Tisha B'Av
Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem, by Francesco Hayez
Official name	Hebrew: תשעה באב English: Ninth of Av
Observed by	Jews in Judaism
Type	Jewish
Significance	Mourning for the destruction of the First & Second Temples in Jerusalem
Date	9th day of Av (if a Sabbath, then the 10th of Av)
2007 date	sunset, July 23 – sunset, July 24
2008 date	sunset, August 9 – sunset, August 10
Observances	Fasting, prayer
Related to	The fasts of the Tenth of Tevet and the Seventeenth of Tammuz, the Three Weeks & the Nine Days

Tisha B'Av (Hebrew: תשעה באב or ט׳ באב), or the Ninth of Av, is an annual fast day in Judaism. Its name denotes the ninth day (Tish'a) of the Jewish month of Av, which falls in July or August. It has been called the "saddest day in Jewish history".^[1] When the ninth of Av falls on the Sabbath, the observance is pushed off until Sunday, the tenth of Av (although that day is still referred to as Tisha B'Av). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x1480, 275 KB) Description: Title: de: Die Zerstörung des Tempels von Jerusalem Technique: de: Öl auf Leinwand Dimensions: de: 183 × 252 cm Country of origin: de: Italien Current location (city): de: Venedig Current location (gallery): de: Galleria dArte Moderna... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Solomons Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Beit HaMikdash), also known as the First Temple, was, according to the Bible, the first Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. ... A stone (2. ... A drawing of Ezekiels Visionary Temple from the Book of Ezekiel 40-47 The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash) was located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ... July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, drink, or both, for a period of time. ... Mary Magdalene in prayer. ... Tenth of Tevet, in Hebrew asarah btevet, the tenth day of the Hebrew calendar month of Tevet, a minor fast day in Judaism. ... Seventeenth of Tammuz (שבעה עשר בתמוז Hebrew: Shiva Assar BeTammuz) is the seventeenth day on the Hebrew month of Tammuz. ... The Three Weeks or Bein ha-Metzarim (Hebrew: בין המצרים, Between the Straits cf In Dire Straits) is a period of mourning commemorating the destruction of the first and second Jewish Temples. ... The Nine Days are the first nine days of the Jewish month of Av. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ... Taanit is a fast in the Jewish religion. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: ‎) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. ... Ab (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ...

History

Destruction of the Temple

The fast commemorates the destruction of the First Temple (originally built by King Solomon), and the destruction of the Second Temple. Those two events occurred about 656 years apart, but both in the same month, Av, and both on the ninth day. Solomons Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Beit HaMikdash), also known as the First Temple, was, according to the Bible, the first Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. ... It has been suggested that Sulayman be merged into this article or section. ... A stone (2. ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ...

In connection with the fall of Jerusalem, three other fast-days were established at the same time as the Ninth Day of Av: these were the Tenth of Tevet, when the siege began; the Seventeenth of Tammuz, when the first breach was made in the wall; and the Third of Tishrei, known as the Fast of Gedaliah, the day when Gedaliah was assassinated (II Kings 25:25; Jeremiah 41:2). From Zechariah 7:5, 8:19 it appears that after the building of the Second Temple the custom of keeping these fast-days was temporarily discontinued. Since the destruction of Jerusalem and of the Second Temple by the Romans, the four fast-days have again been observed. For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ... Tenth of Tevet, in Hebrew asarah btevet, the tenth day of the Hebrew calendar month of Tevet, a minor fast day in Judaism. ... Seventeenth of Tammuz (שבעה עשר בתמוז Hebrew: Shiva Assar BeTammuz) is the seventeenth day on the Hebrew month of Tammuz. ... The Fast of Gedalia (or Gedaliah) is a Jewish fast from dawn till dusk to commemorate the death of a Jew of that name. ... The Fast of Gedalia (or Gedaliah) is a Jewish fast from dawn till dusk to commemorate the death of a Jew of that name. ... The Books of Kings (Hebrew: Sefer Melachim ספר מלכים) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah (יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirməyāhū in Hebrew), is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaisms Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianitys Old Testament. ... The Book of Zechariah is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh attributed to the prophet Zechariah. ... A stone (2. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... A stone (2. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. ...

