

Diving helmets appear

• 1829: Charles and John Deane of Whitstable in Kent in England designed the first air-pumped diving helmet. It is said that the idea started from a crude emergency rig-up of a fireman's water-pump (used as an air pump) and a knight-in-armour helmet used to try to rescue horses from a burning stable.
• 1829: E.K.Gauzen, a Russian naval technician of Kronshtadt naval base (a district of Saint Petersburg), offered a "diving machine". His invention was an air-pumped metallic helmet strapped to a leather suit (an overall). The bottom of helmet was open. The helmet was strapped to the leather suit by metallic tape. Gauzen's diving suit and its further modifications were used by the Russian Navy until 1880. The modified diving suit of the Russian Navy, based on Gauzen's invention, was known as "three-bolts equipment".
• 1837: Following up Leonardo's studies, and those of Halley the astronomer, Augustus Siebe developed standard diving dress, a sort of surface supplied diving apparatus.
• Around 1842: The Frenchman Joseph Cabirol started making standard diving dress.
• 1856: Wilhelm Bauer started the first of 133 successful dives with his second submarine Seeteufel. The crew of 12 was trained to leave the submerged ship through a diving chamber.
• 1860: Ivan Lupis-Vukic, a retired engineer of the Austro-Hungarian navy, demonstrated a design for a self-propelled torpedo to emperor Franz Joseph.
• 1863: CSS Hunley was the first submarine to sink a ship, the USS Housatonic, during Civil War).

Whitstable is a town in Kent, England with a population of 30,000. ... Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... Diving helmets are worn by divers who need to speak and hear underwater. ... The term Fireman can refer to: A firefighter. ... E. K. Gauzen was a Russian Naval technician. ... A technician is generally someone in a technological field who has a relatively shallow understanding of the general technical principles of that technique compared to experts, but usually more than the average layperson. ... 1888 map of Kronstadt bay Kronstadt (Russian: Кронштадт; also Kronshtadt, Cronstadt) is a strongly fortified Russian seaport town, located on Kotlin Island, near the head of the Gulf of Finland, at 59°5930 N and 29°4630 E. It lies 20 miles west of Saint Petersburg, of which... Modern Naval Tactics It is tempting to regard modern naval combat as the purest expression of tactics. ... Local government areas called districts are used, or have been used, in several countries. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Wind turbines A machine is any mechanical or organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. ... Pickelhaube of a Swedish Royal Guard soldier For other uses, see Helmet (band) A helmet (a 15th century loan from Middle French, a diminutive of Frankish helm, from Proto-Germanic *khelmaz, PIE *kelmo- a cover) is a form of protective clothing worn on the head and usually made of metal... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides, pelts and skins of animals, primarily cows. ... Tape could refer to any of these : Adhesive tape Sticky tape Gaffer tape Duct tape Masking tape Magnetic tape Cassette tape Punched tape Tape drive Tape measure Tape (movie) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Modification is the act of applying change to an original. ... The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... Two divers, one wearing a 1 atmosphere diving suit and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the RMS Lusitania, 1935. ... In general terms, an invention is an object, process or technique which displays an element of novelty. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Edmond Halley (sometimes Edmund, October 29, 1656 – January 14, 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist. ... Augustus Siebe (1788-1872) was a German chiefly known for his contributions to diving equipment. ... Hardhat diver entering water at Stoney Cove, England A standard diving dress consists of a metallic (copper, brass or bronze) diving helmet, an airline or hose from a surface supplied diving air pump, a canvas diving suit and boots. ... Surface supplied diver at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California Surface supplied diving refers to divers using equipment supplied with breathing gas using an umbilical cord from the surface, often from a diving support vessel but possibly, indirectly via a diving bell. ... Hardhat diver entering water at Stoney Cove, England A standard diving dress consists of a metallic (copper, brass or bronze) diving helmet, an airline or hose from a surface supplied diving air pump, a canvas diving suit and boots. ... Wilhelm Bauer Wilhelm Bauer (December 23, 1822 - June 20, 1875) built several hand-powered submarines. ... Ivan Blaž Lupis Vukić (Giovanni Biagio Luppis) (1813/1814?-1875) was a Croatian naval engineer who had invented the first self-propelled torpedo. ... A torpedo in Rail terminology refers to a small explosive device strapped to the top of the rail to alert an approaching train of immediate danger ahead. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... The CSS Hunley on the pier CSS H.L. Hunley was a submarine of the Confederate States Navy that demonstrated both the advantages and the dangers of undersea warfare. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 1,556,678 1,064,200 Casualties KIA: 110,100 Total dead: 359,500 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 74,500 Total dead: 198,500 Wounded: 137,000+  {{{notes}}} The...

