Toilet training (or potty training) is the process of weaning a young child off diapers (or "nappies" in the British Isles and many Commonwealth countries) and training the child to use the toilet for urination and defecation. Toilet training is usually started and completed between the ages of eighteen-months and four years^[1], though recent studies in Japan show that an increasing number of children are wetting their beds or wearing diapers full time, even in elementary school. ^{[2] [3]} For other uses, see Child (disambiguation). ... Baby cloth diaper filled with extra cloth. ... This article describes the archipelago in north-western Europe. ... The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2006 Headquarters Marlborough House, London, UK Official languages English Membership 53 sovereign states Leaders  -  Queen Elizabeth II  -  Secretary-General Don McKinnon (since 1 April 2000) Establishment  -  Balfour Declaration 18 November 1926   -  Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931   -  London Declaration 28 April 1949  Area  -  Total... For other uses, see Toilet (disambiguation). ... Manneken Pis of Brussels. ... Anatomy of the anus and rectum Defecation is the act or process by which organisms eliminate solid or semisolid waste material (feces) from the digestive tract via the anus. ... Primary or elementary education is the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ...

Psychology

Many psychologists believe that toilet training is among the most formative events of the human psyche because it is the child's first introduction to the fact that social imperatives can take precedence over bodily desires.^[4] According to Sigmund Freud, a child can have problems later in life if the toilet training does not go well, or is too strict.^[5] For example, as an adult a person could strive for perfection or excessive cleanliness because they were too harshly trained. The current popular wisdom on this subject is that toilet training is a mutual task, requiring cooperation, agreement and understanding between both the child and the caregiver. It is strongly recommended that coercion and shame are not used as disciplinary instruction tools during this phase of development. Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... The term anal-retentive (or anally retentive, anal retentive) derives from Freudian Psychology, although in common usage the original meaning has been altered. ...

Indeed, the best potty training techniques emphasize consistency and positive reinforcement over punishment ^[6].

History

Formal toilet training is a relatively recent phenomenon. It is necessary because contemporary society requires privacy for the act of excretion.^[7] Before the widespread social adoption of the private bathroom, most children learned toilet skills simply by observing. Such is still the case in countries where few members of society have private bathrooms.

Footnotes and citations

1. ^ Honig, A: "Toilet Training Stubborness," Scholastic Parent and Child
2. ^ Japan messes up with potty training, April 2, 2005 retrieved May 2, 2007
3. ^ Big bedwetters left high and dry in diapers, July 26, 2002 retrieved May 2, 2007
4. ^ Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product, ISBN 1-932-59521-X
5. ^ The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 11. ISBN 0-393-01128-3
6. ^ Potty Training Consistency.
7. ^ Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product, ISBN 1-932-59521-X

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See also

• Bedwetting
• Urinals

Bedwetting (or nocturnal enuresis or sleepwetting) is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control would normally be anticipated. ... A urinal is a specialized toilet designed to be used only for urination, not defecation, and almost always by a standing male. ...

External links

• "Excellent Potty Training Method"

• "The Can't Miss Way to Potty Train Your Kid" by Kevin Leman