The five calamities

According to the Mishnah (Taanit, 4:6), five specific events occurred on the ninth of Av that warrant fasting: The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ... Taanit (also: Taanis) is one of basic tractes in the Mishnah, in the Tosefta, and in both Talmuds. ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ...

1. On this day, the twelve spies sent by Moses to observe the land of Canaan returned from their mission. Two of the spies, Joshua and Caleb, brought a positive report, but the others spoke disparagingly about the land which caused the Children of Israel to cry, panic and despair of ever entering the "Promised Land". For this, they were punished by God that their generation would not merit to enter the land and when their descendants would do so under Joshua’s leadership, they would have to wage wars in order to possess it. Because of the Israelites lack of faith, God decreed that for all generations this date would become one of crying and misfortune for the descendants of the Children of Israel, the Jewish people. (See Numbers Ch. 13–14)
2. The First Temple built by King Solomon and the Kingdom of Judah were destroyed by the Babylonians led by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BCE and the Judeans were sent into the Babylonian exile.
3. The Second Temple was destroyed by the Roman Empire in 70 CE scattering the people of Judea and commencing a two thousand year Jewish exile.
4. Bar Kokhba's revolt against Rome failed, and Bar Kokhba was killed, and the city of Betar was destroyed.
5. Following the Siege of Jerusalem, the subsequent razing of Jerusalem occurred one year later.

According to the Talmud in tractate Taanit, the destruction of the Second Temple began on the ninth and was finally consumed by the flames the next day on the Tenth of Av. Shlach, Shelach, Shlah, Shlach Lecha, or Sh’lah L’kha (שלח or שלח לך – Hebrew for send” or “send for you,” ) is the 37th weekly parshah or portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the fourth in the book of Numbers. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ... Joshua, Jehoshuah or Yehoshua. ... Mark of Calebs grave, Timnat Serah Caleb, the son of Jephunneh is an important figure in the Hebrew Bible, noted for his faith in God when the Hebrew nation refuses to enter the promised land of Canaan. ... The Children of Israel, or Bnei Yisrael (בני ישראל) in Hebrew (also Bnai Yisrael, Bnei Yisroel or Bene Israel) is a Biblical term for the Israelites. ... Main article: Land of Israel The Kingdom of David and Solomon. ... Joshua, Jehoshuah or Yehoshua. ... The Children of Israel, or Bnei Yisrael (בני ישראל) in Hebrew (also Bnai Yisrael, Bnei Yisroel or Bene Israel) is a Biblical term for the Israelites. ... The Book of Numbers is the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch, called in the Hebrew ba-midbar במדבר, i. ... Solomons Temple was the first Jewish temple in Jerusalem which functioned as a religious focal point for worship and the sacrifices known as the korbanot in ancient Judaism. ... Artists depiction of Solomons court (Ingobertus, c. ... Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut YÉ™huda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ YÉ™hûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... Babylonia was a state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Nebuchadrezzar I, also known as Nebuchadnezzar I (Akkadian: Nabu-kudurri-usur, meaning Nebo, protect my eldest son or Nebo, protect the border), was the king of the Babylonian Empire from about 1125 BC to 1104 BC. He is considered to be the greatest king of the Dynasty of Pashe (also... Centuries: 7th century BC - 6th century BC - 5th century BC Decades: 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC - 580s BC - 570s BC - 560s BC - 550s BC - 540s BC - 530s BC Events and Trends 589 BC - Apries succeeds Psammetichus II as king of Egypt 588 BC _ Nebuchadnezzar II of... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. ... For other uses, see number 70. ... Map of the southern Levant, c. ... The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut גלות, exile, Yiddish: tfutses) is the expulsion of the Jewish people out of the Roman province of Judea. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Iudaea Commanders Hadrian Simon Bar Kokhba Strength  ?  ? Casualties Unknown 580,000 Jews (mass civilian casualties), 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed (per Cassius Dio). ... Simon bar Kokhba (Hebrew: שמעון בר כוכבא, also transliterated as Bar Kokhva or Bar Kochba) was the Jewish leader who led what is known as Bar Kokhbas revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE, establishing an independent Jewish state of Israel which he ruled for three years as Nasi (prince, or... Betar was the last standing Jewish fortress in the Bar Kochba revolt of the 2nd century AD, destroyed by the Roman army on Tisha Bav. ... Combatants Roman Empire Jews of Judea Commanders Titus Flavius Vespasianus Simon Bar-Giora Yohanan mi-Gush Halav (John of Gischala) Eleazar ben Simon Strength 70,000 men 13,000 men, split among three factions Casualties Unknown 60,000–1,100,000 (mass civilian casualties) The Siege of Jerusalem in the... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a. ... Taanit (also: Taanis) is one of basic tractes in the Mishnah, in the Tosefta, and in both Talmuds. ... A stone (2. ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ...