The first diving regulator

• 1865: Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze designed a diving set with a backpack spherical air tank that supplied air through the first known demand regulator. The diver still walked on the seabed and did not swim. This set was called an aérophore (Greek for "air-carrier"). But air pressure tanks made with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres, and the diver had to be surface supplied; the tank was for bailout. The durations of 6 to 8 hours on a tankful without external supply recorded for the Rouquayrol set in the book 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, are wildly exaggerated fiction. Judging by Jules Verne's inaccurate attempts in the book at describing how the Rouquayrol set worked, how the demand regulator works was not generally known or had already been forgotten when he wrote the book, which was published in 1870. But Jules Verne knew about the tendency of some divers surfacing into rain to want to stay underwater to keep out of the rain.
• 1866: Minenschiff, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo, developed by Robert Whitehead (to a design by Captain Lupius, Austrian Navy), demonstrated for the imperial naval commission on 21 December.

In rebreather underwater breathing sets, a bailout is a second (usually open-circuit) supply of air or other breathing gas to help the diver to reach safety if his main breathing set fails. ... Front page of Vingt Mille Lieues Sous les Mers 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (or Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea) is a classic science fiction novel by Jules Verne, published in 1870 under the title Vingt mille lieues sous les mers. ... Jules Verne. ... A torpedo in Rail terminology refers to a small explosive device strapped to the top of the rail to alert an approaching train of immediate danger ahead. ... Robert Whitehead (January 3, 1823 - November 14, 1905), British engineer. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Gas and air cylinders appear

• Late 19th century: Industry began to be able to make high-pressure air and gas cylinders. That prompted a few inventors down the years to design open-circuit compressed air breathing sets, but they were all constant-flow, and the demand regulator did not come back until 1939.
• 1879: The first certainly known rebreather (its absorbent was caustic soda), was invented by Henry Fluess in 1879 to rescue mineworkers who were trapped by water.
• 1893: Louis Boutan invented the first underwater camera.
• 1900: John P. Holland builds the first successful submarine, Holland (also called A-1).
• 1908: John Haldane, Arthur Boycott, and Guybon Damant published "The Prevention of Compressed-Air Illness", detailed studies on the cause and symptoms of decompression sickness.
• 1912: Haldane, Boycott and Damant published the U.S. Navy tested decompression tables.

Industrial compressed gas cylinders used for oxy-fuel welding and cutting of steel. ... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... Absorption has a number of meanings: In physics, absorption is a process in which particles of some sort encounter another material and are taken up by or even disappear in it. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye in North America, is a caustic metallic base used in industry (mostly as a strong chemical base) in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents. ... Henry Fluess, a british inventor. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine This article is about mineral extraction. ... John Philip Holland (February 24, 1841 - August 12, 1914) was the engineer who developed the first true submarine accepted by the U.S. Navy. ... HMS Vanguard, a Vanguard-class nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) submarine HMCS Windsor, a Victoria-class diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine HMAS Rankin, a Collins-class diesel-electric guided missile (SSG) submarine USS Virginia, a Virginia-class nuclear attack (SSN) submarine A submarine is a specialized watercraft that can operate... Holland is a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... John Scott Haldane John Scott Haldane (May 3, 1860 – March 15/March 14, 1936) was a Scottish medical doctor. ... Decompression sickness (DCS), divers disease, the bends, or caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body. ... Decompresion has several meanings: in physics, decompression is the release of pressure and is the opposition of compression in medicine, scuba diving and aviation, decompression can refer to a sickness in scuba diving, decompression can refer to a stop, a chamber, a buoy, a trapeze, tables or a computer in...

