NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tmutarakan

Tmutarakan (Russian: Тмутаракань) is an ancient city that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. It was situated on the Taman peninsula, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia, roughly opposite Kerch. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1301x818, 324 KB) Map showing Ancient Greek colonies on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1301x818, 324 KB) Map showing Ancient Greek colonies on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ... â€œEra Vulgarisâ€ redirects here. ... The Cimmerian Bosphorus of Antiquity, shown on a map printed in London, ca 1770 The Cimmerian Bosporus (Bosporus Cimmerius) was the ancient name for the Strait of Kerch that connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. ... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... The shallow Sea of Azov is clearly distinguished from the deeper Black Sea. ... 1. ... Krasnodar Krai (Russian: , Krasnodarsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Southern Federal District. ... Kerch (Ukrainian: , Russian: , Crimean Tatar: , Old East Slavic: ÐšÑŠÑ€Ñ‡ÐµÐ²ÑŠ) is a city (2001 pop 157,000) on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. ...

Greek and Jewish emporium

The town was founded on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Hermonassa, located a few miles west of the major Tean polis-colony of Phanagoria. Along with Phanagoria and Panticapaeum, Hermonassa was one of the main trade centers for the Bosporan Kingdom; as such, its Greek culture was somewhat tempered by Sarmatian influences. Hermonassa was likely destroyed during the arrival of the Huns in the region, but settlement on the site resumed shortly thereafter. In the 7th century, the region fell to the Khazars, who built the fortress town of Tamatarkha. Arabic sources refer to it as Samkarsh al-Yahud (i.e., "Samkarsh the Jewish"), perhaps indicating a Jewish majority.^[1] Other variants of the city's name are "Samkersh" and "Samkush".^[2] ImageMetadata File history File links Phiale. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Phiale. ... Teos (or Teo), a maritime city of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus. ... A polis (Ï€ÏŒÎ»Î¹Ï‚, pronunciation pol-is) plural: poleis (Ï€ÏŒÎ»ÎµÎ¹Ï‚) is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. ... Phanagoria was an ancient Greek colony on the Taman peninsula between the Black Sea and the Azov, roughly on the site of modern Tmutarakan. ... Panticapaeum and other ancient Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea. ... The Bosporan Kingdom, which was located on the Crimea peninsula, existed in the time of the Roman Empire. ... Sarmatian Cataphract Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by the earlier Greek writers, the other by the later Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom Herodotus (4. ... The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...

Fortified with a strong brick wall and boasting a fine harbour, Samkarsh was a large city of merchants. It controlled much of the Northern European trade with the Byzantine Empire and Northern Caucasus. The inhabitants included Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Ossetians, Lezgins, Georgians, and Circassians. After the destruction of the Khazar empire by Svyatoslav of Rus in the mid-10th century, Khazars continued to inhabit the region. The Mandgelis Document, a Hebrew letter dated AM 4746 (985–986) refers to "our lord David, the Khazar prince" who lived in Taman and who was visited by envoys from Kievan Rus to ask about religious matters (possibly in connection connected to the conversion of Vladimir I of Kiev which took place during roughly at the same time). Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Southern Federal District (Northern Caucasus) is one of the seven federal districts of Russia. ... The Ossetians (oss. ... Flag of the Lezgian people The Lezgins, also called the Lezgin, Lezgi, Lezgis, Lezgs, and Lezgians are an ethnic group who live mainly in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan who speak the Lezgi language. ... Circassian language is used in a number of ways: as a synonym for the Adyghe language; as a synonym for the Kabardian language; as a term for a distinct language that includes both Adyghe and Kabardian. ... Sviatoslavs meeting with Emperor John by Klavdiy Lebedev, an attempt to visualise Leo the Deacons description of Sviatoslav Sviatoslav I of Kiev (East Slavic: Ð¡Ð²ÑÑ‚Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð² Ð˜Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡) (c. ... The Mandgelis Document or Mandgelis Letter was a letter in Hebrew dated AM 4746 (985â€“986). ... â€œHebrewâ€ redirects here. ... Anno Mundi (AM, in the year of the world) refers to a Calendar era counting from the creation of the world. ... This figure, in a detail of a medieval Hebrew calendar, reminded Jews of the palm branches ( Lulav) and the citron ( Etrog) to be brought to the synagogue at the end of sukkot, closing the solemn convocations of the calendar in autumn. ... 1. ... Clandestine Christian communities existed in Kiev for decades before the official baptism. ... Saint Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great (c. ...

