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A diacritic mark or accent mark is an additional mark added to a basic letter. The word derives from Greek διακρητικός, distinguishing and diacritical is used to mean distinguishing or distinctive. This article is about letter, a written message from one party to another. ...
The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ...
The mark can be added over, under, or through the letter. But not all marks are diacritical. For example, a tittle, the dot on the letters i and j, is just a part of the letter. Also, many marks considered diacritical in one language are parts of a unique letter in another, for example the diaeresis/umlaut. i j A tittle is a small distinguishing mark, such as a diacritic or the dot over an i. ...
In linguistics, a diaeresis or dieresis (AE) (from Greek diairein, to divide) is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its vowels. ...
This page is about punctuation. ...
The main usage of a diacritic is to change the phonetic meaning of the letter, but the term is also used in a more general sense of changing the meaning of the letter or even the whole word. Examples are writing numerals in numeral systems, such as early Greek numerals and marking abbreviations with the titlo in old Slavic texts. A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols that represents a number. ...
Greek numerals are a system of representing numbers using letters of the Greek alphabet. ...
Titlo is an extended diacritic symbol used in old Cyrillic manuscripts, e. ...
The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the languages of the Slavic peoples. ...
Types of diacritic
Marks that are sometimes diacritics, but also have other uses, are: When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the middle dot ·, or to the glyphs combining dot above ̇ and combining dot below ̣ which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Eastern European languages and Vietnamese. ...
A middle dot is one of several types of dots that occur in the middle of a character space, such as the examples in the following table. ...
Anunaasika is a dot on top of a breve above a letter ( मँ ), used as a diacritic in Sanskrit written in devanagari script to represent vowel nasalization. ...
Anusvaara (or anusvaaram) appears in the alphabet of Indian languages like Sanskrit which use the Devanagari script, and in the Dravidian languages. ...
The Sanskrit language ( संस्कृता वाक्) is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family and is not only a classical language, but also an official language of India. ...
A cedilla is a hook (¸) added under certain consonant letters as a diacritic mark to modify their pronunciation. ...
Ogonek (Polish for “little tail”) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in Polish, Lithuanian, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua and Tutchone. ...
In punctuation, the term ring is usually reserved for the ring above diacritic mark ˚ (looks similar to °). The ring may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets. ...
In punctuation, the term ring is usually reserved for the ring above diacritic mark ˚ (looks similar to °). The ring may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets. ...
The Czech language is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian, and Sorbian. ...
The Scandinavian languages are the three mutually intelligible North Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia: Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. ...
An angstrom or ångström (Å) is a non-SI unit of length equal to 10−10 metres, 0. ...
This article is about the breve breve in music, see double whole note. ...
Esperanto flag Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language. ...
Caron may refer to multiple things. ...
HACEK organisms are a subgroup of bacteria. ...
The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ...
Esperanto flag Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language. ...
A macron (from Gr. ...
In linguistics, a diaeresis or dieresis (AE) (from Greek diairein, to divide) is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its vowels. ...
This page is about punctuation. ...
Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
The grave accent ( ` ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Catalan, Welsh, Italian, Vietnamese, Scottish Gaelic, Norwegian, Portuguese and other languages. ...
The acute accent (´) is a diacritic mark used in written French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician, Greek, Welsh, Hungarian, Faroese, Icelandic, Italian, Swedish, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Vietnamese, Dutch, Irish Gaelic, Croatian, Navajo and other languages. ...
Double acute accent is a diacritic mark used in written Hungarian. ...
The spiritus asper (rough breathing) or dasy pneuma (Greek: dasu, δασύ) is a diacritical mark used in Greek. ...
The spiritus lenis (soft breathing) or psilon pneuma (Greek: psilón, ψιλόν) is a diacritical mark used in Greek. ...
- ( - ) hyphen - in English, hyphens can be used to break words between syllables, to resolve ambiguities in pronunciation:
- repair (fix) compared to re-pair (pair again).
- Kuringgai becomes Ku-ring-gai.
The bar or stroke can be a diacritic mark, when used with some letters in the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets. ...
A comma ( , ) is a punctuation mark. ...
The tilde is a grapheme which has several uses, described below. ...
Titlo is an extended diacritic symbol used in old Cyrillic manuscripts, e. ...
The Early Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in Bulgaria during the 10th century A.D. for the writing of Old Church Slavonic. ...