Later calamities on the ninth of Av

A large number of calamities are alleged to have occurred on the ninth of Av: Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ...

• In 1290, the signature of the edict by King Edward I expelling the Jews from England
• In the First World War, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914, Tisha B'av.
• On July 31, 1941 coinciding with Tisha B'Av, under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring ordered SS general Reinhard Heydrich to make all the necessary preparations for the Final Solution.
• The first transports reached Treblinka and the extermination of the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto began on July 23, 1942 [1] .

Some calamities that occurred shortly before or after the ninth of Av: For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. ... Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who tried to do the same to Scotland. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 927 AD  Area  -  Total 130... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Hitler redirects here. ... Hermann Wilhelm Göring ( ) (also Goering in English) (January 12, 1893 – October 15, 1946) was a German politician and military leader, a leading member of the Nazi Party, second in command of the Third Reich, and commander of the Luftwaffe. ... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was an SS-Obergruppenführer, chief of the Reich Security Main Office (including the Gestapo, SD and Kripo Nazi police agencies) and Reich governor of Bohemia and Moravia. ... In a February 26, 1942, letter to German diplomat Martin Luther, Reinhard Heydrich follows up on the Wannsee Conference by asking Luther for administrative assistance in the implementation of the Endlösung der Judenfrage (Final Solution of the Jewish Question). ... Treblinka is a small village in the Mazowieckie voivodship (province) of Poland. ... The Ghetto Heroes Memorial in Warsaw The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in the General Government during the Holocaust in World War II. Between 1940 and 1943, starvation, disease and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps dropped the population of the... July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ...

• The Alhambra decree expelling the Jews from Spain, came into effect on 1492-07-31, the 7th of Av 5252, just two days before Tisha B'av.
• In 1955 El Al Flight 402 was shot down over Bulgarian airspace on the 8th of Av.
• The AMIA Bombing (Asociación Mutua Israelita Argentina) by terrorists in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which killed 86 and wounded more than 120, was on July 18, 1994, the 10th of Av.
• The Second Lebanon War, July 12, 2006 — 14 August 2006 - Started on the 17th of Tamuz and went on past the 9th of Av.

‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... Not to be confused with 1492: Conquest of Paradise. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... El Al Flight 402, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation turboprop, registered 4X-AKC, was an international passenger flight from Vienna, Austria to Tel Aviv, Israel via Istanbul, Turkey, on July 27, 1955, which strayed into Bulgarian airspace and was shot down by two Bulgarian MiG-15 jet fighters and crashed... The AMIA Bombing was an attack on the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine Israelite Mutual Association, or AMIA) building in Buenos Aires on July 18, 1994, that killed 85 people. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ... Av (אָב, Standard Hebrew Av, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĀḇ; from Akkadian abu) is also the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year and the fifth month of the civil year on the Hebrew calendar. ... Combatants Hezbollah Amal[1] LCP[2] PFLP-GC[3]  Israel Commanders Hassan Nasrallah Imad Mughniyeh[4] Dan Halutz Moshe Kaplinsky[11] Udi Adam Strength 600-1,000 active fighters 3,000-10,000 reservists[5] Up to 10,000 ground troops. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Holocaust (Shoah)

In modern times, Tisha B'Av has become a remembrance day for the six million Jews killed by the Nazis during the Holocaust, although the goverment of Israel has set aside a separate day, Yom HaShoah, for commemorating those who died in the Holocaust. “Shoah” redirects here. ... Yom haShoah VeHagvura or Yom HaShoah (יום השואה yom ha-sho’āh, יום הזיכרון לשואה ולגבורה-Yom ha-zikaron la-Shoah vla-Gvura), or The Remembrance day of The Holocaust and the Heroism, takes place on the 27th day of Nisan, in the Hebrew calendar. ...