East Slavic principality

Although the exact date and circumstances of Tmutarakan's takeover by the Kievan Rus is unknown, the Hypatian Codex mentions Tmutarakan as one of the towns Vladimir the Great gave to his sons, which implies that the Russian control over the city was established before Vladimir's death in 1015.^[3] The Russian name of the city — "Tmutarakan" — derives from the Turkic tamantarkan (Taman-Tarkhan as in As-Tarkhan); this may have originally been a title of rank.^[4] Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Ру́сь, Kievskaya Rus in Russian; Київська Русь, Kyivs’ka Rus’ in Ukrainian) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the... The Hypatian Codex (Hypatian Chronicle, Ipatiev Chronicle, Russian: ) is a compendium of three chronicles: Primary Chronicle, Kiev Chronicle, and Halych-Volhynian Chronicle. ... Saint Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great (c. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... 1. ... For the Punjabi tribe called Tarkhan, see Tarkhan (tribe). ... Astrakhan coat of arms features the Khans crown and a sabre Astrakhan (Russian: ; Tatar: Ã„sterxan), a major city in southern European Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. ...

Vladimir's son Mstislav of Chernigov was the prince of Tmutarakan from 988 to 1036. During his reign, a first stone church was dedicated to the Theotokos, the ruins of it being still visible. In 1066, prince Rostislav Vladimirovich of Tmutarakan was poisoned by a Byzantine official.^[5] Afterwards the city belonged to the prince of Chernigov Svyatoslav Yaroslavich^[6] and then to the Grand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod Yaroslavich. In 1079, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich appointed a governor (posadnik), who was captured two years later by David Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich, who seized the city.^[7] Mstislav of Chernigov, or Mstislav the Bold (Russian: ÐœÑÑ‚Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð°Ð² Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¥Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ñ€Ñ‹Ð¹), was the earliest attested ruler of Chernigov (Chernihiv). ... Theotokos of Kazan Theotokos (Greek: , translit. ... Rostislav Vladimirovich (Russian: Ð Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð°Ð² Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡) (d. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Chernihiv (Чернігів in Ukrainian) is an ancient city in northern Ukraine, the central city of Chernihivska oblast. Some common historical spellings of the name are Polish: Czernichów, and Russian: Чернигов, Chernigov. ... Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (1027—1076) was the Prince of Chernigov from 1054 to 1073 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 1073 until his death. ... ... Kievan court in the times of Vsevolod I Vsevolod I Yaroslavich (1030 â€“ 13 April 1093) ruled as Grand Prince of Kiev from 1076 until his death. ... Posadnik (Посадник in Russian) was a deputy of Kniaz in some East Slavic places assigned to rule a city or a land. ... Volodar Rostislavich (Russian: Ð’Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñ€ÑŒ Ð Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡) (d. ...

In 1083, Oleg Svyatoslavich arrived in Tmutarakan(Arakhan of Tmutar) from the Byzantine Empire and ousted David Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich, adopted the title of "archon of Khazaria" and made the city his capital.^[8] In the 12th century the city was isolated from the Russian mainland by the Cumans and gradually declined. The last recorded mention was in a scroll of 1378. Oleg Sviatoslavich of Chernigov (Russian: ÐžÐ»ÐµÐ³ Ð¡Ð²ÑÑ‚Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡), sometimes also styled as of Tmutarakan, was a Rurikid prince whose equivocal adventures ignited political unrest in Kievan Rus at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries. ... Look up Archon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Archon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Cuman, also called Polovtsy, Polovtsian, or the Anglicized Polovzian (Russian: , Ukrainian: , Bulgarian: , Romanian: , Hungarian: ), is a Western European exonym for the western Kipchaks. ...

Decline

The region surrounding the city was part of the Genoese protectorate of Gazaria, based at Kaffa. It was within the territory administered by the Ghisolfi family and was conquered by the Girai Khanate in 1482 and by Russia in 1791. Image File history File links Taman_map. ... Image File history File links Taman_map. ... 1. ... Genoa (Genova [] in Italian - Zena [] in Genoese) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ... Gazaria is the name given to the Genoese colonies in the Crimea and around the Black Sea from the mid 1200s to the late 1400s. ... Kaffa is the name of several geographical locations: Crimean city of Kaffa or Caffa is currently known as Feodosiya; The Kingdom of Kaffa; The former province of Kaffa in Ethiopia This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A Russian map of the Taman peninsula, c. ... Flag Crimean Khanate in 1600 Capital Bakhchisaray Government Monarchy History - Established 1441 - Annexed to Russia 1783 The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: , â€Ž; Russian: - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: - Krymske khanstvo; Turkish: ) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783. ...