An apostrophe ( ’ ) is a punctuation and sometimes diacritic mark in languages written in the Latin alphabet. ...
A colon is a punctuation mark, with one dot above another, like this: :. Colons are commonly used to introduce lists, or to connect a broad idea with a specific example: two related sentences can be separated by colons instead of periods. ...
In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ...
A hyphen ( - ) is a punctuation mark. ...
Usage - Catalan has grave, acute, cedilla and diaeresis.
- Czech has acute, caron and ring.
- Dutch uses diaeresis. For example in ruïne it means that the u and i are separately pronounced in their usual way, and not in the way that the combination ui is normally pronounced. Thus it works as a separation sign and not as an indication for an alternative version of the i. Diacritics can be used for emphasis (érg koud for very cold) or for disambiguation between the numeral one (één appel, one apple) and the indefinite article (een appel, an apple).
- French uses grave, acute, circumflex, cedilla and diaeresis. However, not all diacritics occur on all vowels in French:
- Acute (accent aigu) only occurs on e (é, pronounced /e/)
- Grave (accent grave) occurs on e (è, pronounced /ε/), a (à), and u (ù)
- Circumflex (accent circonflexe) occurs on all vowels: e (ê, pronounced /ε/), a (â, pronounced /α/), i (î), o (ô, pronounced /o/), and u (û; if occurring in the combination eû, pronounced /ø/)
- Cedilla (cédille) is used only under the c (ç, pronounced /s/). It is used in cases in which a c is soft before a, o, or u, such as ça (pronounced /sa/, not /ka/).
- Diaeresis (tréma) occurs on e (ë), i (ï), u (ü) and y (ÿ) The last named is only used in some proper names like Louÿs or placenames like L'Haÿ-Les-Roses, and ü is used in only one noun, capharnaüm ("mess, shambles"), and a few proper names like Saül or Esaü. The mark's function is to indicate that the vowel is pronounced separately from the one just before it.
- Diactritics are sometimes omitted from capitalized letters, especially in France.
- Not all French diacritics affect pronunciation. However, all cases in which they do have been noted in the foregoing.
- German has the Umlaut (¨). This can be used over a, o, or u to indicate vowel modification. For instance: Ofen (/'o:fən/); Öfen (/'ø:fən/), which in this case makes the difference between singular and plural (“oven”/“ovens”). The sign originated in a superscript e; a handwritten Sütterlin e resembles two parallel vertical lines, like an umlaut.
- Hawaiian has kahakos (macrons) and okinas (ʻ); often rendered as (‘).
- Italian uses acute and grave to indicate irregular stress patterns (as in più, which would otherwise be stressed on the i) and to distinguish words that would otherwise be homographs (such as te ["you"] and tè ["tea"]). In many words, acute and grave are interchangeable.
- Romanized Japanese (Romaji) uses diacritics to mark long vowels. The commonly-used Hepburn system uses a macron to mark double vowels. The rarely used Kunrei-shiki system uses a circumflex for that purpose.
- Lithuanian uses the acute, grave and tilde in dictionaries to indicate stress types in the language's pitch stress system. In general usage, where letters appear with the caron (č, š and ž) they are considered as separate letters from c, s or z and collated separately; letters with the ogonek (ą, ę, į and ų), the macron (ū) and the superdot (ė) are considered as separate letters as well, but not given a unique collation order.
- Portuguese uses acute (to mark stressed vowels), grave (to mark the assimiliation of two identical vowels into one, now used only on A), circumflex (marks both the stress and the roundness, being deprecated in this second use), cedilla (to mark the pronunciation of C as /s/ instead of /k/ before A, O and U and tilde (to mark the nasalisation of A and O). In Brazil diaeresis is also used to differ the pronunciation of groups like qüe, and güi (respetively /kwe/ and /gwi/) from que and gui (/ke/ and /gi/).
- Romanian uses a breve on the letter a (ă) to indicate the sound schwa (/ə/).
- Many Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet have ogonek and bar.
- Spanish uses acute, diaeresis and tilde. Acute is used on a vowel in a stressed syllable in words with irregular stress patterns. It can also be used to "break" a diphthong as in tío (pronounced /'tio/, and not /tjo/ as it would be without the accent). Moreover, the acute can be used to distinguish words that otherwise are spelt alike, such as mas ( = "but"} and más ( = "more"), and also to distinguish interrogative and relative words otherwise spelt alike, such as donde/¿dónde? ( = "where") or como/¿cómo? ( = "as"/"how?"). Tilde is used on n, forming a separate letter (ñ) in the Spanish alphabet. Diaeresis is used only over u (ü) so that it is pronounced /w/ in the combinations gue and gui (where u is normally silent), for example ambigüedad. In poetry, diaeresis may be used on i and u as a way to force hiatus.