Swim-diving starts

• The 1930's: In France, Guy Gilpatrick started swim-diving with waterproof goggles, derived from swimming goggles (which were originally intended to keep salt water out of the eyes at the surface). Sport spearfishing became common in the Mediterranean, and spearfishers gradually developed the common sport diving mask and fins and snorkel, and Italian sport spearfishers started using oxygen rebreathers. This practice came to the attention of the Italian Navy, which developed its frogman unit which had a big effect in World War II.
• 1933: In France, Louis de Corlieu patented the first swimming fins.
• In San Diego (USA) the first sport diving club started, called the Bottom Scratchers. It did not use breathing sets as far as is known. Its main aim was spearfishing.
• Yves Le Prieur invented a constant-flow open-circuit breathing set. It is said that it could allow a 20 minute stay at 7 meters and 15 minutes at 15 meters. In 1935 the French Navy adopted it.
• 1934 In France a sport diving club started, called the Club des Sous-l'Eau. It did not use breathing sets as far as is known. Its main aim was spearfishing.
• 1934: Otis Barton and William Beebe dived to 3028 feet using a bathysphere.
• 1936: On the French Riviera the first known sport scuba diving club started. It used Le Prieur's breathing sets. Its air cylinder was often worn at an angle to get its on/off valve in reach of the diver's hand; this would have caused an awkward skew drag in swimming.
• 1937: The American Diving Equipment and Salvage Company (now known as DESCO) developed a heavy bottom-walking-type diving suit with a self-contained mixed-gas helium and oxygen rebreather.

Dutch fishermen using tridents in the 17th century Spearfishing is a form of fishing that has been popular the whole world over for centuries. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... CGI image of two frogmen with Siebe Gorman CDBA rebreathers riding a human torpedo. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... A pair of Viper® swimfins. ... San Diego County in the Southwest corner of California. ... Dutch fishermen using tridents in the 17th century Spearfishing is a form of fishing that has been popular the whole world over for centuries. ... Dutch fishermen using tridents in the 17th century Spearfishing is a form of fishing that has been popular the whole world over for centuries. ... William Beebe (July 29, 1877 – June 4, 1962), American naturalist, explorer, and author. ... A bathysphere is a spherical deep-sea diving submersible which is lowered into bodies of water with a cable. ... The Promenade des Anglais in Nice on the French Riviera at night. ... Hydrodynamics is fluid dynamics applied to liquids, such as water, alcohol, oil, and blood. ...