The site of Tmutarakan was discovered in 1792, when a local peasant found a stone with an inscription stating that Prince Gleb had measured the sea from here to Kerch in 1068. The excavations of the site were conducted in the 19th and 20th centuries. The habitation level in places exceeds twelve meters. Kerch (Ukrainian: , Russian: , Crimean Tatar: , Old East Slavic: ÐšÑŠÑ€Ñ‡ÐµÐ²ÑŠ) is a city (2001 pop 157,000) on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. ...

During much of the 17th and 18th centuries the area was dominated by Cossacks centered on the town of Taman, which was located near the remains of Tmutarakan. The modern town of Temryuk is nearby. In the modern Russian language, "tmutarakan" stands for "a distant and obscure province". Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... Temryuk (Ð¢ÐµÐ¼Ñ€ÑŽÐº in Russian) is a town in the Krasnodar Krai in Russia, located on the right bank of the Kuban River not far from the Sea of Azov and the site of ancient Tmutarakan. ... Russian ( , transliteration: , ) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ...

References

The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people and their faith, Judaism. ...

Resources

Kevin Alan Brook is the foremost lay authority on the Khazars in the United States of America. ... Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov is a prominent Soviet/Russian philologist and Indo-Europeanist probably best known for his glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism and for placing the Indo-European urheimat in the area of the Lake Urmia. ... Vladimir Nikolayevich Toporov (5 July 1928 - 5 December 2005) was a leading Russian philologist who presided over the Moscow-Tartu school of semiotics after Yuri Lotmans death. ... 19th century photo depicting Kuban Cossacks obelisk in Krasnodar Krasnodar (Russian: ) is a city in Southern Russia on the Kuban River. ... The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language encyclopedia of the Jewish people and their faith, Judaism. ... Cecil Roth, (London, 1899–1970) was a Jewish historian and educator. ...