- Turkish uses a G-breve (Ğ), a diaeresis on two vowels (Ö and Ü) to represent rounding, a cedilla on two consonants (Ç and Ş, to represent the affricates /tS/ and /S/) and also possesses a dotted capital İ (and a dotless lowercase ı). Turkish considers each of these a separate letter, rather than a modification of existing characters, however; see Turkish alphabet for more details.
- Vietnamese uses acute (Sắc), grave (Huyền), tilde (Ngã), dot below (Nặng) and Hỏi on vowels as tone indicators.
- Welsh uses the circumflex, diaeresis, acute and grave accents on its seven vowels a, e, i, o, u, w, y. The most common is the circumflex (which it calls to bach, meaning "little roof") to denote a long vowel, usually to disambiguate it from a similar word with a short vowel. The rarer grave accent has the opposite effect, shortening vowel sounds which would usually be pronounced long. The acute accent and diaeresis are also occasionally used, to denote stress and vowel separation respectively. The w-circumflex and y-circumflex are among the most common accented characters in Welsh, but unusual in languages generally, and were until recently very hard to obtain in word-processed and HTML documents.
- Modern English does not usually have diacritics, which appear only in foreign and loanwords. The letter è is an exception, used to modify the pronunciation of words ending in -ed within poetry and songs, though this is considered, by some, to be archaic. Occasionally, especially in older literature, and notably in The New Yorker's house style, the diaeresis is used (as in Dutch) to indicate a syllable break. For instance, in "coördinate" it indicates that the second "o" starts a new syllable.
Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language spoken by as many as approximately 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of Catalan speakers are in Spain. ...
Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ...
A romanization or latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, where the original word or language used a different writing system. ...
Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the...
Tone refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words. ...
This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ...
The Czech language is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian, and Sorbian. ...
Dutch is a West Germanic, Low German language spoken worldwide by around 21 million people. ...
French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...
Majuscules or capital letters (in the Roman alphabet: A, B, C, ...) are one type of case in a writing system. ...
German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ...
Hawaiian is the ancestral language of the indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands, the Hawaiians, a Polynesian people. ...
A macron (from Gr. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people, most of whom live in Italy. ...
Homonyms (in Greek homoios = identical and onoma = name) are words which have the same form (orthographic/phonetic) but unrelated meaning. ...
The Japanese language is a spoken and written language used mainly in Japan. ...
Rōmaji (ローマ字 characters of Rome, frequently misspelled romanji in English), is a Japanese term for the Latin alphabet. ...
For other meanings, see Hepburn (disambiguation). ...
A macron (from Gr. ...
Kunrei-shiki (訓令式, Cabinet-ordered system) is a romanization system, that is, a system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet. ...
The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ...
Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania, spoken by about 4 million native Lithuanians. ...
This page is not about the diacritic character; see acute accent for more information. ...
Grave has multiple meanings: A grave (SAMPA: [greIv]) is a place for the dead, see tomb, burial, grave (burial) A grave accent (SAMPA: [gra:v] (grahv) or [greIv]) is also a type of diacritical mark (as in French crème de la crème). ...
The tilde is a grapheme which has several uses, described below. ...
Caron may refer to multiple things. ...
Ogonek (Polish for “little tail”) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in Polish, Lithuanian, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua and Tutchone. ...
A macron (from Gr. ...
Anunaasika is a dot on top of a breve above a letter ( मँ ), used as a diacritic in Sanskrit written in devanagari script to represent vowel nasalization. ...
Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor. ...
The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. ...
Romanian (limba română ) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken by about 28 million people, most of them in Romania, Moldova (where it is the official language) and nearby countries. ...
See Schwa (art) for the underground artist. ...
The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the languages of the Slavic peoples. ...
...
Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ...
Iotation is a form of palatalisation which occurs in Slavic languages. ...
Ogonek (Polish for “little tail”) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in Polish, Lithuanian, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua and Tutchone. ...
The bar or stroke can be a diacritic mark, when used with some letters in the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets. ...
This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...
In phonetics, a diphthong ( Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds) is a vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...
Hiatus (derives from Latin : gap; cf. ...