Customs

Restrictions

Tisha B'Av, like Yom Kippur, is a fast day. The fast lasts about 25 hours, beginning at sunset on the eve of Tisha B'Av and ending at nightfall the next day. The five main prohibitions on Tisha B'Av are: Yom Kippur (IPA: ; Hebrew:יוֹם כִּפּוּר, IPA: ) is the Jewish holiday of the Day of Atonement. ...

1. No eating or drinking
2. No washing or bathing
3. No application of creams or oils
4. No leather shoes
5. No sexual relations or displays of physical affection

Instead of studying Torah, texts such as Eicha, the Book of Lamentations, are read. The Book of Job, portions of Jeremiah and chapters of the Talmud that discuss the laws of mourning, are also customary.^[2] The Book of Job (איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. ...

Some Jews fast only half a day on Tisha B'Av. Some refrain from working until midday.

At synagogue services on the eve of Tisha B'Avi it is customary to sit on low stools, as is done during shiva (the week of mourning observed after the death of a first-degree relative), or on the floor. Electric lighting may be turned off or dimmed, and kinot recited by candle-light. Some Jews sleep on the floor or modify their normal sleeping routine, by sleeping without a pillow, for instance. People refrain from greeting each other or sending gifts on this day. Old prayerbooks and Torahs are often buried on this day. This article is about Jewish event. ...

These restrictions are waived in the case of health issues. For example, those who are ill may eat and drink, in contrast to Yom Kippur, when eating and drinking is allowed only in cases of life-threatening need. Washing to the knuckles for ritual purposes is permitted. Some authorities state that washing solely for the sake of hygiene is acceptable^{[citation needed]}.

Although the fast ends at nightfall, some people refrain from eating meat and drinking wine until noon of the following day. According to tradition, the Temple burned all night and most of the day of the tenth of Av.^[3]

The laws of Tisha B'Av are recorded in the Shulkhan Arukh (the "Code of Jewish Law") Orach Chayim 552-557. The Shulkhan Arukh (Hebrew: Prepared Table), by Rabbi Yosef Karo is considered the most authoritative compilation of Jewish law since the Talmud. ... Orach Chayim is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Ashers compilation of Jewish Law, Arbaah Turim, that treats all aspects of Jewish Law primarily pertinent to the Jewish calendar (whether the daily, weekly, monthly, or annual calendar). ...

The days leading up to Tisha B'Av are known as "Tisha'at Hayamim," or the Nine Days. Many Orthodox Jews refrain from eating meat during this period, and some refrain from pleasurable activities such as going to music concerts or swimming. In the three weeks before Tisha B'Av, some Jews do not cut their hair or shave. Weddings are not held during this period.

Services

The scroll of Eicha (Lamentations) is read in synagogue during the evening services. In addition, most of the morning is spent reading kinnot ("dirges"), most bewailing the loss of the Temples and the subsequent persecutions, but many others referring to post-exile disasters. These later kinnot were composed by various poets (often prominent Rabbis) who had either suffered in the events mentioned or relate received reports. Important kinnot were composed by Elazar ha-Kalir and Rabbi Judah ha-Levi. After the Holocaust, kinnot were composed by the German-born Rabbi Shimon Schwab (in 1959, at the request of Rabbi Joseph Breuer) and by Rabbi Solomon Halberstam, leader of the Bobov Hasidim (in 1984). In the third major section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), which is called Ketuvim (The Writings), there are five relatively short biblical books that are grouped together and known collectively in the Jewish tradition as The Five Scrolls (Hebrew: Hamesh Megillot or Chamesh Megillos). ... The Book of Lamentations is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ... A synagogue (from ancient Greek: , transliterated synagogē, assembly; Hebrew: beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: , shul; Ladino: , esnoga) is a Jewish house of worship. ... Jewish services (Hebrew: tefillah/תפלה, plural tefilloth/תפלות) are the communal prayer recitations which form part of the observance of Judaism. ... This article is concerned with Biblical poetry, specifically poetry in the Hebrew Bible. ... Eleazar Kalir is one of Judaisms earliest and most prolific of the payyetanim, liturgical poets. ... Judah Ha-Levi, also Yehudah Halevi, was a Jewish Spanish philosopher and poet. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ... Shimon (Simon) Schwab (December 30, 1908 - March 28, 1993) was an Orthodox Judaism rabbi and communal leader in Germany and the United States, initially in Baltimore and later in Washington Heights in New York City. ... Joseph Breuer (1882-1980) was a rabbi community leader in Germany and the United States. ... Rabbi Solomon Halberstam of blessed memory, next to him standing his son Rabbi Benzion Rabbi Shlomo Halberstam in his later age Grand Rabbi Shlomo Halberstam כק אדמור מבאבוב ,זצל (1907-2000) was the Rebbe of Bobov, who brought the Bobover hasidic sect to America after World War II. He was the son of Rabbi... Bobov, (or Bobover Hasidism) (חסידות באבוב) is a Hasidic group within Haredi Judaism originating in Bobowa, Galicia in Southern Poland and now headquartered in the neighborhood of Borough Park in Brooklyn, New York. ...