Categories: Ancient Greek cities | Pontic Greeks | Kievan Rus | Khazar towns | Bosporan Kingdom | Greek colonies in Russia | Archaeological sites in Russia | Defunct towns in Russia Colonies in antiquity were city-states founded from a mother-city, not from a territory-at-large. ... Photo of Panticapaeum Ruins. ... Tyras, a colony of Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated some 10 m. ... Olbia, Ukraine is the site of Pontic Olbia in the Crimea, a colony founded from Miletus on the shores of the Bugh estuary, which lasted for a thousand years. ... Berezan is an island in the Black Sea at the entrance of the Dnieper-Bug estuary, Ukraine. ... Also Eupatoria or Evpatoria; town in the Crimea. ... The remains of the city of Chersonesos Chersonesos (Greek: , Latin: , Ukrainian: , Russian: ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) also known as Chersonese, Chersonesos, Cherson, Khersones and Korsun was an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2500 years ago in the southwestern part of Crimea, known then as Taurica. ... Charax is the largest Roman military settlement excavated in the Crimea. ... Theodosia (Russian: Ð¤ÐµÐ¾Ð´Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ; Ukrainian: Ð¤ÐµÐ¾Ð´Ð¾ÑÑ–Ñ; Greek: Î˜ÎµÎ¿Î´Ï‰ÏƒÎ¯Î±; Crimean Tatar/Turkish: Kefe) is a port and resort city in southern Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of Crimea at coordinates 45. ... Kimmerikon and other Ancient Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea. ... An image of a ship on the wall of a temple in Nymphaeum (3rd century BC). ... TyritÃ¡ke (Greek: ) was an ancient Greek town of the Bosporan Kingdom, situated in the eastern part of Crimea, immediately to the south from Panticapaeum. ... Panticapaeum and other ancient Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea. ... MyrmÄ“kion (Greek: , Russian: ) was an ancient Greek colony in the Crimea, situated on the shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus, 4 kilometers to the north of Panticapaeum, the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom. ... Kepoi or Cepoi (Russian: ÐšÐµÐ¿Ñ‹) was an ancient Greek colony situated on the Taman peninsula, three kilometres to the east of Phanagoria, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia. ... Phanagoria was an ancient Greek colony on the Taman peninsula between the Black Sea and the Azov, roughly on the site of modern Tmutarakan. ... Anapa (Russian: ) is a seaport town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. ... Pitsunda (Georgian: Bichvinta) is a resort town in Abkhazia, situated on the shore of the Black Sea 25 km south from Gagra. ... Destroyed shop in Sukhumi Sukhumi (Georgian: , Sokhumi; Abkhaz: , Aqwa; Russian: , Sukhumi) is the capital of Abkhazia, a de facto independent republic, which is internationally recognized as being an autonomous republic within Georgia. ... Sarmatian cataphract from Tanais. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1400x1139, 576 KB) Map of Khazars. ... The Khazars (Hebrew Kuzari ×›×•×–×¨×™ Kuzarim ×›×•×–×¨×™×; Turkish Hazar Hazarlar; Russian Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð½ Ð¥Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹; Tatar sing XÃ¤zÃ¤r XÃ¤zÃ¤rlÃ¤r; Crimean Tatar: ; Greek Î§Î±Î¶Î¬ÏÎ¿Î¹/Î§Î¬Î¶Î±ÏÎ¿Î¹; PersianØ®Ø²Ø± khazar; Latin Gazari or Cosri) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia, many of whom converted to Judaism. ... List of Khazar Rulers From Bruce Gordons Regnal Chronologies - Eurasian Nomads Early Khazar rulers Khozarig (Eponymous folk-ancestor of the Khazars) Karadach. ... The Pontic steppe, c. ... Busir or Busir Glavan (in Greek, Ibouzir or Ibousiros Gliabanos, Khagan of the Khazars in the late 600s and early 700s CE. In 704 Justinian II, who had been exiled at Chersones for nine years, arrived at Busirs court. ... Khagan of the Khazars during the 730s CE. Bihar was the father of Tzitzak, the Khazar princess who married the son of Byzantine Emperor Leo III who later ruled as Constantine V. He is called Viharos in Armenian sources. ... A Khazar noblewoman active in the 730s CE. In Muslim sources, Parsbit is called the mother of the khagan. ... For the ancient Israelite king, see Zachariah. ... For other uses of this term, see Bulan Bulan was a Khazar king who led the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism. ... Obadiah was the name of a Khazar ruler of the late eighth or early ninth century. ... A Khazar ruler (probably the bek), mentioned in the Schechter Text and the Khazar Correspondence. ... Khazar ruler during the early 900s CE. Aaron ben Benjamin was the son of the Khazar king Benjamin. ... King of the Khazars during the 950s and 960s. ... A purported Khazar ruler of the late tenth century CE who ruled over a Khazar successor-state in the Taman region. ... Georgius Tzul (Georgeios or Georgios) was a Khazar warlord against whom the Byzantine Empire and the Kievan Rus states launched a joint expedition in 1016. ... Alp Ilutuer was the Ilutuer (vassal ruler) of the North Caucasian Huns during the 680s CE. He is mentioned in the account of Bishop Israel of Caucasian Albania, who travelled to Alp Ilutuers court in an unsuccessful