Turkish is a Turkic language, spoken natively by about 72 million speakers in Turkey, Cyprus, and worldwide. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
Ö, or ö, is a glyph which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, the letter O with umlaut, or a letter O with diaeresis. ...
Ü, or ü, is a glyph which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, the letter U with umlaut, or a letter U with diaeresis. ...
A cedilla is a hook (¸) added under certain consonant letters as a diacritic mark to modify their pronunciation. ...
Ş ş (S-cedilla) is a letter used in Turkish, Azeri, Tatar, Kurdish and Turkmenian languages. ...
İ i are letters used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Tatar languages. ...
The current Turkish alphabet used for the Turkish language replaced the earlier arabic alphabet and was created at the initative of Kemal Atatürk by borrowing different Latin characters in 1928. ...
Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, tiếng Việt Nam, or Việt ngữ), a tonal language, is the national and official language of Vietnam (Việt Nam). ...
Tone refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words. ...
Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The New Yorkers first cover, which is reprinted each year on the magazines anniversary. ...
A publishing companys or periodicals house style is the collection of conventions in its manual of style. ...
Non-diacritic usage - Cyrillic alphabets
- Belarusian has a letter ў.
- Russian has the letter ё, usually replaced in print by е, although it has a different pronunciation. Ё is still used in children's books and in handwriting. A minimal pair is все (vse, "all" pl.) and всё (vsio, "everything" n. sg.).
- Russian and Ukrainian have the letter й.
- Ukrainian also has the letter ï.
- Acute accents are also used in Slavic language dictionaries and textbooks to indicate lexical stress, placed over the vowel of the stressed syllable. This can also serve to disambiguate meaning (e.g., in Russian писа́ть (pisát) means "to write", but пи́сать (písat) means "to piss").
- Among the Scandinavian languages, Danish and Norwegian have long used ash (æ, actually a ligature) and o-slash (ø), but have more recently incorporated a-ring (å) after Swedish example. Historically the å has developed from a ligature by writing a small a on top of the letter a; if an å character is unavailable, some Scandinavian languages allow the substitution of a doubled a. The Scandinavian languages collate these letters after z, but have different collation standards. In Swedish, the order å, ä, ö is used, while Danish and Norwegian follow the order æ, ø, å instead.
- Swedish uses characters identical to a-diaeresis (ä) and o-diaeresis (ö) in the place of ash and o-slash in addition to the a-circle (å). Historically the diaresis for the Swedish letters ä and ö, like the German umlaut, has developed from a small gothic e written on top of the letters.
- Faroese and Icelandic use acute accents, digraphs, and other special letters. All are considered separate letters, and have their own place in the alphabet:
- Faroese: á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ and ø
- Icelandic: á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ö and þ
- Finnish uses dotted vowels (ä and ö) similar to in Swedish, and "Å", "Š" and "Ž" in foreign names and loanwords; they are considered distinct letters and collate after "z". Finnish uses a colon to decline loan words and abbreviations; e.g., "USA:han" for the illative case of "USA".
- Esperanto has a separate letter which is a u with a breve over it, and letters which are c, g, h, j and s with the circumflex over them. These are not diacritic marks, but necessary parts of entirely separate letters.
- Hungarian uses the acute and double acute accent (unique to Hungarian): áéíóú and őű. The diacritic marks over the letters ö and ü are not umlauts. The acute accent indicates the long form of a vowel, while the double acute performs the same function for ö and ü. Both long and short forms of the vowels are listed separately in the Hungarian alphabet.
In all these cases they are not seen as additional marks over the vowel, but are actually a necessary part of these characters, as they represent entirely different sounds to the basic forms, like also for instance the Estonian "õ". The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages ( Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...
Belarusian is the language of the Belarusian nation. ...
Short U (Ў, ў) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the short semi-vowel /u^/ in the Belarusian language. ...
Russian (русский язык listen?) is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ...
Yo (Ё, ё) is the seventh letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. ...
E or E Oborotnoye (Э, э) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the non-iotated vowel /e/ or /E/. (IPA: /e/ or //) Code positions This article is a substub, the first step on the way to becoming a full article. ...
In phonetics, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phoneme and have a distinct meaning. ...
Ukrainian is an East Slavic language, one of three members of this language group, the other two being Russian and Belarusian. ...
Й, й (Short I) is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. ...
Yi (Ї, ї) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Ukrainian language. ...