In many Sephardic congregations the Book of Job is read on the morning of Tisha B'Av. Sephardim (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ...

In Jerusalem, reciting Eicha at the Western Wall has become a widespread custom since the Six-Day War. There is no obligation to recite Eicha in a synagogue. On the eve of Tisha B'Av, many Jerusalem residents gather in parks and sites overlooking the Old City, such as the Sherover Promenade (Tayelet), and read Eicha and kinot in the dark, by the light of candles or flashlights. Since the assassination of Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, a group meets at his grave on Mt. Herzl in Jerusalem to recite Eicha.

History of the observance

In the long period which is reflected in Talmudic literature the observance of the Ninth Day of Av assumed a character of constantly growing sadness and asceticism. By the end of the second century or at the beginning of the third, the celebration of the day had lost much of its gloom. Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi was in favor of abolishing it altogether or, according to another version, of lessening its severity when the fast has been postponed from Saturday to Sunday (Talmud, Tractate Megillah 5b). Judah haNasi, or more accurately in Hebrew, Yehudah HaNasi, was a key leader of the Jewish community of Judea under the Roman empire, toward the end of the 2nd century CE. He was reputedly from the Davidic line of the royal line from King David, hence his title Prince (Nasi...

The growing strictness in the observance of mourning customs in connection with the Ninth Day of Av became pronounced in post-Talmudic times, and particularly in the darkest period of Jewish history, from the fifteenth century to the eighteenth.

Maimonides (twelfth century), in his Mishneh Torah, says that the restrictions as to the eating of meat and the drinking of wine refer only to the last meal before fasting on the Eighth Day of Av, if taken after noon, but before noon anything may be eaten (Hilchoth Ta'anith 5:8). Rabbi Moses of Coucy (thirteenth century) wrote that it is the universal custom to refrain from meat and wine during the whole day preceding the Ninth of Av (Sefer Mitzvoth ha-Gadol, Venice ed., Laws of Tishah B'Av, 249b). Rabbi Joseph Caro (sixteenth century) says some are accustomed to abstain from meat and wine from the beginning of the week in which the Ninth Day of Av falls; and still others abstain throughout the three weeks from the Seventeenth of Tammuz (Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chayim 551). Commonly used image indicating one artists conception of Maimonidess appearance Maimonides (March 30, 1135 or 1138–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. ... The Mishneh Torah or Yad ha-Chazaka is a code of Jewish law by one of the most important Jewish authorities, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides or by the Hebrew abbreviation RaMBaM (usually written Rambam in English). ... Rabbi Yosef (Joseph) Karo is one of the most important leaders in the history of halakha (Jewish law). ...

A gradual extension of prohibitions can be traced in the abstention from marrying at this season and in other signs of mourning. So Rabbi Moses of Coucy says that some do not use the tefillin ("phylacteries") on the Ninth Day of Av, a custom which later was universally observed (it is now postponed until the afternoon). In this manner all customs originally designated as marks of unusual piety finally became the rule for all. Tefillin (Hebrew: תפלין), also called phylacteries, are two boxes containing Biblical verses and the leather straps attached to them which are used in traditional Jewish prayer. ...