attempt to convert him and his people to Christianity. ... A Khazar general active in the Khazar-Arab wars of the early 700s. ... In the account of Theophanes, Balgitzin was the Khazar tudun of Phanagoria during the sojourn of Justinian II in that town. ... Barjik (died 731) was a Khazar prince who flourished in the late 720s. ... General who led the Khazar army in the failed defense of Atil in 737. ... Fyodor Bruni. ... Greek Orthodox Bishop of Gothia Metropolitan of Doros, a stronghold of the Crimean Goths, in the mid to late 700s. ... Lebedias, also called Leved, Levedias, and Lebedi; semi-legendary ninth-century chieftain of the Magyars. ... Leo IV the Khazar (Greek: Î›ÎÏ‰Î½ Î”Î„, LeÅn IV ), (January 25, 750 â€“ September 8, 780), Byzantine Emperor from 775 to 780. ... In the account of Theophanes, Papatzys was the Khazar tudun of Kerch during the sojourn of Justinian II in Phanagoria. ... A Khazar Jewish general mentioned in the Schechter Letter. ... Khazar general of the mid 700s, sometimes referred to as As Tarkhan, who led an invasion of Muslim-. Scholars have debated over whether Ras Tarkhan is a name or a title. ... In the Schechter Letter, Serakh is the wife of the Khazar ruler Sabriel. ... According to John Skylitzes, Sfengus or Sphengos was a brother of Knyaz Vladimir I of Kiev. ... Sviatoslavs meeting with Emperor John by Klavdiy Lebedev, an attempt to visualise Leo the Deacons description of Sviatoslav Sviatoslav I of Kiev (East Slavic: Ð¡Ð²ÑÑ‚Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð² Ð˜Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡) (c. ... Khazar princess, daughter of Khagan Bihar. ... According to medieval Jewish sources, the name of the rabbi who converted the Khazars to Judaism. ... Atil, also spelled Itil (literally meaning Big River), was the capital of Khazaria from the middle of the 8th century until the end of the 10th century. ... Balanjar (also Belendzher) was a city in Khazaria near the Caspian Sea, north of the Caucasus. ... The Dnieper River (Belarusian: Дняпро/Dnyapro; Russian: Днепр/Dnepr; Ukrainian: Днiпро/Dnipro; Polish: Dniepr; Latin: Borysthenes, Danaper) is a river (2290 km length) which flows from Russia through Belarus and then Ukraine. ... The remains of the city of Chersonesos Chersonesos (Greek: , Latin: , Ukrainian: , Russian: ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) also known as Chersonese, Chersonesos, Cherson, Khersones and Korsun was an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2500 years ago in the southwestern part of Crimea, known then as Taurica. ... The Republic of Dagestan (Russian: Респу́блика Дагеста́н) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Golden Hills (in Russian, Zolotiye Gorki) is an archaeological site in southern Russia. ... Also Eupatoria or Evpatoria; town in the Crimea. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Kerch (Ukrainian: , Russian: , Crimean Tatar: , Old East Slavic: ÐšÑŠÑ€Ñ‡ÐµÐ²ÑŠ) is a city (2001 pop 157,000) on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð² ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ðµ - Prosperity in unity Anthem: ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ Ñ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑˆÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹, Ð Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð° - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ... In the accounts of ibn Khordadbeh and other Muslim writers, Khamlij or Khamlidj refers to the capital of the Khazars. ... Khazaran was a city east of Atil in the Khazar kingdom, connected to the latter by a pontoon bridge. ... Migration of the Hungarians Levedia (hungarian: LevÃ©dia) was an area settled by the Magyars in the 9th century. ... Saltovo-Mayaki is the name given by archaeologists to the early medieval culture of the Pontic steppe region roughly between the Don and the Dnieper Rivers. ... Samandar (also Semender) was a city in Khazaria on the western edge of the Caspian Sea, south of Atil and north of the Caucasus. ... Kazarki was a Khazar settlement in the Caucasus from roughly the 7th through the 10th centuries CE. Categories: History stubs | Khazar towns ... Sambalut was a Khazar settlement in the Caucasus from roughly the 7th through the 10th centuries. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2005) - City 3,950,968 - Density 3,299/kmÂ² (8,544. ... Samiran is word in assamese and Bengali meaning breeze Samiran was a Khazar settlement in the Caucasus from roughly the 7th through the 10th centuries CE. Categories: | | ... Location Saqsin was a medieval city that flourished from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. ... Sarkel (or Åžarkil; Turkic for White Fortress) was a large limestone-and-brick fortress built by the Khazars with Byzantine assistance in the 830s. ... Sudak is city in the Crimea. ... 