The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the languages of the Slavic peoples. ...
In linguistics, stress is the emphasis given to some syllables (often no more than one in each word, but in many languages, long words have a secondary stress a few syllables away from the primary stress, as in the words cóunterfòil or còunterintélligence. ...
The Scandinavian languages are the three mutually intelligible North Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia: Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. ...
Danish is one of the Scandinavian languages, a sub-group of the Germanic group of the Indo-European language family. ...
Norwegian is a Germanic language spoken in Norway. ...
Æ æ For the article on Æ, the Irish writer, see: George William Russell Æ, or æ, is a vowel and a grapheme used in the Icelandic, Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian alphabets. ...
Ø ø Ø, ø is a vowel and a letter used in the Danish, Faroese and Norwegian alphabets. ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
Swedish (svenska listen?) is a Scandinavian language language spoken predominantly in Sweden, Finland and Åland by over 8 million native speakers. ...
Danish is one of the Scandinavian languages, a sub-group of the Germanic group of the Indo-European language family. ...
Norwegian is a Germanic language spoken in Norway. ...
Swedish (svenska listen?) is a Scandinavian language language spoken predominantly in Sweden, Finland and Åland by over 8 million native speakers. ...
Faroese is a West Nordic or West Scandinavian language spoken by about 48,000 people in the Faroe Islands and about 25,000 in Denmark. ...
Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language spoken in Iceland. ...
Finnish is spoken by the majority (92%) in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. ...
A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken in by one language from another. ...
In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ...
Illative is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of into (the inside of). An example from Hungarian would be a házba (into the house). ...
Esperanto flag Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language. ...
This article is about the breve breve in music, see double whole note. ...
The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ...
The Hungarian language is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent areas of Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Slovenia (all territories lost after World War I). ...
This page is about punctuation. ...
The Hungarian alphabet is an extension of the Roman alphabet. ...
Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, less commonly tiếng Việt Nam or Việt ngữ), formerly known as Annamite, is the national and official language of Vietnam (Việt Nam). ...
Horn may refer to: horn (anatomy), a hollow, pointed projection of the skin of various animals Horn, Austria horn (diacritic), a diacritic mark used to indicate that a normally rounded vowel such as o or u is to be pronounced unrounded horn (instrument) horn, a slang term for any wind...
The circumflex ( ˆ ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. ...
This article is about the breve breve in music, see double whole note. ...
The Vietnamese alphabet (quốc ngữ or national script) is the current writing system for the national language of Vietnam. ...
The Estonian language (eesti keel) is spoken by about 1. ...
Non-alphabetic scripts Some non-alphabetic scripts also employ symbols that function essentially as diacritics. - Non-pure abjads (such as Hebrew and Arabic script) and abugidas use diacritics for denoting vowels. Hebrew and Arabic also indicate consonant doubling and change with diacritics; Hebrew and Devanagari use them for foreign sounds. Devanagari and related abugidas also use a diacritical mark called a virama to mark the absence of a vowel.
An abjad is a type of writing system where there is one symbol per consonantal phoneme, sometimes also called a consonantary. ...
The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ...
Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...
An alphasyllabary or abugida (a term coined by Peter T. Daniels) is a writing system whose basic signs denote consonants with an inherent vowel and where consistent modifications of the basic sign indicate other following vowels than the inherent one (or, in some cases, the lack of a vowel, for...
Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...
Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century) Devanāgarī (देवनागरी — in English pronounced ) (ISCII – IS13194:1991) [1] is a script used to write several Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri and Nepali from Nepal. ...
Hiragana (平仮名, literally smooth kana) are a Japanese syllabary, one of four Japanese writing systems (the others are katakana, kanji and rōmaji). ...
Katakana (片仮名, literally: fragmentary kana) are a Japanese syllabary, one of four Japanese writing systems (the others are hiragana, kanji and rōmaji). ...
A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables, which make up words. ...
Dakuten (濁点), colloquially ten-ten (dot dot), is a diacritic sign most often used in the Japanese kana syllabaries to indicate that the consonant of a syllable should be pronounced voiced. ...
Dakuten (濁点), colloquially ten-ten (dot dot), is a diacritic sign most often used in the Japanese kana syllabaries to indicate that the consonant of a syllable should be pronounced voiced. ...
A voiced consonant is a sound made as the vocal cords vibrate, as opposed to a voiceless consonant, where the vocal cords are relaxed. ...