The diving regulator reappears

• 1937 Georges Commeinhes developed a two-cylinder open-circuit apparatus with demand regulator. The regulator was a big rectangular box between the cylinders. Some were made, but WWII interrupted development.
• 1939: Georges Commeinhes offered his breathing set to the French Navy, which could not continue developing uses for it because of WWII. In July 1943 he reached 53 meters (about 174 feet) using it off the coast of Marseille. But he died in 1944 in the liberation of Strasbourg in Alsace. His invention was submerged by Cousteau's invention.
• Dr. Christian Lambertsen in the USA designed a 'Self-Contained Underwater Oxygen Breathing Apparatus' for the U.S. military. It was a rebreather. It was the first device to be called SCUBA.
• World War II began.
• 1941 to 1945: During WWII, various nations used frogmen equipped with rebreathers for some of the best known and most spectacular war actions: see Human torpedo.
• Hans Hass later said that during WWII the German diving gear firm Dräger offered him an open-circuit scuba set with a demand regulator. It may have been a separate invention, or it may have been copied from a captured Commeinhes-type set.
• 1943: Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented and made an open-circuit diving breathing set, using a demand regulator which Gagnan modified from a demand regulator used to let a petrol-driven car run on a big bag of coal-gas carried on its roof during wartime shortages of petrol. Cousteau had his first dives with it. He made two more aqualungs: there were now 3, one each for Cousteau and his first two diving companions Frédéric Dumas and Taillez. His aqualung remained a secret until the south of France was liberated. This type of breathing set was later named the "Aqua-Lung". This word is correctly a tradename that goes with the Cousteau-Gagnan patent, but in Britain it has been commonly used as a generic and spelt "aqualung" since at least the 1950's, including in the BSAC's publications and training manuals, and describing scuba diving as "aqualunging".
• 1944 October: Frédéric Dumas reached 62 meters (about 200 feet) with a Cousteau aqualung.
• 1945: World War II ended. Cousteau's first aqualung was destroyed by a mis-aimed artillery shell in an Allied landing on the French Riviera: that left two. Afterwards, he had more aqualungs made and gathered more men and taught them to aqualung dive. In Toulon he started an unofficial mine-clearing and wreck-clearing unit. Later this unit was made official. One of the men who he trained was Broussard, who founded the first post-WWII scuba diving club, the Club Alpin Sous-Marin.
• Among the war news, the world's public heard about frogmen.
• 1946: Cousteau-type aqualungs went on sale in France.
• 1948: Auguste Piccard sends the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, on unmanned dives.
• Siebe Gorman and/or Heinke started making Cousteau-type aqualungs in England. Captain Trevor Hampton had a dive with one.
• 1948 or 1949: Rene's Sporting Goods shop in California imports aqualungs from France. Hollywood sees them and gets interested.
• 1950: Cousteau-type aqualungs went on sale (but very expensive) to industry and civilians in Britain. Siebe Gorman made it at Chessington.
• A British naval diving manual printed soon after this said that the aqualung is to be used for walking on the bottom with a heavy diving suit and weighted boots, and did not mention Cousteau.
• A report to Cousteau said that only 10 aqualung sets had been sent to the USA because the market there was saturated.
• 1951: The movie "The Frogmen" was released. It is set in the Pacific Ocean in WWII. In its last 20 minutes it shows USA frogmen, using bulky 3-cylindered aqualungs on a combat mission. This equipment use is anachronistic (in reality they would have used rebreathers), but it shows that aqualungs were available (even if not widely known of) in the USA in 1951.
• 1951 December: The first issue of Skin Diver Magazine (USA) appeared. The magazine ran until November 2002.
• Cousteau-type aqualungs went on sale in Canada.
• 1952: Cousteau-type aqualungs went on sale in the USA.

Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday. ... City motto: Actibus immensis urbs fulget Massiliensis. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... City motto: – City proper (commune) Région Alsace Département Bas-Rhin (67) Mayor Fabienne Keller (UMP) (since 2001) Area 78. ... Capital Strasbourg Land area¹ 8,280 km² Regional President Adrien Zeller (UMP) (since 1996) Population  - Jan. ... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... For the Wizard of Oz series character, see Frogman (Oz character). ... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... CGI image of two frogmen with Siebe Gorman CDBA rebreathers riding a human torpedo. ... Hans Hass Hans Hass (born January 23, 1919 in Vienna, Austria) is a biologist and mainly known for his documentaries about sharks, the energon theory, and his commitment to the protection of the environment. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... The Drägerwerk AG is a German company based in Lübeck with a focus on breathing and protection equipment as well as gas detection and analysis systems. ... SCUBA is an acronym for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. ... Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1976. ... Emile Gagnan (born November 1900) was a French engineer and co-inventor (together with Jacques-Yves Cousteau) of the demand-valve used for the first Scuba equipment (Aqua-Lung) in 1943. ... Frédéric Dumas was one of the first two diving companions of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. ... Taillez was one of the first two diving companions of Cousteau. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... For breathing apparatus used underwater, see scuba sets and rebreather and surface supplied diving. ... ... A trade name, also known as a trading name or a business name, is the legal name of a business, or the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes. ... Generic can be used in the following contexts: In computer science, generics (or genericity) are concepts used in programming. ... The British Sub-Aqua Club or BSAC is the governing body of Britain. ... Frédéric Dumas was one of the first two diving companions of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... For the thrash metal band, see Artillery (band) Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... The Promenade des Anglais in Nice on the French Riviera at night. ... Location within France Coat of Arms of Toulon Toulon (Tolon in Provençal) is a city in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... For the Wizard of Oz series character, see Frogman (Oz character). ... Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1976. ... An aqua-lung (often spelt aqualung in the United Kingdom) is a type of SCUBA diving equipment consisting of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure. ... Auguste Antoine Piccard (January 28, 1884 – March 24, 1962) was a Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer. ... Trieste A bathyscape or bathyscaphe is a self-propelled deep-sea diving submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar to a bathysphere suspended below a float filled with a buoyant liquid such as petrol. ... Siebe Gorman Ltd was a British company which developed diving equipment and breathing equipment and worked on commercial diving and underwater salvage projects. ... Heinke (in full C.E. Heinke, submarine engineer and similar) was a diving gear making firm in London. ... Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1976. ... An aqua-lung (often spelt aqualung in the United Kingdom) is a type of SCUBA diving equipment consisting of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure. ... Captain Trevor Hampton was born in Birmingham in 1912 or 1913. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 3rd 410,000 km² 402. ... An aqua-lung (often spelt aqualung in the United Kingdom) is a type of SCUBA diving equipment consisting of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure. ... ... Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1976. ... An aqua-lung (often spelt aqualung in the United Kingdom) is a type of SCUBA diving equipment consisting of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure. ... Siebe Gorman Ltd was a British company which developed diving equipment and breathing equipment and worked on commercial diving and underwater salvage projects. ... Chessington is a place in Greater London in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. ... The movie The Frogmen (made by Twentieth Century Fox, 1951), tries to show some USA frogman operations against the Japanese in WWII. In it, in most of the operations (beach reconaissance, blowing up beach obstacles), the men swam with swimming trunks and mask and fins only, and no breathing sets. ... Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Commanders Strength Casualties Full list Full list World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a large scale military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. ... Frogman is a popular term for a scuba diver. ... An anachronism (from Greek ana, back, and chronos, time) is an artifact that belongs to another time, a person who seems to be displaced in time (i. ... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1976. ... An aqua-lung (often spelt aqualung in the United Kingdom) is a type of SCUBA diving equipment consisting of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure. ... Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1976. ... An aqua-lung (often spelt aqualung in the United Kingdom) is a type of SCUBA diving equipment consisting of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure. ...

Public interest in scuba diving takes off

• 1953: The National Geographical Society Magazine published an article about Cousteau's underwater archaeology at Grand Congloué island near Marseille, and in French-speaking countries a diving film called Épaves (Shipwrecks) came out. That started a massive public demand for aqualungs and diving gear, and in France and America the diving gear makers started making them as fast as they could. But in Britain Siebe Gorman and Heinke kept aqualungs expensive, and restrictions on exporting currency stopped people from importing them. Many British sport divers used home-made constant-flow breathing sets and ex-armed forces or ex-industrial rebreathers.

In those times, free-swimming diving suits were not readily available to the general public, after the first rush of war-surplus frogman's drysuits ran out, and as a result many scuba divers dived in swimming trunks. That is why scuba diving used often to be called skindiving. Others dived in home-made drysuits, or in thick layers of ordinary clothes.

After the supply of war-surplus frogman's fins dried up, for a long time fins were not available to the public, and some had to resort to such things as gluing marine ply to plimsoles.