1. ... The Abkhazians or Abkhaz (Abkhaz: , Georgian: áƒáƒ¤áƒ®áƒáƒ–áƒ”áƒ‘áƒ˜, Turkish: Abhazlar) are a Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, de jure an autonomous republic of Georgia. ... The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... Arsiyah, sometimes referred to as al-Arsiyya or As-yah was the name used for a group of Muslim mercenaries in the service of the Khazar Khaganate. ... Baranjars (Balanjars, Belenjers) were a confederacy of Turkic tribes who flourished in the early Middle Ages. ... A semi-nomadic Eurasian tribe, probably of Turkic linguistic affiliation. ... The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... Burtas or Bortas (plural Bortaslar) were a tribe of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation inhabiting the steppe region north of the Caspian in medieval times. ... The least-powerful, least-known, and paradoxically longest-lived Gothic communities were those that remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in the Crimea. ... The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages. ... A branch of the Huns that established a polity in Daghestan and parts of Azerbaijan in the 500s and 600s CE. The North Caucasian Huns probably incorporated numerous indigenous Caucasian tribes following their settlement in the area. ... Mountain Jews, or Juhuro, are Jews of the eastern Caucasus, mainly of Azerbaijan and Dagestan. ... The Kabars (Gr. ... Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess (Ã‡erkes), and is not the self-designation of any people. ... Egrisi (or Kolkheti) was a kingdom in the western part of Georgia, which flourished between the 6th century BC and the 7th century AD. It was covered the territory of the former kingdom Kolkha (Colchis) and the territory of modern Abkhazia). ... Flag of the Lezgian people The Lezgins, also called the Lezgin, Lezgi, Lezgis, Lezgs, and Lezgians are an ethnic group who live mainly in southern Dagestan and northern Azerbaijan who speak the Lezgi language. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Mordvins (Mordva) are a people who speak languages of the Finno-Permic branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. ... The Oghuz Turks (also with various alternate spellings, including Oguz, OÄŸuz, Ouz, Okuz, Oufoi, Guozz, Ghuzz and Uz) are regarded as one of the major branches of Turkic peoples. ... Onogur or Onoghur was the name of the European Avar federation spreading from Pannonia to the Kuban during their 2nd Dynasty under the rule of the Bolgar house of Dulo (also Dub or Dubo, of the Unogundur tribe of Bolgars) from 635– 685 CE. It was during this dynasty... Pechenegs or Patzinaks, also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppes people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ... The Sabir people inhabited the Caspian depression prior to the arrival of the Avars. ... Sarir or Serir was a medieval Christian state in the mountainous regions of modern-day Dagestan. ... The Volga Bulgars were a culture in southern modern Russia along the Volga River from approximately 900 to 1300 AD. They were related to the original Bulgars of Old Great Bulgaria which had existed in approximately the same region around 600 to 700. ... An exchange of letters in the 950s or 960s between Hasdai ibn Shaprut, foreign secretary to the Caliph of Cordoba, and Joseph, King of the Khazars. ... Language spoken by the medieval Khazar tribe. ... The Kuzari is the most famous work by the medieval Spanish Jewish writer Yehuda Halevi. ... Introduction The Kievian Letter is an early 10th century letter written by a Khazarian Jewish community in Kiev. ... The Mandgelis Document or Mandgelis Letter was a letter in Hebrew dated AM 4746 (985â€“986). ... The term Red jew also refers to a kind of jewfish. ... The Schechter Letter (also called the Cambridge Document) was discovered in the Cairo Geniza by Solomon Schechter. ... The history of the Khazar people is not well documented. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E. Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs) (Crimean Tatar: , Karachay-Balkar: ÐšÑŠÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°ÐºÑŠ, Uzbek: , Kazakh: ÒšÑ‹Ð¿ÑˆÐ°Ò›, Kumyk: ÐšÑŠÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°ÐºÑŠ, Kyrgyz: ÐšÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°Ðº, Nogai: ÐšÑ‹Ð¿Ñ‡Ð°Ðº, Chinese: æ¬½å¯Ÿ/é’¦å¯Ÿ, QÄ«nchÃ¡, Turkish: KÄ±pÃ§ak) were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium... An approximative map of the non-Varangian cultures in European Russia, in the 9th century The Meshchera (Russian: , Meshchyora) were a Finno-Ugric tribe which lived in the territory between the Oka River and the Klyazma river. ... Pax Khazarica (Latin for Khazar Peace) is a term used by historians to refer to the period (roughly 700-950 CE) during which the Khazar Khaganate dominated the Pontic steppe and the Caucasus Mountains. ... The Radhanites (also Radanites, Hebrew sing. ... Rusâ€™ (????, ) was a medieval East Slavic nation, which, according to the most popular (but by no means only) theory, may have taken its name from a ruling warrior class, possibly with Scandinavian roots. ... In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea. ... The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (ÐŸÑƒÑ‚ÑŒ Â«Ð¸Ð· Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÑÐ³ Ð² Ð³Ñ€ÐµÐºÐ¸Â» in Russian) was a trade route, which connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire. ...

Contents

East Slavic principality

Decline

References

Resources