Alphabetization or collation Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. French treats letters with diacritical marks the same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries. The same is true in German, and in cases where two words differ only by an umlaut, the word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries (eg "schon" and then "schön", or "fallen" and then "fällen"). However, when names are concerned (eg in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed 'e'; Austrian phone books now treat umlauts as separate letters (immediately following the underlying letter). An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past. ...
The Scandinavian languages, by contrast, treat the diacritic characters ä, ö and å as new and separate letters of the alphabet, and sort them after z. Usually ä is sorted as equal to æ (ash) and ö is sorted as equal to ø (o-slash). Other diacritically marked letters are treated as variants of the underlying letter.
Other languages treat diacritically marked letters as variants of the underlying letter, but alphabetize them following the unmarked letter. In Spanish ñ is considered a new letter different from n and placed between n and o, however, acute accents and diaeresis are ignored.
The technical term for alphabetization is collation. This article needs cleanup. ...
See also: Alphabet, Latin alphabet An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past. ...
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ...
Generation with computers Depending on the keyboard layout, which differs amongst countries, it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. Some have their own keys, some are created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark followed by the letter to place it on. Such a key is sometimes referred to as a dead key, as it produces no output of its own, but modifies the output of the key pressed after it. Computers and other typing devices offer many different keyboard layouts, for people to be able to input data in different languages. ...
A dead key is a key on a computer keyboard that produces no output when it is pressed, but modifies the output of the next key pressed after it. ...
On computers with the Microsoft Windows operating system, one can also enter each character of the current codepage, e.g. windows-1252, by holding the Alt key and entering the respective decimal position on the Num pad, e.g. Alt+0210 is Ò. Additionally, on Windows XP, it is possible to enter any Unicode character from the Basic Multilingual Plane (i.e. up to U+FFFF) by pressing Alt and then, with Alt still pressed, the plus sign and the digits of the Unicode number each after the other. Alt with plus, D and 2 yields U+00D2: Ò. Microsoft Windows is a range of commercial operating environments for personal computers. ...
Code page is the traditional IBM term used for a specific character encoding table: a mapping in which a sequence of bits, usually a single octet representing integer values 0 through 255, is associated with a specific character. ...
ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 or less formally as Latin-1, is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes what it refers to as Latin alphabet no. ...
In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. ...
In modern Microsoft Windows operating systems, the keyboard layout US International allows one to type almost all diacritics directly: "+e gives ë, ~+o gives õ etc.. In addition to this, the layout provides many 'special characters' behind the AltGr modifier: AltGr+t is þ, AltGr+z is æ, etc..
Using the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) (http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=FB7B3DCD-D4C1-4943-9C74-D8DF57EF19D7&displaylang=en) people using Windows 2000, Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 can edit or create any keyboard layout.
On Apple Macintosh computers, there are keyboard shortcuts for the most common diacritics: Macintosh, also known as Mac, is a family of personal computers manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. ...
- option-e followed by a vowel: places an acute accent.
- option-u followed by a vowel: places a diaeresis.
- option-n followed by a vowel or n: places a tilde.
- option-` followed by a vowel: places a grave accent.
- option-i followed by a vowel: places a circumflex.
- option-c: places a c cedilla
On computers it is also a matter of available codepages, whether you can use certain diacritics. Unicode tries to solve this problem, among others. Code page is the traditional IBM term used for a specific character encoding table: a mapping in which a sequence of bits, usually a single octet representing integer values 0 through 255, is associated with a specific character. ...
In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. ...
In GNOME applications (found on many GNU/Linux and UNIX computers) abritrary Unicode characters may be entered by holding down the ctrl and shift keys while typeing the hexadecimal codepoint. After releasing ctrl-shift the digits will be converted into the symbol. For example ctrl-shift 1E3 produces ǣ. Lawn Gnome A gnome is a mythical creature characterized by small stature and living underground. ...
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UNIX® (or Unix) is a portable, multi-task and multi-user computer operating system originally developed by a group of AT&T Bell Labs employees including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ...
In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. ...
In mathematics, hexadecimal or simply hex is a numeral system with a radix or base of 16 usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F or a–f. ...
With Unicode it is also possible to combine diacritical marks with most characters. Combining diacritical marks are Unicode characters that are intended to modify other characters (see Diacritic). ...
See also A heavy metal umlaut is an umlaut over a letter in the name of a heavy metal band. ...
This is a list of loan words adopted into the English language that have letters with diacritical marks. ...
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