• Captain Trevor Hampton founded the British Underwater Centre at Dartmouth in Devon in England.
• Rene's Sporting Goods shop (now owned by Spirotechnique) became U.S.Divers, which is now a leading maker of diving equipment.
• 1953 October 15: The BSAC was founded.
• 1954: USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, is launched.
• The first manned dives in the bathyscaphe FNRS-2.
• First scuba certification course in the USA offered by the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation.
• 1956: The first wetsuit was introduced.
• Around this time some British scuba divers started making home-made diving demand regulators from industrial parts including Calor Gas regulators. (Since then, Calor Gas regulators have been redesigned, and this conversion is now impossible.) See Diving_regulator#Twin-hose, home-made.
• Later, Submarine Products Ltd in Hexham in Northumberland, England designed round the Cousteau-Gagnan patent and made sport diving breathing sets accessibly cheap. This forced Siebe Gorman's and Heinke's prices down and started them selling to the sport diving trade. (Siebe Gorman gave its drysuit the tradename "Frogman".) Because of this better availability of aqualungs, BSAC's policy towards rebreathers became merely "Here be dragons: keep out!" and remained so for a long time. In the USA some oxygen diving clubs developed down the years. Eventually the Cousteau-Gagnan patent time-expired and any firm could legally copy it.
• 1957: The television series Sea Hunt began. It introduced SCUBA diving to the television audience. It ran until 1961.
• 1958: USS Nautilus completed the first ever voyage under the polar ice to the North Pole and back.
• 1959: NAUI is founded.
• 1960: Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh, USN, descended to the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest known point in the ocean (about 10900m or 35802 feet = 6.78 miles) in the bathyscaphe Trieste: see at this link andthis link
• USS Triton completed the first ever underwater circumnavigation of the world.
• In Italy, sport diving oxygen rebreathers continued to be made well into the 1960's.
• 1965: The film version of James Bond in Thunderball (using both sorts of open-circuit scuba) came out and helped to make scuba diving popular.
• 1966: PADI starts.
• 1968: First known rebreather with electronic parts: the Electrolung.
• 1971: Scubapro introduces the Stabilization Jacket, now in England commonly called stab jacket.
• 1972: Scubapro introduces the decompression meter (the first analogic dive computer).
• 1983: The Orca Edge (the first electronic dive computer) was introduced.
• 1985: The wreck of RMS Titanic was found.
• 1989: The film The Abyss (including an as-yet-fictional deep-sea liquid-breathing set) helped to make scuba diving popular.
• The Communist Bloc fell and the Cold War ended. After that, the world's armed forces had less reason to requisition rebreather patents submitted by civilians, and sport diving automatic and semi-automatic mixture rebreathers started to appear. See "rebreather history" link below.
• 1997: The film Titanic helped to make underwater trips onboard MIR submersible vehicles popular.