In light of Israel's establishment

Orthodox Jewish view

Orthodox Jews believe that until the arrival of the Jewish Messiah, this day will continue to be observed as a fast; when the Messiah comes, it will become a great celebration. This notion is asserted on the basis of a passage in the Book of Zechariah (8:19) that foretells of the transformation of four fast days into joyous holidays. According to the Orthodox establishment, combat soldiers are absolved of fasting on Tisha B'Av on the basis that it can endanger their lives. The latest of such decrees were issued during the Second Lebanon War by leading Rabbinical authorities Israel's Chief Rabbis Shlomo Amar and Yona Metzger in tangent with the IDF's chief rabbi, Brigadier General Yisrael Weiss.^[4] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: משיח; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word משיח) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during... The Book of Zechariah is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh attributed to the prophet Zechariah. ... Combatants Hezbollah Amal LCP Islamic Courts Union[4]  Israel Commanders Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General of Hezbollah), veteran Fatah operative Imad Mughniyeh[5] Dan Halutz (CoS), Moshe Kaplinsky[13], Udi Adam (Regional) Strength 600-1,000 active fighters (of 3,000 - 5,000 available and 10,000 reservists) [6] 30,000... Rabbi Shlomo Amar Rabbi Shlomo Amar (1948 - ) is the current Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, appointed in 2003. ... Rabbi Yona Metzger Yona Metzger (יונה מצגר) (born 1953) is the current Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel, appointed in 2003. ...

Religious Zionist view

Since the re-establishment of a Jewish state and the reunification of Jerusalem after the Six-Day War, some religious Zionist leaders have contemplated whether Tisha B'Av is still relevant. Most rabbis, however, believe that it should be observed.^[5] Since Israel's unilateral disengagement from Gaza, initiated by former prime minister Ariel Sharon, right wing segments of the Religious Zionist community have begun to recite kinot to commemorate the expulsion of Jewish settlers from Gush Katif and northern Samaria on the day after Tisha B'Av, in 2005. ^[6] For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Saudi Arabia Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ... Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement, a branch of which is also called Mizrachi, is an ideology that claims to combine Zionism and Judaism, to base Zionism on the principles of Jewish religion and heritage. ... Israels unilateral disengagement plan (Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in the Disengagement Plan Implementation Law), also known as the Disengagement plan, Gaza Pull-Out plan, and Hitnatkut) was a proposal by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, adopted by the government and enacted in August 2005, to remove all... Not to be confused with the Spanish name Garza or the Egyptian town of Giza. ... The Religious Zionist Movement, or Religious Zionism is an ideology combining Zionism and Judaism, which offers Zionism based on the principles of Jewish religion and heritage. ... Homes alongside a sand dune in Neve Dekalim. ... It has been suggested that Sebastia, Middle East be merged into this article or section. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Secular view

Berl Katznelson a leader of the Labor Zionist movement was critical of his party's youth movement for celebrating with campfires on Tisha B'Av in 1936. He asserted that it was important that from even within a secular mindset, that it is prudent to attempt to establish a manner in which to recontextualize the traditional observances and not to simply ignore them.^[7] Berl Katznelson (1887 - 1944) was a Labor Zionism philosopher. ... Labor Zionism (or Labour Zionism) is the traditional left-wing of the Zionist ideology. ...

Other traditions

Classical Jewish sources ^[8]maintain that the Jewish Messiah will be born on Tisha B'Av, though many explain this idea metaphorically. ^[9] In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: משיח; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word משיח) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during...

See also

• Ta'anit
• Jewish holiday
• Bereavement in Judaism

Taanit is a fast in the Jewish religion. ... A Jewish holiday or Jewish Festival is a day or series of days observed by Jews as holy or secular commemorations of important events in Jewish history. ... Bereavement in Judaism (אבלות aveilut; mourning) is a combination of minhag (traditional custom) and mitzvot (commandments) derived from Judaisms classical Torah and rabbinic texts. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Chabad.org Calendar, go to 9th of Av
• Av, the month of tragedies
• Three Weeks and Tisha B'Av
• The Historical Meaning of Tish'a B'av (9 Av), Rabbi Joshua Yuter