Siebe Gorman Ltd was a British company which developed diving equipment and breathing equipment and worked on commercial diving and underwater salvage projects. ... Heinke (in full C.E. Heinke, submarine engineer and similar) was a diving gear making firm in London. ... Frogman is a popular term for a scuba diver. ... Two divers, one wearing a 1 atmosphere diving suit and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the RMS Lusitania, 1935. ... Early ideas of autonomous under-water systems appear in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Scuba Diving is the use of independent breathing equipment to stay underwater for long periods for recreational diving and professional diving. ... Captain Trevor Hampton was born in Birmingham in 1912 or 1913. ... Warfleet Creek is a small triangular tidal inlet in the west side of the River Dart estuary in England. ... Map sources for Dartmouth, Devon at grid reference SX877514 The town seen from the River Dart Dartmouth is a town in Devon in the south-west of England. ... The inner harbour, Brixham, south Devon, at low tide Devon is a large county in South West England, bordering on Cornwall to the west, Dorset and Somerset to the east. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... US Divers is the Sporting Goods Division of Aqua Lung America, who make scuba diving equipment. ... The British Sub-Aqua Club or BSAC is the governing body of Britain. ... For other ships named Nautilus, see USS Nautilus and Ships named Nautilus USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the worlds first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole. ... A modern steamer with superflex properties. ... Calor Gas is a make of bottled butane which is available in Britain. ... A gas pressure regulator has one or more valves in series, which let the gas out of a gas cylinder in a controlled way, lowering its pressure at each stage. ... Submarine Products Ltd were a diving gear manufacturer with a factory in Hexham in Northumberland in England, founded by Hugh Oswell. ... Map sources for Hexham at grid reference NY9363 Hexham is a market town in Northumberland, England, located south of the River Tyne. ... Northumberland is a traditional, ceremonial and administrative county in northern England. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... Siebe Gorman Ltd was a British company which developed diving equipment and breathing equipment and worked on commercial diving and underwater salvage projects. ... Heinke (in full C.E. Heinke, submarine engineer and similar) was a diving gear making firm in London. ... A trade name, also known as a trading name or a business name, is the legal name of a business, or the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes. ... The British Sub-Aqua Club or BSAC is the governing body of Britain. ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a government to an inventor or applicant for a limited amount of time (normally maximum 20 years from the filing date, depending on extension). ... Sea Hunt was an American television adventure series from pioneering syndicator Ziv TV that ran from 1958 to 1961 and was popular in repeats for decades afterward. ... For other ships named Nautilus, see USS Nautilus and Ships named Nautilus USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the worlds first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole. ... The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth. ... National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) is a SCUBA diver training organization concerned with promoting dive safety through education. ... Jacques Piccard (born July 28, 1922) is an explorer and engineer, known for having developed underwater vehicles for studying ocean currents. ... The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the oceans, 10,911 meters (35,797 feet) deep at its maximum, near 11°22′N 142°36′E. It is in the Pacific Ocean, off the island of Guam in the Mariana Islands group at the southern end of the... Trieste A bathyscape or bathyscaphe is a self-propelled deep-sea diving submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar to a bathysphere suspended below a float filled with a buoyant liquid such as petrol. ... The Bathyscaphe Trieste Close-up of pressure sphere Trieste emblem Trieste was a deep-diving research bathyscaphe (deep boat) with a crew of two. ... USS Triton (SSRN/SSN-586), a unique vessel, was the second submarine and the fifth ship of the United States Navy to be named for Triton, a Greek demigod of the sea who was the son of Poseidon and Amphitrite. ... To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. ... The James Bond 007 gun logo James Bond, also known as 007 (pronounced double-oh seven), is a fictional British spy created by writer Ian Fleming in 1953. ... 2003 Penguin Books paperback edition There is also a game in the UK National Lottery called Thunderball Thunderball is the ninth novel in Ian Flemings James Bond series. ... The Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) is the worlds largest recreational diving membership organization and diver training organization. ... // The field of electronics is the study and use of systems that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors. ... A buoyancy compensator (or buoyancy control device, BC or BCD) is a piece of diving equipment worn by divers to provide: life saving emergency buoyancy both underwater and on the surface. ... A dive computer or decompression meter is a device used by a scuba diver to measure the time and depth of a dive so that a safe ascent rate can be calculated and displayed so that the diver can avoid decompression sickness. ... A dive computer or decompression meter is a device used by a scuba diver to measure the time and depth of a dive so that a safe ascent rate can be calculated and displayed so that the diver can avoid decompression sickness. ... RMS Titanic (also SS Titanic) was the second of a trio of superliners intended to dominate the transatlantic travel business. ... The Abyss is an award-winning science fiction film from 1989, written and directed by James Cameron, starring Ed Harris, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and Michael Biehn. ... Liquid breathing is a form of respiration in which a normally air-breathing organism breathes an oxygen rich liquid (usually from the perfluorocarbon family), rather than breathing air. ... During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... Combatants {{{combatant1}}} {{{combatant2}}} Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties {{{casualties1}}} {{{casualties2}}} {{{notes}}} The Cold War was the protracted geostrategic, economic and ideological struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their respective and emerging alliance partners. ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a person for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which is new, inventive, and... Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ... Titanic is an Academy Award winning 1997 dramatic film released by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox. ... MIR submersible. ...

Other diving history timelines (external links)

There are other diving history chronologies at:-

• scuba.about
• subaorlando.com
• rebreather history
• hem.passagen.se
• marinebio.org
• A series of pages:-
  • http://www.aqualifediving.com/History1.htm (introduction)
  • http://www.aqualifediving.com/History2.htm (early to 1715)
  • http://www.aqualifediving.com/History3.htm (1776 to 1865)
  • http://www.aqualifediving.com/History4.htm (1873 to 1917)
  • http://www.aqualifediving.com/History5.htm (1920 to 1939)
  • http://www.aqualifediving.com/History6.htm (1940's to 1960's)
  • http://www.aqualifediving.com/History7.htm (1962 to 1990's)